Triqui

Trique people
	Trique people during a Palm Sunday procession
Total population
	25,883
Regions with significant populations
Languages
	Trique, Mixtec, and Mexican Spanish
Religion
	Catholic, Protestant, and Native Trique religion
Related ethnic groups
	Mixtec people and Cuicatec people

The Triqui (Zapotec pronunciation: [triki], Spanish: [ˈtɾiki]) or Trique (Spanish: [ˈtɾike]) are an Indigenous people of the western part of the Mexican state of Oaxaca, centered in the municipalities of Juxtlahuaca, Putla, and Tlaxiaco. They number around 23,000 according to Ethnologue surveys. The Triqui language is a Mixtecan language of Oto-Manguean genetic affiliation. Trique peoples are known for their distinctive woven huipiles, baskets, and morrales (handbags).^[2]

Triqui people live in a mountainous region, called "La Mixteca Baja", in the southwestern part of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. The elevation within the Triqui region varies between 1,500–3,000 m (4,900–9,800 ft). This high elevation permits low-lying cumulus clouds to envelop entire towns during the afternoons and evenings.

Like many other southern Mexicans, many Triqui men travel to Oaxaca City, Mexico City, or the United States as day labourers or migrant workers. As the average daily salary of a rural Oaxacan is less than $5 (U.S.) and La Mixteca is the poorest region of Oaxaca, migration and remittances sent back to Oaxaca confer economic benefits to both migrant Triquis and their families in Oaxaca.^[3]^[4] Triqui women are more likely to remain in the Triqui region and do not travel as often as Triqui men do.

Custom

One of the notable customs of Triqui people is the practice of bride price. During pre-colonial and colonial times, this was a common practice amongst Native Americans in Mesoamerica, other groups like the Mixtecs of Oaxaca continue practicing a bride price based marriage. It is typical in Trique culture for a man to offer a bride's family money, food, and other products in exchange for the bride's hand in marriage. Generally, the husband and wife know each other prior to this arrangement and there is no arrangement without consent.^[5] Those opposed to this custom argue that it appears to them to be like slavery or prostitution. Those opposed to intervening in this custom argue that consent is required and that this Triqui custom is not conceived of as immoral.^[6]

Agriculture

The Triqui economic income comes through the cultivation of various crops such as corn, beans, pumpkin, chili peppers, quelite, and lima beans among others. But the most important crops are both the banana, and the coffee bean. The products are sold in tianguis (open-air markets) found in Chicahuaztla, Copala, San Martín, Itunyoso, Tlaxiaco, Putla, or Juxtlahuaca.

The Triquis practice the slash and burn cultivation system. This work is done by various families (between 20-30 people) in order to plant milpa (corn fields) throughout large terrains. This type of collaborate work is known as «mipa colectiva» or «milpa en compañía»

Livestock

Another source of income for the Triqui families is the raising of animals. Mainly they raise cattle, bovines, sheep, goats, pigs and horses. On a smaller scale, they also raise chicken, turkey and duck. In the lower lands, they also practice beekeeping.

