Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|English Romantic poet (1792–1822)}}
{{redirect|Percy Shelley|the son of the poet|Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet|the potter|Percy Shelley (potter)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| image = Percy Bysshe Shelley by Alfred Clint.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Alfred Clint]], 1819
| birth_date = {{birth date|1792|8|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Field Place, Warnham|Field Place]], [[Sussex]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1822|7|8|1792|8|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gulf of La Spezia]], [[Kingdom of Sardinia]]
| occupation = {{cslist | Poet | dramatist | essayist | novelist}}
| alma_mater = [[University College, Oxford]]
| movement = [[Romanticism]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Harriet Westbrook|1811|1816|end= d.}}|{{marriage|[[Mary Shelley]]|1816}}}}
| children = 6, including [[Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet|Sir Percy, 3rd Baronet]]
| parents = [[Timothy Shelley]] (father)
Elizabeth Pilfold (mother)
| signature = Percy Bysshe Shelley SVG signature.svg
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name -->
}}
'''Percy Bysshe Shelley''' ({{IPAc-en|audio= Pronunciation of Percy Bysshe Shelley.ogg|b|ɪ|ʃ}} {{respell|BISH}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shelley |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shelley |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster |Shelley |access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> 4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was an English writer who is considered as one of the major [[Romantic literature in English|English]] [[Romantic poetry|Romantic poets]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), poet |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-25312 |access-date=8 February 2021 |year=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/25312 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8}}</ref> A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not achieve fame during his lifetime, but recognition of his achievements in poetry grew steadily following his death, and he became an important influence on subsequent generations of poets, including [[Robert Browning]], [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]], [[Thomas Hardy]], and [[W. B. Yeats]].<ref name="Bloom410" /> American literary critic [[Harold Bloom]] describes him as "a superb craftsman, a lyric poet without rival, and surely one of the most advanced sceptical intellects ever to write a poem."
Shelley's reputation fluctuated during the 20th century, but since the 1960s he has achieved increasing critical acclaim for the sweeping momentum of his poetic imagery, his mastery of genres and verse forms, and the complex interplay of sceptical, idealist, and materialist ideas in his work.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |editor1-first=Zachary |editor1-last=Leader | editor1-link = Zachary Leader |editor2-first=Michael |editor2-last=O'Neill | editor2-link = Michael O'Neill (academic) |title=Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Major Works |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxfordshire, England |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-281374-9 |pages=xi-xix}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> Among his best-known works are "[[Ozymandias]]" (1818), "[[Ode to the West Wind]]" (1819), "[[To a Skylark]]" (1820), "[[Adonais]]" (1821), the philosophical essay "[[The Necessity of Atheism]]" (1811), which his friend [[Thomas Jefferson Hogg|T. J. Hogg]] may have co-authored, and the political ballad "[[The Masque of Anarchy|The Mask of Anarchy]]" (1819). His other major works include the verse dramas ''[[The Cenci]]'' (1819), ''[[Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)|Prometheus Unbound]]'' (1820) and ''[[Hellas (poem)|Hellas]]'' (1822), and the long narrative poems ''[[Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude]]'' (1815), ''[[Julian and Maddalo]]'' (1819), ''[[Adonais]]'' (1821), and ''[[The Triumph of Life]]'' (1822).
Shelley also wrote [[prose fiction]] and a quantity of essays on political, social, and philosophical issues. Much of this poetry and prose was not published in his lifetime, or only published in expurgated form, due to the risk of prosecution for political and religious libel.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard|title=Shelley, the Pursuit|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|year=1974|isbn=0297767224|location=London, England|pages=391, 594, 678}}</ref> From the 1820s, his poems and political and ethical writings became popular in [[Owenism|Owenist]], [[Chartism|Chartist]], and [[Classical radicalism|radical]] political circles,<ref name=":10" /> and later drew admirers as diverse as [[Karl Marx]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and [[George Bernard Shaw]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Weber|first=Thomas|title=Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, England|year=2004|isbn=0-521-84230-1|pages=26–30}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
Shelley's life was marked by family crises, ill health, and a backlash against his [[atheism]], political views, and defiance of social conventions. He went into permanent self-exile in Italy in 1818 and over the next four years produced what [[Zachary Leader]] and [[Michael O'Neill (academic)|Michael O'Neill]] call "some of the finest poetry of the Romantic period".<ref>Leader and O'Neill (2003), p. xiv.</ref> His second wife, [[Mary Shelley]], was the author of ''[[Frankenstein]]''. He died in a boating accident in 1822 at age 29.
==Life==
===Early life and education===
Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 at [[Field Place, Warnham|Field Place]], [[Warnham]], [[Sussex]], England.<ref>Field Place {{NHLE|num=1026916|access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard|title=Shelley, the Pursuit|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|year=1974|isbn=0297767224|location=London|pages=10–11}}</ref> He was the eldest son of [[Sir]] [[Timothy Shelley]], 2nd [[Shelley baronets of Castle Goring (1806)|Baronet of Castle Goring]] (1753–1844), a [[Whig (British political faction)|Whig]] Member of Parliament for [[Horsham (UK Parliament constituency)|Horsham]] from 1790 to 1792 and for [[New Shoreham (UK Parliament constituency)|Shoreham]] between 1806 and 1812, and his wife, Elizabeth Pilfold (1763–1846), the daughter of a successful butcher.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bieri|first=James|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: a biography|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8018-8860-1|location=Baltimore|pages=19}}</ref> He had four younger sisters and one much younger brother. Shelley's early childhood was sheltered and mostly happy. He was particularly close to his sisters and his mother, who encouraged him to hunt, fish and ride.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 1–17.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bieri|first=James|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Youth's Unextinguished Fire, 1792–1816|publisher=University of Delaware Press|year=2004|location=Newark|pages=55–57}}</ref> At age six, he was sent to a day school run by the vicar of [[Warnham]] church, where he displayed an impressive memory and gift for languages'''.'''<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 2.</ref>
In 1802 he entered the [[Syon House]] Academy of [[Brentford]], [[Middlesex]], where his cousin [[Thomas Medwin]] was a pupil. Shelley was bullied and unhappy at the school and sometimes responded with violent rage. He also began suffering from the nightmares, hallucinations and sleep walking that were to periodically affect him throughout his life. Shelley developed an interest in science which supplemented his voracious reading of tales of mystery, romance and the supernatural. During his holidays at Field Place, his sisters were often terrified at being subjected to his experiments with [[gunpowder]], acids and electricity. Back at school he blew up a [[Palisade|paling fence]] with gunpowder.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 4–17.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Medwin|first=Thomas|url=https://archive.org/details/lifepercybysshe01medwgoog|title=The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley|year=1847|location=London}}</ref>
In 1804, Shelley entered [[Eton College]], a period which he later recalled with loathing. He was subjected to particularly severe mob bullying which the perpetrators called "Shelley-baits".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmour |first=Ian | author-link = Ian Gilmour |title=Byron and Shelley: The Making of the Poets |publisher=Carol & Graf Publishers |year=2002 |location=New York |pages=96–97}}</ref> A number of biographers and contemporaries have attributed the bullying to Shelley's aloofness, nonconformity and refusal to take part in [[fagging]]. His peculiarities and violent rages earned him the nickname "Mad Shelley".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bieri|first=James|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Youth's Unextinguished Fire, 1792–1816|publisher=University of Delaware Press|year=2004|location=Newark|page=86}}</ref><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 19–20.</ref> His interest in the [[occult]] and science continued, and contemporaries describe him giving an electric shock to a master, blowing up a tree stump with gunpowder and attempting to raise spirits with occult rituals.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 24–5.</ref> In his senior years, Shelley came under the influence of a part-time teacher, Dr [[James Lind (physician, born 1736)|James Lind]], who encouraged his interest in the occult and introduced him to liberal and radical authors. Shelley also developed an interest in Plato and idealist philosophy which he pursued in later years through self-study.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Notopoulos|first=James|title=The Platonism of Shelley|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1949|location=Durham, North Carolina|pages=32–34|language=English}}</ref> According to [[Richard Holmes (biographer)|Richard Holmes]], Shelley, by his leaving year, had gained a reputation as a classical scholar and a tolerated eccentric.<ref name=":7" />
In his last term at Eton, his first novel ''[[Zastrozzi]]'' appeared and he had established a following among his fellow pupils.<ref name=":7">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 25–30.</ref> Prior to enrolling for [[University College, Oxford]], in October 1810, Shelley completed ''[[Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire]]'' (written with his sister Elizabeth), the verse melodrama ''The Wandering Jew'' and the gothic novel ''[[St. Irvyne|St. Irvine; or, The Rosicrucian: A Romance]]'' (published 1811).<ref>{{cite ODNB|author-link=Michael O'Neill (academic)|first=Michael|last=O'Neill|title=Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822)|year=2004|edition=Online|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25312|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/25312}}</ref><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 31.</ref>
At Oxford Shelley attended few lectures, instead spending long hours reading and conducting scientific experiments in the laboratory he set up in his room.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 38–39.</ref> He met a fellow student, [[Thomas Jefferson Hogg]], who became his closest friend. Shelley became increasingly politicised under Hogg's influence, developing strong radical and anti-Christian views. Such views were dangerous in the reactionary political climate prevailing during Britain's war with Napoleonic France, and Shelley's father warned him against Hogg's influence.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 43–47.</ref>
In the winter of 1810–1811, Shelley published a series of anonymous political poems and tracts: ''[[Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson]]'', ''[[The Necessity of Atheism]]'' (written in collaboration with Hogg) and ''A Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things''. Shelley mailed ''The Necessity of Atheism'' to all the bishops and heads of colleges at Oxford, and he was called to appear before the college's fellows, including the Dean, [[George Rowley (academic)|George Rowley]]. His refusal to answer questions put by college authorities regarding whether or not he authored the pamphlet resulted in his [[Expulsion (academia)|expulsion]] from Oxford on 25{{nbsp}}March 1811, along with Hogg. Hearing of his son's expulsion, Shelley's father threatened to cut all contact with Shelley unless he agreed to return home and study under tutors appointed by him. Shelley's refusal to do so led to a falling-out with his father.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 58–60.</ref>
===Marriage to Harriet Westbrook===
In late December 1810, Shelley had met Harriet Westbrook, a pupil at the same boarding school as Shelley's sisters. They corresponded frequently that winter and also after Shelley had been expelled from Oxford.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bieri|first=James|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8018-8861-8|location=Baltimore|pages=111, 114, 137–45}}</ref> Shelley expounded his radical ideas on politics, religion and marriage to Harriet, and they gradually convinced each other that she was oppressed by her father and at school.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard|title=Shelley: the Pursuit|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|year=1974|isbn=0-2977-6722-4|location=London|pages=67–8}}</ref> Shelley's infatuation with Harriet developed in the months following his expulsion, when he was under severe emotional strain due to the conflict with his family, his bitterness over the breakdown of his romance with his cousin Harriet Grove, and his unfounded belief that he might have a fatal illness.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 156, 173.</ref> At the same time, Harriet Westbrook's elder sister Eliza, to whom Harriet was very close, encouraged the young girl's romance with Shelley.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 139, 148–9.</ref> Shelley's correspondence with Harriet intensified in July, while he was holidaying in Wales, and in response to her urgent pleas for his protection, he returned to London in early August. Putting aside his philosophical objections to matrimony, he left with the sixteen-year-old Harriet for [[Edinburgh]] on 25 August 1811, and they were married there on the 28th.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 77–9.</ref>
