Fyodor Alexeyevich Basmanov (Russian: Фёдор Алексеевич Басмáнов, Russian pronunciation: [ˈfʲɵdər bɐˈsmanəf]) (fl. 1562–1570) was a Russian oprichnik, warlord and a favorite of Ivan the Terrible.
Biography
editThe word "Basman" denoted a certain kind of bread made exclusively in the palace dwellings. This nickname was given to an individual named Daniil Pleshcheev, Basmanov's grandfather, who was a postelnichy of Vasily III, or a person who would make the bed of the ruler. The Basmanov family is recorded in the Velvet Book.[1][2] Daniil Pleshcheev was taken prisoner in the Battle of Orsha in 1514 and died in Lithuania.[3][4]
Fyodor Basmanov was the son of Alexei Basmanov, an important general and boyar who exerted great influence on Ivan the Terrible. Prince Kurbsky in his letters accuses the elder Basmanov of exploiting his son Fyodor to fall into the good graces of the Tsar.[1] He also had a brother, Pyotr, who was executed in 1570 along with his father.[2]
The first mention of him is made in 1562 in the razriady books, as a rynda. This may place his birth sometime in the late 1540s or the early 1550s. His status grew very quickly after 1562. He was sent by the Tsar on a certain task to the Tsar's aunt Yefrosinya Staritskaya in 1563, implying a high level of trust that the Tsar had in him.[2][4]
In 1564, Alexei and Fyodor were active in Ryazan against the Tatars, and for their bravery, both were bestowed a golden medal by the Tsar.[5]
In 1567, the title kravchiy was bestowed onto Basmanov. This was a title giving Basmanov the responsibility to organize the tsar's feasts and sit next to the tsar in these feasts, which would have been a role close to the Tsar. The historian Nikolay Karamzin writes that the first favourites of Ivan the Terrible were Alexei and Fyodor, but that Fyodor was especially close to the Tsar, and especially cruel.[6]
In 1568, the Tsar tasked the Basmanovs with the downfall of his enemy, Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow. Philip was executed within a year. It was believed by his contemporaries that Basmanov the younger had an instrumental role in continuing the Livonian war.[2]
Certain contemporaries of Basmanov, including Prince Kurbsky[7] and Heinrich von Staden, made accusations against Fyodor of having a homosexual relationship with the Tsar. Allegedly, the prince Dmitry Ovchina accused Fyodor of being the Tsar's sodomite, and the furious Tsar had the accuser executed in 1563, possibly by strangulation.[8][9][10] This account was written down by the author Alexander Guagnini. However, according to the historian Solovyov, Guagnini had never been in Moscow, putting the veracity of this account under doubt.[2] Albert Schlichting, a foreigner who had also traveled in Muscovy, wrote that Basmanov could manipulate the Tsar to execute any of his enemies, and that this led to the death of Ovchina.[2][11]
The circumstances of his death are unclear. Around the year 1570, he and his father fell out of favor with the Tsar, as the Tsar believed that they were working with Archbishop Pimen of Novgorod to surrender Pskov and Novgorod to his enemy, Sigismund II Augustus.[12][13] However, his name is not documented anywhere in the document of executions that Ivan the Terrible kept, unlike his father and brother, whose executions in 1570 were recorded. Kurbsky wrote that Fyodor Basmanov killed his father on the orders of the Tsar.[14] Historian George Vernadsky disputes the claim that Basmanov was executed; Vernadsky proposes that Basmanov the younger died anyway in 1570 or 1571.[15] However, von Staden wrote that both Alexei and Fyodor were executed.[2] Basmanov disappears from the historical record after 1571.[16]
Marriages and family
editIt is documented that he married a member of the Sitsky noble family, Varvara Sitskaya, a niece of the late Tsaritsa Anastasia Romanovna.[2] He had two children with her, Pyotr and Ivan, and may have died in exile in Beloozero.[17] Pyotr would go on to be a close confidant of Tsar Boris Godunov, and was killed in 1606; Ivan died in 1604 in battle.[18][19]
In popular culture
edit
- In Sergei Eisenstein's epic film Ivan the Terrible, Basmanov was portrayed by Mikhail Kuznetsov.
- He appears as a character in Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy's historical novel Prince Serebrenni, and also appears in the 1991 Soviet film adaptation, where he was portrayed by Dmitry Pisarenko. Although Basmanov is a side character in the novel, he has taken on new popularity in the age of the Internet, growing more popular than the main character Prince Serebrenni himself.[20]
- He appears as a character in Ivan Lazhechnikov's play Oprichnik, and as a character in the Tchaikovsky opera The Oprichnik, inspired by the play.