Distribution

Santiago Juxtlahuaca Municipality (settlements of Agua Fría, Agua Fría Copala, Cerro Barrancadero, Cerro Cabeza, Cerro del Pájaro (Cerro Pájaro), Cerro Plato, Cerro Viejo (Pino Suárez), Cieneguilla, Concepción Carrizal, Coyuchi (Cuyuchi), Cruz Chiquita, Cruz Lengua, Diamante Copala, El Rastrojo, Joya de Anillo, Joya del Mamey Copala, Joya Sabana, La Brama Paraje Pérez (Paraje Pérez), La Cumbre Yerba Santa, La Ladera, La Sabana, Lázaro Cárdenas Copala, Loma Larga, Llano de Aguacate, Llano de Juárez Copala, Llano de Nopal, Llano de Piedra, Ojo de Agua Copala, Paso de Águila Copala (Paso de Águila), Río Humo, Río Lagarto, Río Metates [Río Metate], Río Santiago, Río Tejón, San Jorge Río Frijol, San Juan Copala, San Miguel Copala, San Miguel de Cárdenas, Santa Cruz Tilapa, Santa María Asunción, Santiago Juxtlahuaca, Santiago Naranjos, Tacuya, Tierra Blanca, Tilapa (Guadalupe de Tilapa) [Guadalupe Tilapa], Unidad Habitacional Noventa y Cinco, Unión de Cárdenas, Unión de los Ángeles, Yosoyuxi Copala (Yosoyuxi), and Yutazani)
San Martín Itunyoso Municipality (settlements of Casa de Zorro, La Concepción, Loma Buenos Aires, Llano Yojosinta, San José Xochixtlán, and San Martín Itunyoso)
Putla Villa de Guerrero Municipality (settlements of Barranca del Cuche, Concepción del Progreso (La Hacienda), Chapultepec, Charloco, Chicahuaxtla, El Chorrito de Agua, El Sesteadero, Joya Grande, La Cañada Tejocote, La Chirimoya (Pie de la Cuesta), La Laguna Guadalupe, La Muralla, La Orilla del Peñasco, La Trovadora, Llano de Zaragoza, Loma Flor de Sangre, Malpica, Miguel Hidalgo Chicahuaxtla, Pie del Encino, Plan de Ayala, Plan de Guajolote, Putla Villa de Guerrero, San Andrés Chicahuaxtla, San Antonio Dos Caminos, San Isidro del Estado, San Isidro de Morelos, San Juan Lagunas, San Marcos Mesoncito, Santa Cruz Progreso Chicahuaxtla, Santiago Amate Colorado, Santo Domingo del Estado, Tierra Colorada (San José Tierra Colorada), Unión Nacional, Yosonduchi, and Zafra (San Isidro Zafra)
Constancia del Rosario Municipality (settlements of Constancia del Rosario, El Sausalito, La Cacica [Cacique], Llano Guachicata, Loma Ancha, Piedra Blanca, Rancho Viejo, Río Verde, San José Yosocaño, Santa Ana Rayón, Santa Cruz Río Venado, Santa María Pueblo Nuevo, and Tierra Blanca)^[7]

Sports

The main sport practiced by the Triqui people is basketball, and as such, a basketball court can be found in all their surrounding communities. Tournaments are held during local festivals where all the athletes participate. The various institutes of education also hold basketball tournaments among all the surrounding schools. Gaining in popularity, although not widely practiced among the Trique is football.

The documentary film Gigantes Descalzos chronicles a team of Triqui youth basketball players.

References

^ INEGI: Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 5 años y más al 2010
^ Takahashi, Masako. Mexican Textiles: Spirit and Style. Chronicle Books. 2003.
^ Murphy, Arthur D., Stepick, Alex. Social Inequality in Oaxaca: A History of Resistance and Change. Temple University Press. 1991
^ Holmes, Seth M. An Ethnographic Study of the Social Context of Migrant Health in the United States. PLoS Med 3(10): e448 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030448. 2006
^ Foley, Jack. "Experts: Triqui dad in Greenfield followed culture's marriage tradition." The Salinas Californian. January 20, 2009. Retrieved on March 26, 2009.
^ Grillo, Ioan. "Selling Brides: Native Mexican Custom or Crime?."^{[dead link]} Time. Sunday February 1, 2009. Retrieved on February 2, 2009.
^ "Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales".

Bibliography

Fischer Lewin, Pedro; Sandoval Cruz, Fausto (2007). Triquis (in Spanish). México: CDI.

External links

Triqui monograph on Everyculture.

[1] INEGI: Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 5 años y más al 2010

[2] Takahashi, Masako. Mexican Textiles: Spirit and Style. Chronicle Books. 2003.

[3] Murphy, Arthur D., Stepick, Alex. Social Inequality in Oaxaca: A History of Resistance and Change. Temple University Press. 1991

[4] Holmes, Seth M. An Ethnographic Study of the Social Context of Migrant Health in the United States. PLoS Med 3(10): e448 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030448. 2006

[5] Foley, Jack. "Experts: Triqui dad in Greenfield followed culture's marriage tradition." The Salinas Californian. January 20, 2009. Retrieved on March 26, 2009.

[6] Grillo, Ioan. "Selling Brides: Native Mexican Custom or Crime?."^{[dead link]} Time. Sunday February 1, 2009. Retrieved on February 2, 2009.

[7] "Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales".

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