Hearing of the elopement, Harriet's father, John Westbrook, and Shelley's father, Timothy, cut off the allowances of the bride and groom. (Shelley's father believed his son had married beneath him, as Harriet's father had earned his fortune in trade and was the owner of a tavern and coffee house.)<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 136–7, 162–3.</ref>
[[File:WilliamGodwin.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[William Godwin]] in 1802, by [[James Northcote (painter)|James Northcote]]]]
Surviving on borrowed money, Shelley and Harriet stayed in Edinburgh for a month, with Hogg living under the same roof. The trio left for [[York]] in October, and Shelley went on to Sussex to settle matters with his father, leaving Harriet behind with Hogg. Shelley returned from his unsuccessful excursion to find that Eliza had moved in with Harriet and Hogg. Harriet confessed that Hogg had tried to seduce her while Shelley had been away. Shelley, Harriet and Eliza soon left for [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]] in the [[Lake District]], leaving Hogg in York.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 165–77.</ref>
At this time Shelley was also involved in an intense platonic relationship with Elizabeth Hitchener, a 28-year-old unmarried schoolteacher of advanced views, with whom he had been corresponding. Hitchener, whom Shelley called the "sister of my soul" and "my second self", became his confidante and intellectual companion as he developed his views on politics, religion, ethics and personal relationships.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 149–54.</ref> Shelley proposed that she join him, Harriet and Eliza in a communal household where all property would be shared.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 170, 193–5.</ref>
The Shelleys and Eliza spent December and January in Keswick where Shelley visited [[Robert Southey]] whose poetry he admired. Southey was taken with Shelley, even though there was a wide gulf between them politically, and predicted great things for him as a poet. Southey also informed Shelley that [[William Godwin]], author of ''[[Enquiry Concerning Political Justice|Political Justice]]'', which had greatly influenced him in his youth, and which Shelley also admired, was still alive. Shelley wrote to Godwin, offering himself as his devoted disciple. Godwin, who had modified many of his earlier radical views, advised Shelley to reconcile with his father, become a scholar before he published anything else, and give up his avowed plans for political agitation in Ireland.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 187–91.</ref>
Meanwhile, Shelley had met his father's patron, [[Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk]], who helped secure the reinstatement of Shelley's allowance.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 182–3.</ref> With Harriet's allowance also restored, Shelley now had the funds for his Irish venture. Their departure for Ireland was precipitated by increasing hostility towards the Shelley household from their landlord and neighbours who were alarmed by Shelley's scientific experiments, pistol shooting and radical political views. As tension mounted, Shelley claimed he had been attacked in his home by ruffians, an event which might have been real or a delusional episode triggered by stress. This was the first of a series of episodes in subsequent years where Shelley claimed to have been attacked by strangers during periods of personal crisis.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 191–4.</ref>
Early in 1812, Shelley wrote, published and personally distributed in Dublin three political tracts: ''An Address, to the Irish People; Proposals for an Association of Philanthropists;'' and ''Declaration of Rights''. He also delivered a speech at a meeting of O'Connell's [[Catholic Committee (Ireland)|Catholic Committee]] in which he called for [[Catholic emancipation]], repeal of the [[Acts of Union 1800|Acts of Union]] and an end to the oppression of the Irish poor. Reports of Shelley's subversive activities were sent to the [[Home Secretary]].<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 198–210.</ref>
Returning from Ireland, the Shelley household travelled to Wales, then Devon, where they again came under government surveillance for distributing subversive literature. Elizabeth Hitchener joined the household in Devon, but several months later had a falling out with the Shelleys and left.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 210–30.</ref>
The Shelley household had settled in [[Tremadog]], Wales, in September 1812, where Shelley worked on ''[[Queen Mab (poem)|Queen Mab]]'', a utopian allegory with extensive notes preaching atheism, free love, republicanism and vegetarianism. The poem was published the following year in a private edition of 250 copies, although few were initially distributed because of the risk of prosecution for seditious and religious libel.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 238–51, 255.</ref>
In February 1813, Shelley claimed he was attacked in his home at night. The incident might have been real, a hallucination brought on by stress, or a hoax staged by Shelley in order to escape government surveillance, creditors and his entanglements in local politics. The Shelleys and Eliza fled to Ireland, then London.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 238–54.</ref>
Back in England, Shelley's debts mounted as he tried unsuccessfully to reach a financial settlement with his father. On 23 June Harriet gave birth to a girl, Eliza Ianthe Shelley (known as Ianthe), and in the following months the relationship between Shelley and his wife deteriorated. Shelley resented the influence Harriet's sister had over her while Harriet was alienated from Shelley by his close friendship with an attractive widow, Mrs. [[Harriet de Boinville]].<ref>Holmes, Richard, (1974). p. 216.</ref> Mrs. Boinville had married a French revolutionary émigré and hosted a ''[[Salon (gathering)|salon]]'' where Shelley was able to discuss politics, philosophy and vegetarianism.<ref>Bieri, James, (2005). pp. 259-260.</ref><ref>Kenneth Neil Cameron, Donald H. Reiman, and Doucet Devin Fischer, eds., ''Shelley and His Circle'', 1773-1822, 10 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961-2002, 3: 275-276.</ref> Mrs. Boinville became a ''confidante'' of Shelley during his marital crisis.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974). pp. 216-19, 224-29</ref> During a breakdown, Shelley moved into Mrs. Boinville’s home outside London. In February and March 1814, he became infatuated with her married daughter, Cornelia Turner, age eighteen, and wrote erotic poetry about her in his notebook.<ref>Holmes, Richard, (1974). pp. 227-228.</ref><ref>de Boinville, Barbara. ''At the Center of the Circle: Harriet de Boinville (1773-1847) and the Writers She Influenced During Europe’s Revolutionary Era'' (New Academia Publishing, 2023), p. 99.</ref>
Following Ianthe's birth, the Shelleys moved frequently across London, Wales, the Lake District, Scotland and Berkshire to escape creditors and search for a home.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 256–69.</ref> In March 1814, Shelley remarried Harriet in London to settle any doubts about the legality of their Edinburgh wedding and secure the rights of their child. Nevertheless, the Shelleys lived apart for most of the following months, and Shelley reflected bitterly on: "my rash & heartless union with Harriet".<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 269–70.</ref>
[[File:Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Rothwell.tif|left|thumb|alt=Half-length portrait of a woman wearing a black dress sitting on a red sofa. Her dress is off the shoulder, exposing her shoulders. The brush strokes are broad.|[[Richard Rothwell (painter)|Richard Rothwell]]'s portrait of Mary Shelley in later life was shown at the [[Royal Academy]] in 1840, accompanied by lines from Percy Shelley's poem ''[[The Revolt of Islam]]'' calling her a "child of love and light".<ref>Seymour, p. 458.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}]]
===Elopement with Mary Godwin===
In May 1814, Shelley began visiting his mentor Godwin almost daily, and soon fell in love with [[Mary Shelley|Mary]], the sixteen-year-old daughter of Godwin and the late feminist author [[Mary Wollstonecraft]]. Shelley and Mary declared their love for each other during a visit to her mother's grave in the churchyard of [[St Pancras Old Church]] on 26 June. When Shelley told Godwin that he intended to leave Harriet and live with Mary, his mentor banished him from the house and forbade Mary from seeing him. Shelley and Mary eloped to Europe on 28 July, taking Mary's step-sister [[Claire Clairmont]] with them. Before leaving, Shelley had secured a loan of £3,000 but had left most of the funds at the disposal of Godwin and Harriet, who was again pregnant. The financial arrangement with Godwin led to rumours that he had sold his daughters to Shelley.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp, 273–84, 292.</ref>
Shelley, Mary and Claire made their way across war-ravaged France where Shelley wrote to Harriet, asking her to meet them in Switzerland with the money he had left for her. Hearing nothing from Harriet in Switzerland, and unable to secure sufficient funds or suitable accommodation, the three travelled to Germany and Holland before returning to England on 13 September.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 285–292.</ref>
Shelley spent the next few months trying to raise loans and avoid bailiffs. Mary was pregnant, lonely, depressed and ill. Her mood was not improved when she heard that, on 30 November, Harriet had given birth to Charles Bysshe Shelley, heir to the Shelley fortune and baronetcy.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 293–300.</ref> This was followed, in early January 1815, by news that Shelley's grandfather, [[Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet|Sir Bysshe]], had died leaving an estate worth £220,000. The settlement of the estate, and a financial settlement between Shelley and his father (now Sir Timothy), however, was not concluded until April the following year.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 300–02, 328–9.</ref>
[[File:HistorySixWeeksTourMap.png|thumb|Routes of the 1814 and 1816 continental tours]]
In February 1815, Mary gave premature birth to a baby girl who died ten days later, deepening her depression. In the following weeks, Mary became close to Hogg who temporarily moved into the household. Shelley was almost certainly having a sexual relationship with Claire at this time, and it is possible that Mary, with Shelley's encouragement, was also having a sexual relationship with Hogg. In May Claire left the household, at Mary's insistence, to reside in Lynmouth.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 305–9.</ref>
In August Shelley and Mary moved to Bishopsgate where Shelley worked on ''[[Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude|Alastor]]'', a long poem in blank verse based on the myth of [[Narcissus (mythology)|Narcissus]] and [[Echo (mythology)|Echo]]. ''Alastor'' was published in an edition of 250 in early 1816 to poor sales and largely unfavourable reviews from the conservative press.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 308–10.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp, 321–3.</ref>
On 24 January 1816, Mary gave birth to William Shelley. Shelley was delighted to have another son, but was suffering from the strain of prolonged financial negotiations with his father, Harriet and William Godwin. Shelley showed signs of delusional behaviour and was contemplating an escape to the continent.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 322–4.</ref>
===Byron===
Claire initiated a sexual relationship with [[Lord Byron]] in April 1816, just before his self-exile on the continent, and then arranged for Byron to meet Shelley, Mary, and her in Geneva.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 324–8.</ref> Shelley admired Byron's poetry and had sent him ''Queen Mab'' and other poems. Shelley's party arrived in Geneva in May and rented a house close to [[Villa Diodati]], on the shores of Lake Geneva, where Byron was staying. There Shelley, Byron and the others engaged in discussions about literature, science and "various philosophical doctrines". One night, while Byron was reciting Coleridge's ''[[Christabel (poem)|Christabel]]'', Shelley suffered a severe panic attack with hallucinations. The previous night Mary had had a more productive vision or nightmare which inspired her novel ''[[Frankenstein]]''.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 331–6.</ref>
Shelley and Byron then took a boating tour around Lake Geneva, which inspired Shelley to write his "[[Hymn to Intellectual Beauty]]", his first substantial poem since ''Alastor''.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 336–41.</ref> A tour of [[Chamonix]] in the French Alps inspired "[[Mont Blanc (poem)|Mont Blanc]]", which has been described as an atheistic response to Coleridge's "Hymn before Sunrise in the Vale of Chamoni".<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 340.</ref> During this tour, Shelley often signed guest books with a declaration that he was an atheist. These declarations were seen by other British tourists, including Southey, which hardened attitudes against Shelley back home.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 342–3.</ref>
Relations between Byron and Shelley's party became strained when Byron was told that Claire was pregnant with his child. Shelley, Mary, and Claire left Switzerland in late August, with arrangements for the expected baby still unclear, although Shelley made provision for Claire and the baby in his will.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 338, 345–6.</ref> In January 1817 Claire gave birth to a daughter by Byron who she named Alba, but later renamed [[Allegra Byron|Allegra]] in accordance with Byron's wishes.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 356, 412.</ref>
===Marriage to Mary Godwin===
{{Quote box
| quote = <poem>
'''Ozymandias'''
I met a traveller from an antique land,
Who said—"Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desart<!-- SIC. DON'T CHANGE -->.... Near them, on the sand,
Half sunk a shattered visage lies, whose frown,
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed;
And on the pedestal, these words appear:
My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;
Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away."
</poem>
| source = Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1818
| align = right
| bgcolor = #FFFFF0
| quoted =
| salign = right
}}Shelley and Mary returned to England in September 1816, and in early October they heard that Mary's half-sister [[Fanny Imlay]] had killed herself. Godwin believed that Fanny had been in love with Shelley, and Shelley himself suffered depression and guilt over her death, writing: "Friend had I known thy secret grief / Should we have parted so."<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 347.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bieri|first=James|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Exile of Unfulfilled Renown, 1816–1822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPfPWaPD-CcC |publisher=University of Delaware Press|year=2005|isbn=0-87413-893-0|location=Newark|pages=15–16}}</ref> Further tragedy followed in December when Shelley's estranged wife Harriet drowned herself in the [[The Serpentine|Serpentine]].<ref>"On Tuesday a respectable female, far advanced in pregnancy, was taken out of the Serpentine river.... A want of honour in her own conduct is supposed to have led to this fatal catastrophe, her husband being abroad". ''The Times'' (London), Thursday, 12 December 1816, p. 2.</ref> Harriet, pregnant and living alone at the time, believed that she had been abandoned by her new lover. In her suicide letter she asked Shelley to take custody of their son Charles but to leave their daughter in her sister Eliza's care.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 21–24.</ref>
Shelley married Mary Godwin on 30 December, despite his philosophical objections to the institution. The marriage was intended to help secure Shelley's custody of his children by Harriet and to placate Godwin who had refused to see Shelley and Mary because of their previous adulterous relationship.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 355–56.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 25–27.</ref> After a prolonged legal battle, the [[Court of Chancery]] eventually awarded custody of Shelley and Harriet's children to foster parents, on the grounds that Shelley had abandoned his first wife for Mary without cause and was an atheist.<ref name="ucla-law-">{{Cite web |title=Parent-Child Speech and Child Custody Speech Restrictions |url=http://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/custody.pdf |last=Volokh |first=Eugene |website=UCLA |access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref><ref>For details of Harriet's suicide and Shelley's remarriage see Bieri (2008), pp. 360–69.</ref>
In March 1817 the Shelleys moved to the village of [[Marlow, Buckinghamshire]], where Shelley's friend [[Thomas Love Peacock]] lived. The Shelley household included Claire and her baby Allegra, both of whose presence Mary resented.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 369.</ref><ref name=":1">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 41–42.</ref> Shelley's generosity with money and increasing debts also led to financial and marital stress, as did Godwin's frequent requests for financial help.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 411.</ref>
On 2 September Mary gave birth to a daughter, Clara Everina Shelley. Soon after, Shelley left for London with Claire, which increased Mary's resentment towards her stepsister.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 376–77.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 42–44.</ref> Shelley was arrested for two days in London over money he owed, and attorneys visited Mary in Marlowe over Shelley's debts.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 44.</ref>
Shelley took part in the literary and political circle that surrounded [[Leigh Hunt]], and during this period he met [[William Hazlitt]] and [[John Keats]]. Shelley's major work during this time was ''[[Laon and Cythna]]'', a long narrative poem featuring incest and attacks on religion. It was hastily withdrawn after publication due to fears of prosecution for religious libel, and was re-edited and reissued as ''[[The Revolt of Islam]]'' in January 1818.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 48–54.</ref> Shelley also published two political tracts under a pseudonym: ''A Proposal for putting Reform to the Vote throughout the Kingdom'' (March 1817) and ''An Address to the People on the Death of Princess Charlotte'' (November 1817).<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 35–37, 45–46.</ref> In December he wrote "Ozymandias", which is considered to be one of his finest sonnets, as part of a competition with friend and fellow poet [[Horace Smith (poet)|Horace Smith]].<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 410.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 55.</ref>
===Italy===
[[File:Joseph Severn - Posthumous Portrait of Shelley Writing Prometheus Unbound 1845.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|''Posthumous Portrait of Shelley Writing'' [[Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)|''Prometheus Unbound'']] ''in Italy'' – painting by [[Joseph Severn]], 1845]]
On 12 March 1818 the Shelleys and Claire left England to escape its "tyranny civil and religious". A doctor had also recommended that Shelley go to Italy for his chronic lung complaint, and Shelley had arranged to take Claire's daughter, Allegra, to her father Byron who was now in Venice.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 40–43.</ref>
After travelling some months through France and Italy, Shelley left Mary and baby Clara at [[Bagni di Lucca]] (in today's Tuscany) while he travelled with Claire to Venice to see Byron and make arrangements for visiting Allegra. Byron invited the Shelleys to stay at his summer residence at [[Este, Veneto|Este]], and Shelley urged Mary to meet him there. Clara became seriously ill on the journey and died on 24 September in Venice.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 77–80.</ref> Following Clara's death, Mary fell into a long period of depression and emotional estrangement from Shelley.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 446–47.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 80.</ref>
{{anchor|dejection}}The Shelleys moved to Naples on 1 December, where they stayed for three months. During this period Shelley was ill, depressed and almost suicidal: a state of mind reflected in his poem "Stanzas written in Dejection – December 1818, Near Naples".<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 112–14.</ref>
While in Naples, Shelley registered the birth and baptism of a baby girl, Elena Adelaide Shelley (born 27 December), naming himself as the father and falsely naming Mary as the mother. The parentage of Elena has never been conclusively established. Biographers have variously speculated that she was adopted by Shelley to console Mary for the loss of Clara, that she was Shelley's child by Claire, that she was his child by his servant Elise Foggi, or that she was the child of a "mysterious lady" who had followed Shelley to the continent.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 439–45.</ref> Shelley registered the birth and baptism on 27 February 1819, and the household left Naples for Rome the following day, leaving Elena with carers.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 115.</ref> Elena was to die in a poor suburb of Naples on 9 June 1820.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 465–66.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 106–7.</ref>
In Rome, Shelley was in poor health, probably having developed nephritis and tuberculosis which later was in remission.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 119.</ref> Nevertheless, he made significant progress on three major works: ''[[Julian and Maddalo]]'', ''[[Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)|Prometheus Unbound]]'' and ''[[The Cenci]]''.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 125.</ref> ''Julian and Maddalo'' is an autobiographical poem which explores the relationship between Shelley and Byron and analyses Shelley's personal crises of 1818 and 1819. The poem was completed in the summer of 1819, but was not published in Shelley's lifetime.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 76–77, 84–87.</ref> ''Prometheus Unbound'' is a long dramatic poem inspired by Aeschylus's retelling of the Prometheus myth. It was completed in late 1819 and published in 1820.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 125–32, 400.</ref> ''The Cenci'' is a verse drama of rape, murder and incest based on the story of the Renaissance Count Cenci of Rome and his daughter Beatrice. Shelley completed the play in September and the first edition was published that year. It was to become one of his most popular works and the only one to have two authorised editions in his lifetime.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 133–42.</ref>
Shelley's three-year-old son William died in June 1819, probably of malaria. The new tragedy caused a further decline in Shelley's health and deepened Mary's depression. On 4 August she wrote: "We have now lived five years together; and if all the events of the five years were blotted out, I might be happy".<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 123–25.</ref><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 519, 526.</ref>{{Quote box
| quote = <poem>
Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:
What if my leaves are falling like its own!
The tumult of thy mighty harmonies
Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!
And, by the incantation of this verse,
Scatter, as from unextinguished hearth
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
Be through my lips to unawakened Earth
The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
</poem>
| source = From "Ode to the West Wind", 1819
| align = right
| bgcolor = #FFFFF0
| quoted =
| salign = right
}}The Shelleys were now living in [[Livorno]] where, in September, Shelley heard of the [[Peterloo Massacre]] of peaceful protesters in Manchester. Within two weeks he had completed one of his most famous political poems, ''[[The Masque of Anarchy|The Mask of Anarchy]]'', and despatched it to Leigh Hunt for publication. Hunt, however, decided not to publish it for fear of prosecution for seditious libel. The poem was only officially published in 1832.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 529–41.</ref>
The Shelleys moved to Florence in October, where Shelley read a scathing review of the ''Revolt of Islam'' (and its earlier version ''Laon and Cythna'') in the conservative ''Quarterly Review''. Shelley was angered by the personal attack on him in the article which he erroneously believed had been written by Southey. His bitterness over the review lasted for the rest of his life.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 162–64.</ref>
On 12 November, Mary gave birth to a boy, [[Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet|Percy Florence Shelley]].<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 560.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 352–54.</ref> Around the time of Percy's birth, the Shelleys met [[Sophia Stacey]], who was a ward of one of Shelley's uncles and was staying at the same pension as the Shelleys. Sophia, a talented harpist and singer, formed a friendship with Shelley while Mary was preoccupied with her newborn son. Shelley wrote at least five love poems and fragments for Sophia including "Song written for an Indian Air".<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 564–68.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 170–77.</ref>
The Shelleys moved to Pisa in January 1820, ostensibly to consult a doctor who had been recommended to them. There they became friends with the Irish republican Margaret Mason ([[Margaret King|Lady Margaret Mountcashell]]) and her common-law husband [[George William Tighe]]. Mrs Mason became the inspiration for Shelley's poem "The Sensitive Plant", and Shelley's discussions with Mason and Tighe influenced his political thought and his critical interest in the population theories of [[Thomas Robert Malthus|Thomas Malthus]].<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 188–89.</ref><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 575–76.</ref>
In March, Shelley wrote to friends that Mary was depressed, suicidal and hostile towards him. Shelley was also beset by financial worries, as creditors from England pressed him for payment and he was obliged to make secret payments in connection with his "Neapolitan charge" Elena.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 182–88.</ref>
Meanwhile, Shelley was writing ''[[A Philosophical View of Reform]]'', a political essay which he had begun in Rome. The unfinished essay, which remained unpublished in Shelley's lifetime, has been called "one of the most advanced and sophisticated documents of political philosophy in the nineteenth century".<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 177–80.</ref>
Another crisis erupted in June when Shelley claimed that he had been assaulted in the Pisan post office by a man accusing him of foul crimes. Shelley's biographer [[James Bieri]] suggests that this incident was possibly a delusional episode brought on by extreme stress, as Shelley was being blackmailed by a former servant, Paolo Foggi, over baby Elena.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 191–93.</ref> It is likely that the blackmail was connected with a story spread by another former servant, Elise Foggi, that Shelley had fathered a child to Claire in Naples and had sent it to a foundling home.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 246–47, 252.</ref><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 467–68.</ref> Shelley, Claire and Mary denied this story, and Elise later recanted.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 247–49, 292.</ref><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 473.</ref>
In July, hearing that John Keats was seriously ill in England, Shelley wrote to the poet inviting him to stay with him at Pisa. Keats replied with hopes of seeing him, but instead, arrangements were made for Keats to travel to Rome.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 199–201.</ref> Following the death of Keats in 1821, Shelley wrote ''[[Adonais]]'', which [[Harold Bloom]] considers one of the major pastoral elegies.<ref>Bloom, Harold (2004), p. 419.</ref> The poem was published in Pisa in July 1821, but sold few copies.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 238, 242.</ref>
In early July 1820, Shelley heard that baby Elena had died on 9 June. In the months following the post office incident and Elena's death, relations between Mary and Claire deteriorated and Claire spent most of the next two years living separately from the Shelleys, mainly in Florence.<ref>Holmes, Richard (2005), pp. 596–601.</ref>
That December Shelley met Teresa (Emilia) Viviani, who was the 19-year-old daughter of the Governor of Pisa and was living in a convent awaiting a suitable marriage.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 214–15.</ref> Shelley visited her several times over the next few months and they started a passionate correspondence which dwindled after her marriage the following September. Emilia was the inspiration for Shelley's major poem ''[[Epipsychidion]]''.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 220–23.</ref>
In March 1821 Shelley completed "[[A Defence of Poetry]]", a response to Peacock's article "[[The Four Ages of Poetry]]". Shelley's essay, with its famous conclusion "Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world", remained unpublished in his lifetime.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 231–33.</ref>
Shelley went alone to Ravenna in early August to see Byron, making a detour to Livorno for a rendezvous with Claire. Shelley stayed with Byron for two weeks and invited the older poet to spend the winter in Pisa. After Shelley had heard Byron recite his newly completed fifth canto of ''[[Don Juan (poem)|Don Juan]]'' he wrote to Mary: "I despair of rivalling Byron."<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 244–51.</ref>
In November Byron moved into Villa Lanfranchi in Pisa, just across the river from the Shelleys. Byron became the centre of the "Pisan circle" which was to include Shelley, Thomas Medwin, [[Edward Ellerker Williams|Edward Williams]] and [[Edward John Trelawny|Edward Trelawny]].<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 269, and chs 14, 15, ''passim''.</ref>
In the early months of 1822 Shelley became increasingly close to [[Jane Williams]], who was living with her partner Edward Williams in the same building as the Shelleys. Shelley wrote a number of love poems for Jane, including "The Serpent is shut out of Paradise" and "With a Guitar, to Jane". Shelley's obvious affection for Jane was to cause increasing tension among Shelley, Edward Williams and Mary.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 280–85, 297.</ref>
Claire arrived in Pisa in April at Shelley's invitation, and soon after they heard that her daughter Allegra had died of typhus in Ravenna. The Shelleys and Claire then moved to Villa Magni, near [[Lerici]] on the shores of the [[Gulf of La Spezia]].<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 297–300.</ref> Shelley acted as mediator between Claire and Byron over arrangements for the burial of their daughter, and the added strain led to Shelley having a series of hallucinations.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 713–15.</ref>
Mary almost died from a miscarriage on 16 June, her life only being saved by Shelley's effective first aid. Two days later Shelley wrote to a friend that there was no sympathy between Mary and him and if the past and future could be obliterated he would be content in his boat with Jane and her guitar. That same day he also wrote to Trelawny asking for [[Hydrogen cyanide|prussic acid]].<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 307–10.</ref> The following week, Shelley woke the household with his screaming over a nightmare or hallucination in which he saw Edward and Jane Williams as walking corpses and himself strangling Mary.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 313–14.</ref>
During this time, Shelley was writing his final major poem, the unfinished ''The Triumph of Life'', which Harold Bloom has called "the most despairing poem he wrote".<ref>Bloom, Harold (2004), p. 438.</ref>
===Death===
On 1 July 1822, Shelley and Edward Williams sailed in Shelley's new boat the ''Don Juan'' to Livorno where Shelley met Leigh Hunt and Byron in order to make arrangements for a new journal, ''The Liberal''. After the meeting, on 8 July, Shelley, Williams, and their boat boy sailed out of Livorno for Lerici. A few hours later, the ''Don Juan'' and its inexperienced crew were lost in a storm.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 319–27.</ref> The vessel, an open boat, had been custom-built in [[Genoa]] for Shelley. Mary Shelley declared in her "Note on Poems of 1822" (1839) that the design had a defect and that the boat was never seaworthy. The sinking, however, was probably due to the severe storm and poor seamanship of the three men on board.<ref name="prell">"The Sinking of the ''Don Juan''" by [[Donald Prell]], ''Keats–Shelley Journal'', Vol. LVI, 2007, pp. 136–54.</ref>
Shelley's badly decomposed body washed ashore at [[Viareggio]] ten days later and was identified by Trelawny from the clothing and a copy of Keats's ''[[Lamia (poem)|Lamia]]'' in a jacket pocket. On 16 August, his body was cremated on a beach near Viareggio and the ashes were buried in the [[Protestant Cemetery, Rome|Protestant Cemetery of Rome]].<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 331–36.</ref>
[[File:Louis Edouard Fournier - The Funeral of Shelley - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|300px|left|''The Funeral of Shelley'' by [[Louis Édouard Fournier]] (1889). Pictured in the centre are, from left, Trelawny, Hunt, and Byron. In fact, Hunt did not observe the cremation, and Byron left early. Mary Shelley, who is pictured kneeling at left, did not attend the funeral.]]
The day after the news of his death reached England, the [[Tory]] London newspaper ''The Courier'' printed: "Shelley, the writer of some infidel poetry, has been drowned; ''now'' he knows whether there is God or no."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/24/featuresreviews.guardianreview1#:~:text=In%20the%20summer%20of%201822,Spezia%20was%20set%20to%20become|title=Richard Holmes on Shelley's drowning myths|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=24 January 2004}}</ref>
[[File:Percy Shelley gravestone with clear text.png|thumb|Shelley's gravestone in the [[Protestant Cemetery, Rome|Cimitero Acattolico]] in Rome; phrases from "[[Ariel's Song]]" in [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Tempest]]'' appear below]]
Shelley's ashes were reburied in a different plot at the cemetery in 1823. His grave bears the Latin inscription ''Cor Cordium'' (Heart of Hearts), and a few lines of "Ariel's Song" from Shakespeare's ''The Tempest'':<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 336.</ref>{{blockquote|Nothing of him that doth fade<br/>But doth suffer a sea change<br/>Into something rich and strange.}}
====Shelley's remains====
When Shelley's body was cremated on the beach, his presumed heart resisted burning and was retrieved by Trelawny.<ref name="holden" /> The heart was possibly calcified from an earlier tubercular infection, or was perhaps his liver. Trelawny gave the scorched organ to Hunt, who preserved it in spirits of wine and refused to hand it over to Mary.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 334–335, 354.</ref> He finally relented and the heart was eventually buried either at [[St Peter's Church, Bournemouth]] or in [[Christchurch Priory]].<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 354.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Hermoine |author-link=Hermione Lee |title=Virginia Woolf's Nose: Essays on biography |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780691130446 |chapter=Shelley's Heart and Pepys's Lobsters}}</ref><!-- Note: the Christchurch Priory article describes the monument to Shelley, but says nothing about his heart. --> Hunt also retrieved a piece of Shelley's jawbone which, in 1913, was given to the Shelley-Keats Memorial in Rome.<ref name=holden>Anthony Holden, ''The Wit in the Dungeon: A Life of Leigh Hunt'' (2005), ch. 7 'I never beheld him more': 1821-2, p. 166.</ref>
===Family history===
Shelley's paternal grandfather was [[Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet|Bysshe Shelley]] (21 June 1731 – 6 January 1815), who, in 1806, became Sir Bysshe Shelley, First Baronet of Castle Goring.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 6, 11, 12, 71.</ref> On Sir Bysshe's death in 1815, Shelley's father inherited the baronetcy, becoming [[Timothy Shelley|Sir Timothy Shelley]].<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 300–301.</ref>
Shelley was the eldest of several legitimate children. Bieri argues that Shelley had an older illegitimate brother but, if he existed, little is known of him.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), p. 3 and note 2.</ref> His younger siblings were: John (1806–1866), Margaret (1801–1887), Hellen (1799–1885), Mary (1797–1884), Hellen (1796–1796, died in infancy) and Elizabeth (1794–1831).<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 30, 71–2.</ref>
Shelley had two children by his first wife Harriet: Eliza Ianthe Shelley (1813–1876) and Charles Bysshe Shelley (1814–1826).<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 258, 299, 625, 672.</ref> He had four children by his second wife Mary: an unnamed daughter born in 1815 who only survived ten days; William Shelley (1816–1819); Clara Everina Shelley (1817–1818); and [[Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet]] (1819–1889).<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 304–5, 322, 383, 419, 457, 502, 675.</ref> Shelley also declared himself to be the father of Elena Adelaide Shelley (1818–1820), who might have been an illegitimate or adopted daughter.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 465–6.</ref> His son Percy Florence became the third baronet of Castle Goring in 1844, following the death of Sir Timothy Shelley.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), p. 673.</ref>
====Ancestry====
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=no |align=center
|title=Ancestry of Percy Bysshe Shelley
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe;
| 1 = 1. '''Percy Bysshe Shelley'''
| 2 = 2. [[Sir Timothy Shelley, 2nd Baronet]] (1753–1844)
| 3 = 3. Elizabeth Pilford, Lady Shelley (1763–1846)
| 4 = 4. [[Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet]] (1731–1815)
| 5 = 5. Mary Catherine Michell (1734–1760)
| 6 = 6. Charles Pilford (1726–1790)
| 7 = 7. Bathia White (1739–1779)
| 8 = 8. Sir Timothy Shelley of Fen Place (c. 1700–1770)
| 9 = 9. Johanna Plume (b. 1704)
| 10 = 10. Theobald Michell (d. 1737)
| 11 = 11. Mary Tredcroft (c. 1709–1738)
| 12 = 12. John Pilford (1680–1745)
| 13 = 13. Mary Michell (1689–c.1775)
| 14 = 14. William White (1703–1764)
| 15 = 15. Bethiah Waller (1703–1764)
}}
==Political, religious and ethical views==
=== Politics ===
Shelley was a political radical influenced by thinkers such as Rousseau, Paine, Godwin, Wollstonecraft, and Leigh Hunt.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 43, 97–8, 153, 350–2.</ref> He advocated Catholic Emancipation, republicanism, parliamentary reform, the extension of the franchise, freedom of speech and peaceful assembly, an end to aristocratic and clerical privilege, and a more equal distribution of income and wealth.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 120–2, 556–8, 583–93.</ref> The views he expressed in his published works were often more moderate than those he advocated privately because of the risk of prosecution for seditious libel and his desire not to alienate more moderate friends and political allies.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 120–2, 365, 592–3.</ref> Nevertheless, his political writings and activism brought him to the attention of the Home Office and he came under government surveillance at various periods.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 198–230.</ref>
Shelley's most influential political work in the years immediately following his death was the poem ''Queen Mab'', which included extensive notes on political themes. The work went through 14 official and pirated editions by 1845, and became popular in Owenist and Chartist circles. His longest political essay, ''A Philosophical View of Reform'', was written in 1820, but not published until 1920.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 208–10, 592–3.</ref>
===Nonviolence===
Shelley's advocacy of nonviolent resistance was largely based on his reflections on the French Revolution and rise of Napoleon, and his belief that violent protest would increase the prospect of a military despotism.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 557.</ref> Although Shelley sympathised with supporters of Irish independence, such as [[Peter Finnerty]] and [[Robert Emmet]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Alison|date=3 July 2014|title="Let no man write my epitaph": the contributions of Percy Shelley, Thomas Moore and Robert Southey to the memorialisation of Robert Emmet|journal=Irish Studies Review|volume=22|issue=3|pages=285–303|doi=10.1080/09670882.2014.926124|s2cid=170900710|issn=0967-0882|doi-access=free}}</ref> he did not support violent rebellion. In his early pamphlet ''An Address, to the Irish People'' (1812) he wrote: "I do not wish to see things changed now, because it cannot be done without violence, and we may assure ourselves that none of us are fit for any change, however good, if we condescend to employ force in a cause we think right."<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 120.</ref>
In his later essay ''A Philosophical View of Reform'', Shelley did concede that there were political circumstances in which force might be justified: "The last resort of resistance is undoubtably [''sic''] insurrection. The right of insurrection is derived from the employment of armed force to counteract the will of the nation."<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 591.</ref> Shelley supported the [[Trienio Liberal|1820 armed rebellion against absolute monarchy in Spain]], and the [[Greek War of Independence|1821 armed Greek uprising against Ottoman rule]].<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 528–9, 589.</ref>
Shelley's poem "The Mask of Anarchy" (written in 1819, but first published in 1832) has been called "perhaps the first modern statement of the principle of [[nonviolent resistance]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/SP94.10.4.Nichols.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105232938/http://www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/SP94.10.4.Nichols.pdf|archive-date=5 January 2011|access-date=8 March 2010}}</ref> Gandhi was familiar with the poem and it is possible that Shelley had an indirect influence on Gandhi through [[Henry David Thoreau]]'s ''[[Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)|Civil Disobedience]]''.<ref name=":11" />
=== Religion ===
Shelley was an avowed atheist, who was influenced by the materialist arguments in [[Baron d'Holbach|Holbach]]'s ''[[The System of Nature|Le Système de la nature]]''.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 50.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2008), p. 267.</ref> His atheism was an important element of his political radicalism as he saw organised religion as inextricably linked to social oppression.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 76.</ref> The overt and implied atheism in many of his works raised a serious risk of prosecution for religious libel. His early pamphlet ''The Necessity of Atheism'' was withdrawn from sale soon after publication following a complaint from a priest. His poem ''Queen Mab'', which includes sustained attacks on the priesthood, Christianity and religion in general, was twice prosecuted by the [[Society for the Suppression of Vice]] in 1821. A number of his other works were edited before publication to reduce the risk of prosecution.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 30, 201, 208–9.</ref>
=== Free love ===
Shelley's advocacy of [[free love]] drew heavily on the work of Mary Wollstonecraft and the early work of William Godwin. In his notes to ''Queen Mab'', he wrote: "A system could not well have been devised more studiously hostile to human happiness than marriage." He argued that the children of unhappy marriages "are nursed in a systematic school of ill-humour, violence and falsehood". He believed that the ideal of chastity outside marriage was "a monkish and evangelical superstition" which led to the hypocrisy of prostitution and promiscuity.<ref name=":2">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 204–8.</ref>
Shelley believed that "sexual connection" should be free among those who loved each other and last only as long as their mutual love. Love should also be free and not subject to obedience, jealousy and fear. He denied that free love would lead to promiscuity and the disruption of stable human relationships, arguing that relationships based on love would generally be of long duration and marked by generosity and self-devotion.<ref name=":2" />
When Shelley's friend T. J. Hogg made an unwanted sexual advance to Shelley's first wife Harriet, Shelley forgave him of his "horrible error" and assured him that he was not jealous.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 90–92.</ref> It is very likely that Shelley encouraged Hogg and Shelley's second wife Mary to have a sexual relationship.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 276–83.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 302–9.</ref>
===Vegetarianism===
Shelley converted to a vegetable diet in early March 1812 and sustained it, with occasional lapses, for the remainder of his life. Shelley's vegetarianism was influenced by ancient authors such as Hesiod, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Ovid and Plutarch, but more directly by [[John Frank Newton]], author of ''The Return to Nature, or, A Defence of the Vegetable Regimen'' (1811). Shelley wrote two essays on vegetarianism: ''[[A Vindication of Natural Diet]]'' (1813) and "On the Vegetable System of Diet" (written circa 1813–1815, but first published in 1929). [[Michael Owen Jones]] argues that Shelley's advocacy of vegetarianism was strikingly modern, emphasising its health benefits, the alleviation of animal suffering, the inefficient use of agricultural land involved in animal husbandry, and the economic inequality resulting from the commercialisation of animal food production.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Michael Owen|date=2016|title=In Pursuit of Percy Shelley, 'The First Celebrity Vegan': An Essay on Meat, Sex, and Broccoli|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01|journal=Journal of Folklore Research|volume=53|issue=2|pages=1–30|doi=10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01|jstor=10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01|via=JSTOR|s2cid=148558932}}</ref> Shelley's life and works inspired the founding of the [[Vegetarian Society]] in England (1847) and directly influenced the vegetarianism of George Bernard Shaw.<ref name=":3" />
== Reception and influence ==
Shelley's work was not widely read in his lifetime outside a small circle of friends, poets and critics. Most of his poetry, drama and fiction was published in editions of 250 copies which generally sold poorly. Only ''The Cenci'' went to an authorised second edition while Shelley was alive<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 309, 510, 595.</ref> – in contrast, Byron's ''The Corsair'' (1814) sold out its first edition of 10,000 copies in one day.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Ferber|first=Michael |author-link = Michael Ferber |title=The Cambridge Introduction to British Romantic Poetry|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-521-76906-8|location=New York|pages=6–8}}</ref>
The initial reception of Shelley's work in mainstream periodicals (with the exception of the liberal ''Examiner'') was generally unfavourable. Reviewers often launched personal attacks on Shelley's private life and political, social and religious views, even when conceding that his poetry contained beautiful imagery and poetic expression.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 210, 309, 402–5, 510, 542–3.</ref> There was also criticism of Shelley's intelligibility and style, Hazlitt describing it as "a passionate dream, a straining after impossibilities, a record of fond conjectures, a confused embodying of vague abstraction".<ref>Leader and O'Neill (2003), p. xix.</ref>
Shelley's poetry soon gained a wider audience in radical and reformist circles. ''Queen Mab'' became popular with Owenists and Chartists, and ''Revolt of Islam'' influenced poets sympathetic to the workers' movement such as [[Thomas Hood]], [[Thomas Cooper (poet)|Thomas Cooper]] and [[William Morris]].<ref name=":10">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 208–10, 402.</ref><ref>Some details on this can also be found in William St Clair's ''The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period'' (Cambridge: CUP, 2005) and Richard D. Altick's ''The English Common Reader'' (Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1998) 2nd. edn.</ref>
However, Shelley's mainstream following did not develop until a generation after his death. Bieri argues that editions of Shelley's poems published in 1824 and 1839 were edited by Mary Shelley to highlight her late husband's lyrical gifts and downplay his radical ideas.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 671–3.</ref> [[Matthew Arnold]] famously described Shelley as a "beautiful and ineffectual angel".<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |editor-last1=O'Neill |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Howe |editor-first2=Anthony |title=The Oxford Handbook of Percy Bysshe Shelley |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780199558360 |location=Oxford|pages=5}}</ref>
Shelley was a major influence on a number of important poets in the following decades, including [[Robert Browning]], [[Algernon Swinburne]], [[Thomas Hardy]] and [[William Butler Yeats]].<ref name="Bloom410"/> Shelley-like characters frequently appeared in nineteenth-century literature; they include Scythrop in [[Thomas Love Peacock]]’s ''Nightmare Abbey'',<ref>Bieri, James (2008), p. 466.</ref> Ladislaw in [[George Eliot]]’s ''[[Middlemarch]]'' and Angel Clare in Hardy's ''[[Tess of the d'Urbervilles]]''.<ref>O'Neill and Howe (2013), p. 10.</ref>
Twentieth-century critics such as [[T. S. Eliot|Eliot]], [[F. R. Leavis|Leavis]], [[Allen Tate]] and [[W. H. Auden|Auden]] variously criticised Shelley's poetry for deficiencies in style, "repellent" ideas, and immaturity of intellect and sensibility.<ref name="Bloom410"/><ref>Leader and O'Neill (2003), p. xi.</ref><ref name=":5">Howe and O'Neill (2013), pp. 3–5.</ref> However, Shelley's critical reputation began to rise in the 1960s as a new generation of critics highlighted Shelley's debt to [[Edmund Spenser|Spenser]] and [[John Milton|Milton]], his mastery of genres and verse forms, and the complex interplay of sceptical, idealist, and materialist ideas in his work.<ref name=":5" /> American literary critic [[Harold Bloom]] describes him as "a superb craftsman, a lyric poet without rival, and surely one of the most advanced sceptical intellects ever to write a poem".<ref name = "Bloom410">{{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The Best Poems of the English Language, From Chaucer through Frost|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2004|isbn=0-06-054041-9|location=New York|pages=410}}</ref> According to Donald H. Reiman, "Shelley belongs to the great tradition of Western writers that includes [[Dante]], [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] and [[John Milton|Milton]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Reiman|first=Donald H.|editor1 = Donald H. Reiman | editor2 = Sharon B. Powers | title=Shelley's poetry and Prose - Authoritative Texts, Criticism|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/shelleyspoetrypr00shel/page/544/mode/2up?view=theater|year=1977|publisher=W. W. Norton and Company|location=New York & London|isbn=0-393-04436-X|page=544|chapter=The Purpose and Method of Shelley's Poetry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Percy Shelley|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11986893/Percy-Shelley.html|access-date=8 February 2021|website=The Telegraph|date=11 November 2015 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
==Legacy==
[[File:Keats Shelly Museum, Spanish Steps, Rome.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Keats–Shelley Memorial House]], at right with a red sign, by the [[Spanish Steps]] in [[Rome]]]]
[[File:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_(Tate_Britain)_(Amelia_Robertson_Hill,_bronze,_idealised_only,_1882).jpg|thumb|Bronze statue of Shelley by Amelia Robertson Hill, 1882, on display at [[Tate Britain]] (idealised only)]]
Shelley died leaving many of his works unfinished, unpublished or published in expurgated versions with multiple errors. Since the 1980s, a number of projects have aimed at establishing reliable editions of his manuscripts and works. Among the most notable of these are:<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 781–5.</ref><ref>O'Neill and Howe (2013), pp. 4–5.</ref>
* Reiman, D. H. (gen ed), ''The Bodleian Shelley Manuscripts'' (23 vols.), New York (1986–2002)
* Reiman, D. H. (gen ed), ''The Manuscripts of the Younger Romantics: Shelley'' (9 vols., 1985–97)
* Reiman, D. H., and Fraistat, N. (et al.) ''The Complete Poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley'' (3 vols.), 1999–2012, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press
* Cameron, K. N., and Reiman, D. H. (eds), ''Shelley and his Circle 1773–1822'', Cambridge, Mass., 1961– (8 vols.)
* Everest K., Matthews, G., et al. (eds), ''The Poems of Shelley, 1804–1821'' (4 vols.), Longman, 1989–2014
* Murray, E. B. (ed), ''The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley'', Vol. 1, 1811–1818, Oxford University Press, 1995
Shelley's long-lost "Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things" (1811) was rediscovered in 2006 and subsequently made available online by the [[Bodleian Library]] in Oxford.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shelley's Poetical Essay: The Bodleian Libraries' 12 millionth book |url=http://poeticalessay.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ |date=November 2015 |publisher=Bodleian Library |location=Oxford |access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref>
Charles E. Robinson<ref>Shelley, Mary (with Shelley, Percy), edited by Robinson, Charles E. (2009). ''The Original Frankenstein: Or, the Modern Prometheus: The Original Two-Volume Novel of 1816–1817 from the Bodleian Library Manuscripts''. New York: Random House. {{ISBN|0307474429}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2021}} has argued that Shelley's contribution to Mary Shelley's novel ''Frankenstein'' was very significant and that Shelley should be considered her collaborator in writing the novel. Professor Charlotte Gordon and others have disputed this contention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley helped wife Mary write Frankenstein, claims professor|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2613444/Percy-Bysshe-Shelley-helped-wife-Mary-write-Frankenstein-claims-professor.html|access-date=8 February 2021|website=The Telegraph|date=24 August 2008 |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Fiona Sampson]] has said: "In recent years Percy's corrections, visible in the ''Frankenstein'' notebooks held at the Bodleian Library in Oxford, have been seized on as evidence that he must have at least co-authored the novel. In fact, when I examined the notebooks myself, I realised that Percy did rather less than any line editor working in publishing today."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/13/frankenstein-at-200-why-hasnt-mary-shelley-been-given-the-respect-she-deserves- Frankenstein at 200 – why hasn't Mary Shelley been given the respect she deserves?] The Guardian. 13 January 2018.</ref>
The Keats–Shelley Memorial Association, founded in 1903, supports the Keats–Shelley House in Rome which is a museum and library dedicated to the Romantic writers with a strong connection with Italy. The association is also responsible for maintaining the grave of Percy Bysshe Shelley in the non-Catholic Cemetery at Testaccio. The association publishes the scholarly ''Keats–Shelley Review''. It also runs the annual Keats–Shelley and Young Romantics Writing Prizes and the Keats–Shelley Fellowship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keats–Shelley Memorial Association|url=https://keats-shelley.org/|website=Keats–Shelley Memorial Association}}</ref>
== Selected works ==
Works are listed by estimated year of composition. The year of first publication is given when this is different. Source is Bieri,<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 781–3.</ref> unless otherwise indicated.
===Poetry===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* (1810) ''[[Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire]]'' (collaboration with Elizabeth Shelley)
* (1810) ''[[Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson]]'' (collaboration with [[Thomas Jefferson Hogg]])
* (1812) ''[[The Devil's Walk]]''
* (1813) ''[[Queen Mab (poem)|Queen Mab]]''
* (1815) ''[[Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude]]'' (published 1816)
* (1816) ''[[Mont Blanc (poem)|Mont Blanc]]'' (published 1817)
* (1816) ''[[Mutability (poem)|Mutability]]''
* (1817) ''[[Hymn to Intellectual Beauty]]''
* (1817) ''[[The Revolt of Islam]]'' (published 1818)
* (1818) ''[[Ozymandias]]''
* (1818) ''[[Rosalind and Helen]]'' (published 1819)
* (1818) ''Lines Written Among the Euganean Hills'' (published 1819)
* (1819) ''[[England in 1819]]'' (published 1839)
* (1819) ''[[Love's Philosophy]]''
* (1819) ''[[Ode to the West Wind]]'' (published 1820)
* (1819) ''[[The Masque of Anarchy|The Mask of Anarchy]]'' (published 1832)
* (1819) ''[[Julian and Maddalo]]'' (published 1824)
* (1820) ''Peter Bell the Third'' (published 1839)
* (1820) ''Letter to Maria Gisborne'' (published 1824)
* (1820) ''[[To a Skylark]]''
* (1820) ''[[The Cloud (poem)|The Cloud]]''
* (1820) ''The Sensitive Plant''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: "The Sensitive Plant" from Andre digte |url=https://kalliope.org/en/text/shelley2003060601 |website=Kalliope |access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>
* (1820) ''[[The Witch of Atlas]]'' (published 1824)
* (1821) ''[[Adonais]]''
* (1821) ''[[Epipsychidion]]''
* (1821) ''[[Music, When Soft Voices Die]]'' (published 1824)
* (1822) ''[[One Word is Too Often Profaned]]'' (published 1824)
* (1822) ''[[A Dirge]]'' (published 1824)
* (1822) ''[[The Triumph of Life]]'' (unfinished, published 1824)
* (1824) ''[[Posthumous Poems]]''
{{div col end}}
===Drama===
* (1819) ''[[The Cenci]]''
* (1820) ''[[Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)|Prometheus Unbound]]''
* (1820) ''Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant''
* (1822) ''Charles the First'' (unfinished)
* (1822) ''[[Hellas (poem)|Hellas]]''
===Fiction===
* (1810) ''[[Zastrozzi]]''
* (1810) ''[[St. Irvyne|St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian]]'' (published 1811)
===Short prose works===
* "The Assassins, A Fragment of a Romance" (1814)
* "The Coliseum, A Fragment" (1817)
* "The Elysian Fields: A Lucianic Fragment" (1818)
* "Una Favola (A Fable)" (1819, originally in Italian)
===Essays===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[The Necessity of Atheism]] (with T. J. Hogg) (1811)
* [[Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things]] (1811)
* An Address, to the Irish People (1812)
* Declaration of Rights (1812)<ref name=tinsel>{{cite web|first=Percy Bysshe|last=Shelley|year=1812|quote="Titles are tinsel, power a corruptor, glory a bubble, and excessive wealth, a libel on its possessor"|url=http://www.panarchy.org/shelley/rights.html|website=panarchy.org|title=Declaration of Rights}}</ref>
* [[A Letter to Lord Ellenborough]] (1812)
* [[A Vindication of Natural Diet]] (1813)
* A Refutation of Deism (1814)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ratbags.com/rsoles/comment/shelleydeism.htm|title=Shelley : A Refutation of Deism|website=www.ratbags.com}}</ref>
* Speculations on Metaphysics (1814)
* On the Vegetable System of Diet (1814–1815; published 1929)
* On a Future State (1815)
* On The Punishment of Death (1815)
* Speculations on Morals (1817)
* On Christianity (incomplete, 1817; published 1859)
* On Love (1818)
* On the Literature, the Arts and the Manners of the Athenians (1818)
* On ''The Symposium'', or Preface to ''The Banquet'' Of Plato (1818)
* [[On Frankenstein|On ''Frankenstein'']] (1818; published in 1832)
* On Life (1819)
* [[A Philosophical View of Reform]] (1819–20, first published 1920)
* [[A Defence of Poetry]] (1821, published 1840)
{{div col end}}
===Chapbooks===
* ''[[Wolfstein (book)|Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit]]'' (1822)
* ''Wolfstein, The Murderer; or, The Secrets of a Robber's Cave'' (1830)
=== Translations ===
* The Banquet (or The Symposium) of Plato (1818) (first published in unbowdlerised form 1931)
* Ion of Plato (1821)
===Collaborations with Mary Shelley===
* (1817) ''[[History of a Six Weeks' Tour]]''
* (1820) ''[[Proserpine (play)|Proserpine]]''
* (1820) ''[[Midas (Shelley play)|Midas]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pascoe |first=Judith |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_n1c5 |title=''Proserpine'' and ''Midas'' |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-521-00770-4 |editor-last=Esther Schor |editor-link=Esther Schor |location=Cambridge |url-access=registration}}.</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Poetry}}
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[:Image:Wollstonecraft tree.svg|Godwin–Shelley family tree]]
* ''[[Rising Universe]]''{{snd}}A 1996 water sculpture celebrating the life of Shelley in [[Horsham]], [[West Sussex]], near his birthplace; largely removed in 2016
==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|20em}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Blunden|first=Edmund|author-link=Edmund Blunden|title=Shelley: A Life Story|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.186668/page/n1/mode/2up|year=1946|publisher=Collins|location=London|ref=none}}
* [[James Bieri]], ''Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography'', [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2008, {{ISBN|0-8018-8861-1|}}.
* [[Richard Altick|Altick, Richard D.]], ''The English Common Reader''. Ohio: [[Ohio State University Press]], 1998.
* Cameron, Kenneth Neill. ''The Young Shelley: Genesis of a Radical''. First Collier Books ed. New York: Collier Books, 1962, cop. 1950.
* Edward Chaney. 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion', ''Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines'', eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2006, pp. 39–69.
* Holmes, Richard. ''Shelley: The Pursuit.'' London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974.
* Leighton, Angela. ''Shelley and the Sublime: An Interpretation of the Major Poems'' [[Cambridge University Press]], 1984.
* Meaker, M. J. ''Sudden Endings, 12 Profiles in Depth of Famous Suicides'', Garden City, New York, Doubleday, 1964 pp. 67–93: "The Deserted Wife: Harriet Westbrook Shelley".
* Maurois, André, ''Ariel ou la vie de Shelley'', Paris, Bernard Grasset, 1923
* [[William St Clair|St Clair, William]]. ''The Godwins and the Shelleys: A Biography of a Family''. London: [[Faber and Faber]], 1990.
* St Clair, William. ''The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period.'' Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 2005.
* Hay, Daisy. ''Young Romantics: The Shelleys, [[Byron]], and Other Tangled Lives'', [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]], 2010.
* Everest K., Matthews, G., et al. (eds), ''The Poems of Shelley, 1804–1821'' (4 vols), Longman, 1989–2014
* Murray, E. B. (ed), ''The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley'', Vol 1, 1811–1818, Oxford University Press, 1995
* Reiman, D. H., and Fraistat, N. (et al.) ''The Complete Poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley'', (3 vols) 1999–2012, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press
* Shelley, Mary, with Percy Shelley. ''The Original Frankenstein''. Edited with an Introduction by Charles E. Robinson. NY: Random House Vintage Classics, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-307-47442-1|}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{sister project links|b=no|n=no|v=no|wikt=no|author=yes|d=Q93343}}
{{Library resources box}}
{{toomanylinks|date=August 2023}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=1529|name=Percy Bysshe Shelley}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Percy Bysshe Shelley}}
* {{Librivox author |id=216}}
* {{gutenberg|no=4555|name=Percy Bysshe Shelley by John Addington Symonds}}
* [http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~djb/shelley/etexts.html Percy Bysshe Shelley Resources]
* [https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/percy-bysshe-shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley: Profile and Poems at Poets.org]
* [http://www.poetseers.org/the_romantics/percy_bysshe_shelley/shelleys_poems Selected Poems of Shelley]
* [http://www.nypl.org/archives/3344 A Guide to the Percy Bysshe Shelley Manuscript Material in the Pforzheimer Collection]
* A talk on Shelley's politics (MP3) by Paul Foot: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050504053804/http://mp3.lpi.org.uk/footshelleya.mp3 part 1], *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050504053828/http://mp3.lpi.org.uk/footshelleyb.mp3 part 2]
* [http://www.stirnet.com/HTML/genie/british/ss4as/shelley01.htm A pedigree of the Shelley family]
* [http://paganpressbooks.com/jpl/ION.HTM Plato's Ion, the Shelley translation]
* [http://www.online-literature.com/shelley_percy/complete-works-of-shelley/ The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley]
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* {{NPG name}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Shelley, Percy Bysshe | volume= 24 |last= Rossetti | first= William Michael |author-link= William Michael Rossetti | pages=827–832 |short= 1}}
* [http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Online exhibition of Shelley's notebooks, objects, letters and drafts] alongside artefacts of [[Mary Wollstonecraft]], [[Mary Shelley]] and [[William Godwin]]
* [http://www.bl.uk/people/percy-bysshe-shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley] at the British Library
*Walter Edwin Peck papers (MS 390). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.[http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0390]
* [https://iiif.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/repo/s/shelly/page/home Fragment of an Address to the Jews] – General Library, University of Tokyo
{{Percy Bysshe Shelley|state=expanded}}
{{Mary Shelley}}
{{Mary Wollstonecraft}}
{{Romanticism}}
{{Beatrice Cenci}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shelley, Percy Bysshe}}
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New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|English Romantic poet (1792–1822)}}
{{redirect|Percy Shelley|the son of the poet|Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet|the potter|Percy Shelley (potter)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| image = Percy Bysshe Shelley by Alfred Clint.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Alfred Clint]], 1819
| birth_date = {{birth date|1792|8|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Field Place, Warnham|Field Place]], [[Sussex]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1822|7|8|1792|8|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gulf of La Spezia]], [[Kingdom of Sardinia]]
| occupation = {{cslist | Poet | dramatist | essayist | novelist}}
| alma_mater = [[University College, Oxford]]
| movement = [[Romanticism]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Harriet Westbrook|1811|1816|end= d.}}|{{marriage|[[Mary Shelley]]|1816}}}}
| children = 6, including [[Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet|Sir Percy, 3rd Baronet]]
| parents = [[Timothy Shelley]] (father)
Elizabeth Pilfold (mother)
| signature = Percy Bysshe Shelley SVG signature.svg
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name -->
}}
'''Percy Bysshe Shelley''' ({{IPAc-en|audio= Pronunciation of Percy Bysshe Shelley.ogg|b|ɪ|ʃ}} {{respell|BISH}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shelley |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shelley |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster |Shelley |access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> 4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was an English writer who is considered as one of the major [[Romantic literature in English|English]] [[Romantic poetry|Romantic poets]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), poet |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-25312 |access-date=8 February 2021 |year=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/25312 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8}}</ref> A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not achieve fame during his lifetime, but recognition of his achievements in poetry grew steadily following his death, and he became an important influence on subsequent generations of poets, including [[Robert Browning]], [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]], [[Thomas Hardy]], and [[W. B. Yeats]].<ref name="Bloom410" /> American literary critic [[Harold Bloom]] describes him as "a superb craftsman, a lyric poet without rival, and surely one of the most advanced sceptical intellects ever to write a poem."
Shelley's reputation fluctuated during the 20th century, but since the 1960s he has achieved increasing critical acclaim for the sweeping momentum of his poetic imagery, his mastery of genres and verse forms, and the complex interplay of sceptical, idealist, and materialist ideas in his work.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |editor1-first=Zachary |editor1-last=Leader | editor1-link = Zachary Leader |editor2-first=Michael |editor2-last=O'Neill | editor2-link = Michael O'Neill (academic) |title=Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Major Works |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxfordshire, England |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-281374-9 |pages=xi-xix}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> Among his best-known works are "[[Ozymandias]]" (1818), "[[Ode to the West Wind]]" (1819), "[[To a Skylark]]" (1820), "[[Adonais]]" (1821), the philosophical essay "[[The Necessity of Atheism]]" (1811), which his friend [[Thomas Jefferson Hogg|T. J. Hogg]] may have co-authored, and the political ballad "[[The Masque of Anarchy|The Mask of Anarchy]]" (1819). His other major works include the verse dramas ''[[The Cenci]]'' (1819), ''[[Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)|Prometheus Unbound]]'' (1820) and ''[[Hellas (poem)|Hellas]]'' (1822), and the long narrative poems ''[[Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude]]'' (1815), ''[[Julian and Maddalo]]'' (1819), ''[[Adonais]]'' (1821), and ''[[The Triumph of Life]]'' (1822).
Shelley also wrote [[prose fiction]] and a quantity of essays on political, social, and philosophical issues. Much of this poetry and prose was not published in his lifetime, or only published in expurgated form, due to the risk of prosecution for political and religious libel.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard|title=Shelley, the Pursuit|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|year=1974|isbn=0297767224|location=London, England|pages=391, 594, 678}}</ref> From the 1820s, his poems and political and ethical writings became popular in [[Owenism|Owenist]], [[Chartism|Chartist]], and [[Classical radicalism|radical]] political circles,<ref name=":10" /> and later drew admirers as diverse as [[Karl Marx]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and [[George Bernard Shaw]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Weber|first=Thomas|title=Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, England|year=2004|isbn=0-521-84230-1|pages=26–30}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
Shelley's life was marked by family crises, ill health, and a backlash against his [[atheism]], political views, and defiance of social conventions. He went into permanent self-exile in Italy in 1818 and over the next four years produced what [[Zachary Leader]] and [[Michael O'Neill (academic)|Michael O'Neill]] call "some of the finest poetry of the Romantic period".<ref>Leader and O'Neill (2003), p. xiv.</ref> His second wife, [[Mary Shelley]], was the author of ''[[Frankenstein]]''. He died in a boating accident in 1822 at age 29.
==Life==
===Early life and education===
Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 at [[Field Place, Warnham|Field Place]], [[Warnham]], [[Sussex]], England.<ref>Field Place {{NHLE|num=1026916|access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard|title=Shelley, the Pursuit|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|year=1974|isbn=0297767224|location=London|pages=10–11}}</ref> He was the eldest son of [[Sir]] [[Timothy Shelley]], i like chicken nuggies 2nd [[Shelley baronets of Castle Goring (1806)|Baronet of Castle Goring]] (1753–1844), a [[Whig (British political faction)|Whig]] Member of Parliament for [[Horsham (UK Parliament constituency)|Horsham]] from 1790 to 1792 and for [[New Shoreham eth Pilfold (1763–1846), the daughter of a successful butcher.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bieri|first=James|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: a biography|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2056|isbn=978-0-8018-8860-1|location=Baltimore|pages=19}}</ref> He had four younger sisters and one much younger brother. Shelley's early childhood was sheltered and mostly happy. He was particularly close to his sisters and his mother, who encouraged him to hunt, fish and ride.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 1–17.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bieri|first=James|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Youth's Unextinguished Fire, 1792–1816|publisher=University of Delaware Press|year=2004|location=Newark|pages=55–57}}</ref> At age six, he was sent to a day school run by the vicar of [[Warnham]] church, where he displayed an impressive memory and gift for languages'''.'''<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 2.</ref>
In 1802 he entered the [[Syon House]] Academy of [[Brentford]], [[Middlesex]], where his cousin [[Thomas Medwin]] was a pupil. Shelley was bullied and unhappy at the school and sometimes responded with violent rage. He also began suffering from the nightmares, hallucinations and sleep walking that were to periodically affect him throughout his life. Shelley developed an interest in science which supplemented his voracious reading of tales of mystery, romance and the supernatural. During his holidays at Field Place, his sisters were often terrified at being subjected to his experiments with [[gunpowder]], acids and electricity. Back at school he blew up a [[Palisade|paling fence]] with gunpowder.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 4–17.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Medwin|first=Thomas|url=https://archive.org/details/lifepercybysshe01medwgoog|title=The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley|year=1847|location=London}}</ref>
In 1804, Shelley entered [[Eton College]], a period which he later recalled with loathing. He was subjected to particularly severe mob bullying which the perpetrators called "Shelley-baits".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmour |first=Ian | author-link = Ian Gilmour |title=Byron and Shelley: The Making of the Poets |publisher=Carol & Graf Publishers |year=2002 |location=New York |pages=96–97}}</ref> A number of biographers and contemporaries have attributed the bullying to Shelley's aloofness, nonconformity and refusal to take part in [[fagging]]. His peculiarities and violent rages earned him the nickname "Mad Shelley".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bieri|first=James|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Youth's Unextinguished Fire, 1792–1816|publisher=University of Delaware Press|year=2004|location=Newark|page=86}}</ref><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 19–20.</ref> His interest in the [[occult]] and science continued, and contemporaries describe him giving an electric shock to a master, blowing up a tree stump with gunpowder and attempting to raise spirits with occult rituals.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 24–5.</ref> In his senior years, Shelley came under the influence of a part-time teacher, Dr [[James Lind (physician, born 1736)|James Lind]], who encouraged his interest in the occult and introduced him to liberal and radical authors. Shelley also developed an interest in Plato and idealist philosophy which he pursued in later years through self-study.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Notopoulos|first=James|title=The Platonism of Shelley|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1949|location=Durham, North Carolina|pages=32–34|language=English}}</ref> According to [[Richard Holmes (biographer)|Richard Holmes]], Shelley, by his leaving year, had gained a reputation as a classical scholar and a tolerated eccentric.<ref name=":7" />
In his last term at Eton, his first novel ''[[Zastrozzi]]'' appeared and he had established a following among his fellow pupils.<ref name=":7">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 25–30.</ref> Prior to enrolling for [[University College, Oxford]], in October 1810, Shelley completed ''[[Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire]]'' (written with his sister Elizabeth), the verse melodrama ''The Wandering Jew'' and the gothic novel ''[[St. Irvyne|St. Irvine; or, The Rosicrucian: A Romance]]'' (published 1811).<ref>{{cite ODNB|author-link=Michael O'Neill (academic)|first=Michael|last=O'Neill|title=Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822)|year=2004|edition=Online|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25312|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/25312}}</ref><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 31.</ref>
At Oxford Shelley attended few lectures, instead spending long hours reading and conducting scientific experiments in the laboratory he set up in his room.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 38–39.</ref> He met a fellow student, [[Thomas Jefferson Hogg]], who became his closest friend. Shelley became increasingly politicised under Hogg's influence, developing strong radical and anti-Christian views. Such views were dangerous in the reactionary political climate prevailing during Britain's war with Napoleonic France, and Shelley's father warned him against Hogg's influence.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 43–47.</ref>
In the winter of 1810–1811, Shelley published a series of anonymous political poems and tracts: ''[[Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson]]'', ''[[The Necessity of Atheism]]'' (written in collaboration with Hogg) and ''A Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things''. Shelley mailed ''The Necessity of Atheism'' to all the bishops and heads of colleges at Oxford, and he was called to appear before the college's fellows, including the Dean, [[George Rowley (academic)|George Rowley]]. His refusal to answer questions put by college authorities regarding whether or not he authored the pamphlet resulted in his [[Expulsion (academia)|expulsion]] from Oxford on 25{{nbsp}}March 1811, along with Hogg. Hearing of his son's expulsion, Shelley's father threatened to cut all contact with Shelley unless he agreed to return home and study under tutors appointed by him. Shelley's refusal to do so led to a falling-out with his father.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 58–60.</ref>
===Marriage to Harriet Westbrook===
In late December 1810, Shelley had met Harriet Westbrook, a pupil at the same boarding school as Shelley's sisters. They corresponded frequently that winter and also after Shelley had been expelled from Oxford.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bieri|first=James|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8018-8861-8|location=Baltimore|pages=111, 114, 137–45}}</ref> Shelley expounded his radical ideas on politics, religion and marriage to Harriet, and they gradually convinced each other that she was oppressed by her father and at school.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard|title=Shelley: the Pursuit|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|year=1974|isbn=0-2977-6722-4|location=London|pages=67–8}}</ref> Shelley's infatuation with Harriet developed in the months following his expulsion, when he was under severe emotional strain due to the conflict with his family, his bitterness over the breakdown of his romance with his cousin Harriet Grove, and his unfounded belief that he might have a fatal illness.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 156, 173.</ref> At the same time, Harriet Westbrook's elder sister Eliza, to whom Harriet was very close, encouraged the young girl's romance with Shelley.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 139, 148–9.</ref> Shelley's correspondence with Harriet intensified in July, while he was holidaying in Wales, and in response to her urgent pleas for his protection, he returned to London in early August. Putting aside his philosophical objections to matrimony, he left with the sixteen-year-old Harriet for [[Edinburgh]] on 25 August 1811, and they were married there on the 28th.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 77–9.</ref>
Hearing of the elopement, Harriet's father, John Westbrook, and Shelley's father, Timothy, cut off the allowances of the bride and groom. (Shelley's father believed his son had married beneath him, as Harriet's father had earned his fortune in trade and was the owner of a tavern and coffee house.)<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 136–7, 162–3.</ref>
[[File:WilliamGodwin.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[William Godwin]] in 1802, by [[James Northcote (painter)|James Northcote]]]]
Surviving on borrowed money, Shelley and Harriet stayed in Edinburgh for a month, with Hogg living under the same roof. The trio left for [[York]] in October, and Shelley went on to Sussex to settle matters with his father, leaving Harriet behind with Hogg. Shelley returned from his unsuccessful excursion to find that Eliza had moved in with Harriet and Hogg. Harriet confessed that Hogg had tried to seduce her while Shelley had been away. Shelley, Harriet and Eliza soon left for [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]] in the [[Lake District]], leaving Hogg in York.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 165–77.</ref>
At this time Shelley was also involved in an intense platonic relationship with Elizabeth Hitchener, a 28-year-old unmarried schoolteacher of advanced views, with whom he had been corresponding. Hitchener, whom Shelley called the "sister of my soul" and "my second self", became his confidante and intellectual companion as he developed his views on politics, religion, ethics and personal relationships.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 149–54.</ref> Shelley proposed that she join him, Harriet and Eliza in a communal household where all property would be shared.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 170, 193–5.</ref>
The Shelleys and Eliza spent December and January in Keswick where Shelley visited [[Robert Southey]] whose poetry he admired. Southey was taken with Shelley, even though there was a wide gulf between them politically, and predicted great things for him as a poet. Southey also informed Shelley that [[William Godwin]], author of ''[[Enquiry Concerning Political Justice|Political Justice]]'', which had greatly influenced him in his youth, and which Shelley also admired, was still alive. Shelley wrote to Godwin, offering himself as his devoted disciple. Godwin, who had modified many of his earlier radical views, advised Shelley to reconcile with his father, become a scholar before he published anything else, and give up his avowed plans for political agitation in Ireland.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 187–91.</ref>
Meanwhile, Shelley had met his father's patron, [[Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk]], who helped secure the reinstatement of Shelley's allowance.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 182–3.</ref> With Harriet's allowance also restored, Shelley now had the funds for his Irish venture. Their departure for Ireland was precipitated by increasing hostility towards the Shelley household from their landlord and neighbours who were alarmed by Shelley's scientific experiments, pistol shooting and radical political views. As tension mounted, Shelley claimed he had been attacked in his home by ruffians, an event which might have been real or a delusional episode triggered by stress. This was the first of a series of episodes in subsequent years where Shelley claimed to have been attacked by strangers during periods of personal crisis.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 191–4.</ref>
Early in 1812, Shelley wrote, published and personally distributed in Dublin three political tracts: ''An Address, to the Irish People; Proposals for an Association of Philanthropists;'' and ''Declaration of Rights''. He also delivered a speech at a meeting of O'Connell's [[Catholic Committee (Ireland)|Catholic Committee]] in which he called for [[Catholic emancipation]], repeal of the [[Acts of Union 1800|Acts of Union]] and an end to the oppression of the Irish poor. Reports of Shelley's subversive activities were sent to the [[Home Secretary]].<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 198–210.</ref>