- He appears as a character in Lidia Charskaya's tale "Wrath of the Tsar" (Russian: Царский гнев).
- He is portrayed by Alexander Ilyin in the historical film Tsar.
References
edit- ^ a b Skrynnikov, Ruslan (1975). Иван Грозный [Ivan the Terrible] (in Russian). p. 87.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Isechko, A.I. (2022). "Федор Басманов и его влияние на царя Ивана Грозного" [Fyodor Basmanov and his influence on the Tsar Ivan the Terrible] (PDF). Вестник СНО ДОННУ (in Russian). 14 (2): 138–142. ISSN 2522-4824. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ Басмановы-Плещеевы [The Basmanov-Pleshcheevs]. Военный энциклопедический лексикон (Military Encyclopedic Dictionary) (in Russian). 1837–1850. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ a b Skrynnikov, Ruslan (1973). Переписка Грозного и Курбского: Парадоксы Эдварда Кинана [Letter Exchange of Ivan the Terrible and Kurbsky: The Paradoxes of Edward Keenan] (PDF) (in Russian). Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. p. 53. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ^ Karamzin, Nikolay (1818–1829). Продолжение царствования Иоанна Грозного. 1563–1569 г. [Continuation of the ruling of Ioann the Terrible. 1563–1569]. История государства Российского [History of the Russian State] (in Russian). Vol. 9. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ Karamzin, Nikolay (1818–1829). Продолжение царствования Иоанна Грозного. 1569–1572 г. [Continuation of the ruling of Ioann the Terrible.1569–1572]. История государства Российского [History of the Russian State] (in Russian). Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ Skrynnikov, Ruslan (2001). "Измена Курбского" [Kurbsky's Betrayal]. Иван Грозный [Ivan the Terrible] (in Russian). «Издательство АСТ». Retrieved 10 September 2023.
- ^ Payne, Robert; Romanoff, Nikita (2002). Ivan the Terrible. Cooper Square Press. p. 216.
- ^ Hellie, Richard (1987). "What Happened? How Did He Get Away with It?: Ivan Groznyi's Paranoia and the Problem of Institutional Restraints". Russian History. 14 (1/4): 199–224. doi:10.1163/187633187X00105. ISSN 0094-288X. JSTOR 24657751. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ "Obolenskiy-Telepnev, Dimitriy Fyodorovich (Ovchina)" Оболенский-Телепнев, Димитрий Федорович (Овчина). Russian Biographical Dictionary (in Russian). 1902. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ Malein, Aleksandr (1934). КРАТКОЕ СКАЗАНИЕ О ХАРАКТЕРЕ И ЖЕСТОКОМ ПРАВЛЕНИИ МОСКОВСКОГО ТИРАНА ВАСИЛЬЕВИЧА ["A short telling of the personality and cruel reign of the Muscovite Tyrant [Ivan] Vasilyevich]. Новое известие о времени Ивана Грозного (in Russian). «Издательство Академии Наук СССР». Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ Skrynnikov, Ruslan Grigorʹevič (2016). "The Executions in Moscow". Reign of terror, Ivan IV. Brill. p. 382. ISBN 9789004304017. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ Martinyuk, Aleksei (2008). "Лихие люди Московской Руси. Три исторических портрета" [Cunning People of Muscovy: Three Historical Portraits] (PDF). Российские и славянские исследования: науч. сб. (in Russian). Belarusian State University: 148. ISBN 978-985-518-038-9. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ "Basmanov, Alexei Danilovich" Басманов, Алексей Данилович. Russian Biographical Dictionary (in Russian). 1900. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ Vernadsky, George. "The Livonian War and the Oprichnina". Московское царство [Tsardom of Muscovy] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ "The Basmanovs" Басмановы. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1891. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ Kleimola, Ann M. (1975). "Boris Godunov and the Politics of Mestnichestvo". The Slavonic and East European Review. 53 (132): 361. ISSN 0037-6795. JSTOR 4207084. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ "Басманов, Петр Федорович" [Basmanov, Pyotr Fyodorovich]. Russian Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 2. 1900. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ "Басманов, Иван Федорович" [Basmanov, Ivan Fyodorovich]. Russian Biographical Dictionary (in Russian). Vol. 2. 1900. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ Fedorchuk, Maria (2017). "Особенности интерпретации персонажа в литературе фанатов (на материале фандома «Князь Серебряный»)" [The Particular Interpretation of The Character in the Literature of the Fans (based on the fandom "Kn'az' serebr'any")]. Вестник Брянского Университета (in Russian). РИО БГУ. ISSN 2413-9912. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
External links
editJournal articles about Basmanov: