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Musical incipits

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Chopin Nocturne No. 1

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Incipit for Chopin's Nocturne in B-flat minor, Op. 9, No. 1

The Nocturnes, Op. 9 are a set of three nocturnes written by Frédéric Chopin between 1830 and 1832, published that year, and dedicated to Madame Camille Pleyel. The second nocturne of the work is widely regarded as Chopin's most famous piece, and is regularly featured in films, television programs and video games.[1][2]

Nocturne Op.9 No. 2 has a rhythmic freedom that came to characterise Chopin's later work. The left hand has an unbroken sequence of eighth notes in simple arpeggios throughout the entire piece, while the right hand moves with freedom in patterns of seven, eleven, twenty, and twenty-two notes.

The opening section moves into a contrasting middle section, which flows back to the opening material in a transitional passage where the melody floats above seventeen consecutive bars of D-flat major chords. The reprise of the first section grows out of this and the nocturne concludes peacefully with a Picardy third.

Chopin Nocturne No. 8

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Incipit for Chopin's Nocturne in D-flat major, Op. 27, No. 2

The Nocturne in D-flat major is initially marked as lento sostenuto and is in 6/8 meter. It consists of two strophes, repeated in increasingly complex variations. The piece is 77 measures long.

 
Some of the highly intricate ornamentation in No. 2

Blair Johnson calls the main cadence, near the end of the piece, "one of the most glorious moments in Chopin's entire output".[3] Johnson also calls the piece "one of [Chopin's] most graceful essays in fioritura ornamental practices".[3] Huneker states that the piece "really contains but one subject, and is a song of the sweet summer of two souls, for there is obviously meaning in the duality of voices."[4] He also claims that the piece is "harmonically most interesting".[4] Friskin states that the piece contains "broken rhythms and slurs which require a delicate hand touch".[5] Along with the first theme in Op.27 No.1, the metronome Chopin provided is too fast and is often played slower.

The piece occasionally has been featured in popular culture, such as in the 1977 film The Spy Who Loved Me,[3][6] the 1998 Russian film The Barber of Siberia, and the webcomic Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal.[7]

References

  1. ^ Johnston, Blair. "Nocturnes (3) for piano, Op. 9".
  2. ^ "Frédéric Chopin (Soundtrack)". IMDb. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  3. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference allmusic was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b Huneker (1966), p. 260
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Friskin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ "Trivia - The Spy Who Loved Me". James Bond Museum. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
  7. ^ Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal, n. 2454

Liszt Étude Paganini No. 3 "La campanella"

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"La campanella" ("The little bell" in Italian) is the nickname given to the third of Franz Liszt's six Grandes études de Paganini ("Grand Paganini Études"), S. 141 (1851). It is in the key of G-sharp minor. This piece is a revision of an earlier version from 1838, the Études d'exécution transcendente d'après Paganini, S. 140. Its melody comes from the final movement of Niccolò Paganini's Violin Concerto No. 2 in B minor, where the tune was reinforced by a little handbell.[1][2][3]

 
Incipit for La Campanella by Franz Liszt (Grandes études de Paganini S.141 № 3)

The étude is played at a brisk and lively allegretto tempo and studies right hand jumping between intervals larger than one octave, sometimes even stretching for two whole octaves within the time of a sixteenth note. As a whole, the étude can be practiced to increase dexterity and accuracy at large jumps on the piano, along with agility of the weaker fingers of the hand. The largest intervals reached by the right hand are fifteenths (two octaves) and sixteenths (two octaves and a second). Sixteenth notes are played between the two notes, and the same note is played two octaves or two octaves and a second higher with no rest. Little time is provided for the pianist to move the hand, thus forcing the pianist to avoid tension within the muscles. Fifteenth intervals are quite common in the beginning of the étude, while the sixteenth intervals appear twice, at the thirtieth and thirty-second measures.

The work has been arranged by other composers and pianists, most notably Ferruccio Busoni and Marc-André Hamelin.

Republican presidential primary 2016

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Major candidates

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This table show how many bound delegates the candidates had before they suspended their campaigns, it is does not show how many unbound delegates had pledge themselve to a candidate during the primaries neither does it show the final result of the vote at the National Convention.

Though a state is considered won by a candidate if a plurality of the state's delegates are bound to him, RNC Rule 40(b)[4] requires that a candidate has to show support of a majority of delegates in 8 states to be eligible as the nominee. Convention rules are based on delegate votes, not on the popular vote. In the context of Republican primaries, the term "states" refers collectively to the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the five inhabited territories (altogether 56 delegations) as specified in RNC Rule 1(b).[4] In the following table, states where the candidates have achieved a majority of bound delegates are marked in bold.

Candidate Most recent position Campaign
Withdrawal date 		Bound
delegates[5] 		Popular
vote[5] 		Contests won[a]
Donald Trump   Chairman of The Trump Organization
(1971–present) 		 
(Campaign • Positions)
Campaign site 		1,014
(50%) 		10,713,112
(40.2%) 		28
AL, AR, AZ, CT, DE, FL, GA,
HI, IL, IN, KY, LA, MD, MA,
MI, MO, MP, MS, NC, NV, NH,
NY, PA, RI, SC, TN, VA, VT
Ted Cruz   U.S. Senator from Texas
(2013–present) 		 
(Campaign • Positions)
Withdrew: May 3 		546
(26.9%) 		7,321,418
(27.5%) 		11
AK, CO, ID, IA, KS, ME,
OK, TX, UT, WI, WY
Marco Rubio   U.S. Senator from Florida
(2011–present) 		 
(Campaign • Positions)
Withdrew: March 15 		173
(8.5%) 		3,497,773
(13.1%) 		3
DC, MN, PR
John Kasich   69th
Governor of Ohio
(2011–present) 		 
(Campaign • Positions)
Withdrew: May 4 		154
(7.6%) 		3,762,324
(14.1%) 		1
OH
Ben Carson   Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery
for Johns Hopkins Hospital
(1984–2013) 		 
(Campaign • Positions)
Withdrew: March 4
(endorsed Donald Trump) 		9
(0.4%) 		731,842
(2.8%) 		—
Jeb Bush   43rd
Governor of Florida
(1999–2007) 		 
(Campaign • Positions)
Withdrew: February 20
(endorsed Ted Cruz) 		4
(0.2%) 		276,945
(1.0%) 		—
Rand Paul   U.S. Senator from Kentucky
(2011–present) 		 
(Campaign • Positions)
Withdrew: February 3
(endorsed Donald Trump) 		1 64,869
(0.24%) 		—
Mike Huckabee   44th
Governor of Arkansas
(1996–2007) 		 
(Campaign • Positions)
Withdrew: February 1
(endorsed Donald Trump) 		1 49,607
(0.19%) 		—
Carly Fiorina   CEO of Hewlett-Packard
(1999–2005) 		 
(Campaign • Positions)
Withdrew: February 10
(endorsed Ted Cruz) 		1 38,376
(0.14%) 		—
Chris Christie   55th
Governor of New Jersey
(2010–present) 		 
(Campaign • Positions)
Withdrew: February 10
(endorsed Donald Trump) 		— 56,965
(0.21%) 		—
Rick Santorum   U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania
(1995–2007) 		 
(Campaign)
Withdrew: February 3
(endorsed Marco Rubio) 		— 16,604
(0.06%) 		—
Jim Gilmore   68th
Governor of Virginia
(1998–2002) 		 
(Campaign)
Withdrew: February 12
(endorsed Donald Trump) 		— 2,669
(0.01%) 		—
Other candidates — 33,418
(0.13%) 		—
Uncommitted delegates 124
(6.1%) 		72,663
(0.27%) 		—
Total
2,027 / 2,472
(82%) 		26,638,585
(100%) 		47 / 56[b]
(84%)
  1. ^ In bolded states and territories, the leading candidate won the support of an absolute majority of that state's delegation for the first ballot; according to Rule 40(b), 8 such states are needed to be eligible.[4] In states and territories that are not bolded, the leading candidate won the support of a simple plurality of delegates.
  2. ^ 43 contests have a winner as listed above; four contests have no defined winner because they did not assign any pledged delegates (AS, GU, ND) or had a majority pledged uncommitted (VI).

