The Battle of Dhat Irq (Arabic: معركة ذات عرق) was an armed conflict which took place between the forces of Nebuchadnezzar II and the Hijazi Arab tribes around 599 BCE. It ended in a victory for the Neo-Babylonian Empire and occurred in the sixth year of Nebuchadnezzar's rule.
| Battle of Dhat Irq | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Neo-Babylonian Empire | Arab tribes living in the Hijaz | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Nebuchadnezzar II | Adnan | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| At least 10,000 soldiers under the Neo-Babylonian Empire | Around 3000 Hijazi Arab tribal warriors | ||||||
Islamic tradition relates that the biblical prophet Jeremiah was involved during the battle as helping to keep the young Ma'ad ibn Adnan safe from the conflict.
Background
editThe Arabs in the Hijaz and areas surrounding it had abandoned monotheism and were slowly adopting polytheism and atheism.[1][2][3][4] This issue was brought to the attention of Baruch ben Neriah, who encouraged Nebuchadnezzar II to carry out an invasion on the Arabs as a punishment for their religious situation.[1][2] In the Islamic traditions, however, it is believed that the battle occurred because God had sent his wrath down on the Arabs for murdering the prophet Shu'ayb ibn Mahdam ibn Dhi Mahdam al-Haduri, and so Nebuchadnezzar II was sent against them.[5][6]
Course of conflict
editIn 599 BCE, on the sixth year of his rule, Nebuchadnezzar II and his forces marched on to Najd where he fought off the attacks of several Arabs.[1][2] He proceeded on a journey to the Hijaz, and news of his journey reached the ears of Adnan who was the ruler of the Hijaz at the time.[1][2] Adnan ordered all the tribes of the Arabs to gather their forces in preparation for the attack. They encountered Nebuchadnezzar II at the place of Dhat Irq in the Hijaz, where a bloody battle ensued.[1][2]
According to the Islamic traditions, while the fighting was ongoing, the biblical prophet Jeremiah entered the city of Mecca where he took into his care the young Ma'ad ibn Adnan, who was around twelve years at the time and had been sent away by his father for safety.[7][8][9][10]
Aftermath
editSome years after the battle had commenced, Ma'ad ibn Adnan returned to his homeland in the Hijaz after 562 BCE, and succeeded his father in ruling.[11] The cities damaged and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar II were rebuilt under his rule.[11][12] Ma'ad would be honoured by his descendants as well, and he became the revered ancestor of several Arab tribes including the Quraysh.[12]
Historicity
editWhile a direct invasion of the Hijaz is not mentioned, some contemporary sources do in fact mention a raid against the restless Arab tribes around 599 BCE, one of them being the Qedarites.[3][4]
See also
edit- Qedarites, an Arabian tribe who ruled a kingdom named after themselves and were raided by Nebuchadnezzar II in 599 BCE
- Yawm al-Nakhla, an attempted invasion on the Hijaz by the Himyarite Kingdom in 280 CE
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Ibn al-Athir (1231). al-Kāmil fi al-Tārīkh [The Complete History] (in Arabic).
- ^ a b c d e Ibn Jarir at-Tabari (915). Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk [The History of the Prophets and Kings] (in Arabic).
- ^ a b R. Lundbom (2017-03-29). "Builders of Ancient Babylon: Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar II". Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology. 71 (2): 154–166. doi:10.1177/0020964316688050.
- ^ a b "Nebuchadnezzar - Encyclopedia of The Bible - Bible Gateway". www.biblegateway.com. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
- ^ حسين, فرح، محمد (2004). الجديد في تاريخ دولة وحضارة سبأ وحمير: معالم تاريخ اليمن الحضاري عبر ٩٠٠٠ سنة (in Arabic). وزارة الثقافة والسياحة،. p. 716.
- ^ العزيز, البكري/أبو عبيد عبد الله بن عبد (1998-01-01). معجم ما استعجم من أسماء البلاد والمواضع 1-3 مع الفهارس ج1 (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. p. 90. ISBN 978-2-7451-0035-1.
- ^ Ibn Kathir (1500s). Al-Bidāya wa l-Nihāya [The Beginning and the End] (in Arabic). Vol. 2. ISBN 978-9953520841.
- ^ Ibn al-Jawzi (12 April 2020). History of the Nations. Vol. 2. KDP Print US. ISBN 978-1989875032.
- ^ Al-Jawzi, Ibn (2020-04-12). History of Nations 2: From 300 B.C to 677 C.E. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. ISBN 978-1-989875-03-2.
- ^ "نبيّ اللّه أرميا عليه السّلام". المرجع الالكتروني للمعلوماتية. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
- ^ a b Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri (1976). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar]. Darussalam Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59144-070-3.
- ^ a b Jawad `Ali (1955). Tarikh al-'Arab qabl al-Islam (in Arabic). Majma` al-Ilmi al-Iraqi.