References

  1. ^ Ben Arnold, The Liszt Companion, 2002, p. 101: " By far, the most performed of these studies is the revised version of La campanella with its engaging wide leaps, ..."
  2. ^ Alan Walker, Reflections on Liszt, 2005, p. 30: "The five Paganini caprices, plus a free arrangement of "La campanella" which also appeared in 1838, later formed the six Études d'exécution transcendente d'après Paganini. "
  3. ^ editor Richard Taruskin, Oxford History of Western Music, 5-Book set, 2009: "Besides a streamlined version of La campanella, the set included five of Paganini's Caprices freely transcribed, including two of these given above in Ex. 5–1a. Liszt's versions are shown in Ex. 5–5."
  4. ^ a b c "The rules of the Republican Party" (PDF). Republican National Convention. August 8, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference greenpapers_convention was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Embedding an imgur image

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Educational value of changing the page title

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Sample search results for New York by typing "new y…" in the search box on the English Wikipedia as an anonymous user on 20 July 2016
File:20160720 - Searching New York on Google.png
Sample search results for New York on the US English version of Google as an anonymous user on 20 July 2016 – Screenshot of the search – Link to the search

Some editors have argued that the current setup educates worldwide readers about the existence of a US state called New York. Such a goal would be in fact better served by moving the state page to New York (state) or New York State, because:

  • New York as a dab page tells you about the state and the city immediately and prominently;
  • Mutual hatnotes in the city and state articles can advertise each other's existence and distinctiveness;
  • Wikipedia search box and Google results will display "New York (state)" and "New York City" as their first two choices when typing "New York" (or even just "new y…"), which is arguably more educational and helpful than seeing "New York City" and "New York" as the first two choices today. (see screenshots)

Therefore, any ignorant readers would be instantly educated about the existence of New York State as distinct from New York City, even before completing their search. Readers could also pick the correct destination more reliably than with today's entries "New York" and "New York City" which can appear to be duplicates to a person unaware of the state. — JFG talk 13:24, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

Just another comment. I searched "New York" on Google, and the thing on the sidebar showed the summary for the city's wiki article, plus a map of NYC (same as the second image). And I'm sitting in a bookstore in the middle of Manhattan. So, yeah. Kylo Ren (talk) 20:05, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

Motor vehicle production

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Overview

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Motor vehicle production by manufacturer (top six groups)

The summary chart includes the six largest worldwide automotive manufacturing groups as of 2016 by number of vehicles produced. Those same groups have held the top 6 positions since 2007; only Hyundai / Kia had a lower rank until 2006. Figures were compiled by the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA): 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016.

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference DaihatsuHino was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Truck producers Scania AB and M.A.N. were included by OICA in group totals for 2011[3] and 2012,[4] then removed for the following years;[5] they are excluded from the chart for consistency.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference HyundaiKia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


Sources

  1. ^ "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer – World ranking 2000" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  2. ^ "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer, make, country and type – Year 2000, Groupe VW" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  3. ^ "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer – Group: Volkswagen, Year 2011" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  4. ^ "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer – Group: Volkswagen, Year 2012" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  5. ^ "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer – Group: Volkswagen, Year 2013" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference oica2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference oica2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer without double counts – 2009, Group: G.M." (PDF). OICA. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  9. ^ "Saab sale - full details". Autocar. UK. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  10. ^ Frost, Lawrence; Taylor, Edward (6 March 2017). "PSA targets Opel turnaround as GM exits Europe". Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  11. ^ "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer without double counts – 2007, Group: Ford" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  12. ^ "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer without double counts – 2008, Group: Tata" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  13. ^ "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer without double counts – 2009, Group: Ford" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  14. ^ "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer without double counts – 2010, Group: Geely" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved April 15, 2017.

Orbital launch market

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2012

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2013

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2014

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2015

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2016

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2017

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2018

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Final tally for the full year = 114 launches

2019

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2020

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Anticipated full-year stats as of 7 January 2020:

Space launch market competition

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Strangely, this graph goes black when adding a custom color palette, although colors are fine in page preview mode.

with default colors
with custom colors

Falcon 9 booster turnaround

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Predicted state of the turnaround graph as of May 2019, based on likely assignments estimated in August 2018.

5
10
15
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B1031
32
35
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B1040
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B1050
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  1. ^ Full Thrust Boosters B1023 and B1025 were converted to side boosters for the Falcon Heavy test flight of February 2018. This configuration will never fly again, as future Falcon Heavy missions will use standard Block 5 modules as side boosters.

Updated prediction for June 2019, based on manifest as of 31 October 2018.

5
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B1031
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B1040
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B1050
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  1. ^ Full Thrust Boosters B1023 and B1025 were converted to side boosters for the Falcon Heavy test flight of February 2018. This configuration will never fly again, as future Falcon Heavy missions will use standard Block 5 modules as side boosters.

Falcon family launches

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Predicted stats of Falcon family launches until the end of 2019, based on manifest as of 31 October 2018.

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