Returning from Ireland, the Shelley household travelled to Wales, then Devon, where they again came under government surveillance for distributing subversive literature. Elizabeth Hitchener joined the household in Devon, but several months later had a falling out with the Shelleys and left.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 210–30.</ref>
The Shelley household had settled in [[Tremadog]], Wales, in September 1812, where Shelley worked on ''[[Queen Mab (poem)|Queen Mab]]'', a utopian allegory with extensive notes preaching atheism, free love, republicanism and vegetarianism. The poem was published the following year in a private edition of 250 copies, although few were initially distributed because of the risk of prosecution for seditious and religious libel.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 238–51, 255.</ref>
In February 1813, Shelley claimed he was attacked in his home at night. The incident might have been real, a hallucination brought on by stress, or a hoax staged by Shelley in order to escape government surveillance, creditors and his entanglements in local politics. The Shelleys and Eliza fled to Ireland, then London.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 238–54.</ref>
Back in England, Shelley's debts mounted as he tried unsuccessfully to reach a financial settlement with his father. On 23 June Harriet gave birth to a girl, Eliza Ianthe Shelley (known as Ianthe), and in the following months the relationship between Shelley and his wife deteriorated. Shelley resented the influence Harriet's sister had over her while Harriet was alienated from Shelley by his close friendship with an attractive widow, Mrs. [[Harriet de Boinville]].<ref>Holmes, Richard, (1974). p. 216.</ref> Mrs. Boinville had married a French revolutionary émigré and hosted a ''[[Salon (gathering)|salon]]'' where Shelley was able to discuss politics, philosophy and vegetarianism.<ref>Bieri, James, (2005). pp. 259-260.</ref><ref>Kenneth Neil Cameron, Donald H. Reiman, and Doucet Devin Fischer, eds., ''Shelley and His Circle'', 1773-1822, 10 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961-2002, 3: 275-276.</ref> Mrs. Boinville became a ''confidante'' of Shelley during his marital crisis.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974). pp. 216-19, 224-29</ref> During a breakdown, Shelley moved into Mrs. Boinville’s home outside London. In February and March 1814, he became infatuated with her married daughter, Cornelia Turner, age eighteen, and wrote erotic poetry about her in his notebook.<ref>Holmes, Richard, (1974). pp. 227-228.</ref><ref>de Boinville, Barbara. ''At the Center of the Circle: Harriet de Boinville (1773-1847) and the Writers She Influenced During Europe’s Revolutionary Era'' (New Academia Publishing, 2023), p. 99.</ref>
Following Ianthe's birth, the Shelleys moved frequently across London, Wales, the Lake District, Scotland and Berkshire to escape creditors and search for a home.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 256–69.</ref> In March 1814, Shelley remarried Harriet in London to settle any doubts about the legality of their Edinburgh wedding and secure the rights of their child. Nevertheless, the Shelleys lived apart for most of the following months, and Shelley reflected bitterly on: "my rash & heartless union with Harriet".<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 269–70.</ref>
[[File:Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Rothwell.tif|left|thumb|alt=Half-length portrait of a woman wearing a black dress sitting on a red sofa. Her dress is off the shoulder, exposing her shoulders. The brush strokes are broad.|[[Richard Rothwell (painter)|Richard Rothwell]]'s portrait of Mary Shelley in later life was shown at the [[Royal Academy]] in 1840, accompanied by lines from Percy Shelley's poem ''[[The Revolt of Islam]]'' calling her a "child of love and light".<ref>Seymour, p. 458.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}]]
===Elopement with Mary Godwin===
In May 1814, Shelley began visiting his mentor Godwin almost daily, and soon fell in love with [[Mary Shelley|Mary]], the sixteen-year-old daughter of Godwin and the late feminist author [[Mary Wollstonecraft]]. Shelley and Mary declared their love for each other during a visit to her mother's grave in the churchyard of [[St Pancras Old Church]] on 26 June. When Shelley told Godwin that he intended to leave Harriet and live with Mary, his mentor banished him from the house and forbade Mary from seeing him. Shelley and Mary eloped to Europe on 28 July, taking Mary's step-sister [[Claire Clairmont]] with them. Before leaving, Shelley had secured a loan of £3,000 but had left most of the funds at the disposal of Godwin and Harriet, who was again pregnant. The financial arrangement with Godwin led to rumours that he had sold his daughters to Shelley.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp, 273–84, 292.</ref>
Shelley, Mary and Claire made their way across war-ravaged France where Shelley wrote to Harriet, asking her to meet them in Switzerland with the money he had left for her. Hearing nothing from Harriet in Switzerland, and unable to secure sufficient funds or suitable accommodation, the three travelled to Germany and Holland before returning to England on 13 September.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 285–292.</ref>
Shelley spent the next few months trying to raise loans and avoid bailiffs. Mary was pregnant, lonely, depressed and ill. Her mood was not improved when she heard that, on 30 November, Harriet had given birth to Charles Bysshe Shelley, heir to the Shelley fortune and baronetcy.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 293–300.</ref> This was followed, in early January 1815, by news that Shelley's grandfather, [[Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet|Sir Bysshe]], had died leaving an estate worth £220,000. The settlement of the estate, and a financial settlement between Shelley and his father (now Sir Timothy), however, was not concluded until April the following year.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 300–02, 328–9.</ref>
[[File:HistorySixWeeksTourMap.png|thumb|Routes of the 1814 and 1816 continental tours]]
In February 1815, Mary gave premature birth to a baby girl who died ten days later, deepening her depression. In the following weeks, Mary became close to Hogg who temporarily moved into the household. Shelley was almost certainly having a sexual relationship with Claire at this time, and it is possible that Mary, with Shelley's encouragement, was also having a sexual relationship with Hogg. In May Claire left the household, at Mary's insistence, to reside in Lynmouth.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 305–9.</ref>
In August Shelley and Mary moved to Bishopsgate where Shelley worked on ''[[Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude|Alastor]]'', a long poem in blank verse based on the myth of [[Narcissus (mythology)|Narcissus]] and [[Echo (mythology)|Echo]]. ''Alastor'' was published in an edition of 250 in early 1816 to poor sales and largely unfavourable reviews from the conservative press.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 308–10.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp, 321–3.</ref>
On 24 January 1816, Mary gave birth to William Shelley. Shelley was delighted to have another son, but was suffering from the strain of prolonged financial negotiations with his father, Harriet and William Godwin. Shelley showed signs of delusional behaviour and was contemplating an escape to the continent.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 322–4.</ref>
===Byron===
Claire initiated a sexual relationship with [[Lord Byron]] in April 1816, just before his self-exile on the continent, and then arranged for Byron to meet Shelley, Mary, and her in Geneva.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 324–8.</ref> Shelley admired Byron's poetry and had sent him ''Queen Mab'' and other poems. Shelley's party arrived in Geneva in May and rented a house close to [[Villa Diodati]], on the shores of Lake Geneva, where Byron was staying. There Shelley, Byron and the others engaged in discussions about literature, science and "various philosophical doctrines". One night, while Byron was reciting Coleridge's ''[[Christabel (poem)|Christabel]]'', Shelley suffered a severe panic attack with hallucinations. The previous night Mary had had a more productive vision or nightmare which inspired her novel ''[[Frankenstein]]''.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 331–6.</ref>
Shelley and Byron then took a boating tour around Lake Geneva, which inspired Shelley to write his "[[Hymn to Intellectual Beauty]]", his first substantial poem since ''Alastor''.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 336–41.</ref> A tour of [[Chamonix]] in the French Alps inspired "[[Mont Blanc (poem)|Mont Blanc]]", which has been described as an atheistic response to Coleridge's "Hymn before Sunrise in the Vale of Chamoni".<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 340.</ref> During this tour, Shelley often signed guest books with a declaration that he was an atheist. These declarations were seen by other British tourists, including Southey, which hardened attitudes against Shelley back home.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 342–3.</ref>
Relations between Byron and Shelley's party became strained when Byron was told that Claire was pregnant with his child. Shelley, Mary, and Claire left Switzerland in late August, with arrangements for the expected baby still unclear, although Shelley made provision for Claire and the baby in his will.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 338, 345–6.</ref> In January 1817 Claire gave birth to a daughter by Byron who she named Alba, but later renamed [[Allegra Byron|Allegra]] in accordance with Byron's wishes.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 356, 412.</ref>
===Marriage to Mary Godwin===
{{Quote box
| quote = <poem>
'''Ozymandias'''
I met a traveller from an antique land,
Who said—"Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desart<!-- SIC. DON'T CHANGE -->.... Near them, on the sand,
Half sunk a shattered visage lies, whose frown,
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed;
And on the pedestal, these words appear:
My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;
Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away."
</poem>
| source = Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1818
| align = right
| bgcolor = #FFFFF0
| quoted =
| salign = right
}}Shelley and Mary returned to England in September 1816, and in early October they heard that Mary's half-sister [[Fanny Imlay]] had killed herself. Godwin believed that Fanny had been in love with Shelley, and Shelley himself suffered depression and guilt over her death, writing: "Friend had I known thy secret grief / Should we have parted so."<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 347.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bieri|first=James|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Exile of Unfulfilled Renown, 1816–1822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPfPWaPD-CcC |publisher=University of Delaware Press|year=2005|isbn=0-87413-893-0|location=Newark|pages=15–16}}</ref> Further tragedy followed in December when Shelley's estranged wife Harriet drowned herself in the [[The Serpentine|Serpentine]].<ref>"On Tuesday a respectable female, far advanced in pregnancy, was taken out of the Serpentine river.... A want of honour in her own conduct is supposed to have led to this fatal catastrophe, her husband being abroad". ''The Times'' (London), Thursday, 12 December 1816, p. 2.</ref> Harriet, pregnant and living alone at the time, believed that she had been abandoned by her new lover. In her suicide letter she asked Shelley to take custody of their son Charles but to leave their daughter in her sister Eliza's care.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 21–24.</ref>
Shelley married Mary Godwin on 30 December, despite his philosophical objections to the institution. The marriage was intended to help secure Shelley's custody of his children by Harriet and to placate Godwin who had refused to see Shelley and Mary because of their previous adulterous relationship.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 355–56.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 25–27.</ref> After a prolonged legal battle, the [[Court of Chancery]] eventually awarded custody of Shelley and Harriet's children to foster parents, on the grounds that Shelley had abandoned his first wife for Mary without cause and was an atheist.<ref name="ucla-law-">{{Cite web |title=Parent-Child Speech and Child Custody Speech Restrictions |url=http://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/custody.pdf |last=Volokh |first=Eugene |website=UCLA |access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref><ref>For details of Harriet's suicide and Shelley's remarriage see Bieri (2008), pp. 360–69.</ref>
In March 1817 the Shelleys moved to the village of [[Marlow, Buckinghamshire]], where Shelley's friend [[Thomas Love Peacock]] lived. The Shelley household included Claire and her baby Allegra, both of whose presence Mary resented.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 369.</ref><ref name=":1">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 41–42.</ref> Shelley's generosity with money and increasing debts also led to financial and marital stress, as did Godwin's frequent requests for financial help.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 411.</ref>
On 2 September Mary gave birth to a daughter, Clara Everina Shelley. Soon after, Shelley left for London with Claire, which increased Mary's resentment towards her stepsister.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 376–77.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 42–44.</ref> Shelley was arrested for two days in London over money he owed, and attorneys visited Mary in Marlowe over Shelley's debts.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 44.</ref>
Shelley took part in the literary and political circle that surrounded [[Leigh Hunt]], and during this period he met [[William Hazlitt]] and [[John Keats]]. Shelley's major work during this time was ''[[Laon and Cythna]]'', a long narrative poem featuring incest and attacks on religion. It was hastily withdrawn after publication due to fears of prosecution for religious libel, and was re-edited and reissued as ''[[The Revolt of Islam]]'' in January 1818.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 48–54.</ref> Shelley also published two political tracts under a pseudonym: ''A Proposal for putting Reform to the Vote throughout the Kingdom'' (March 1817) and ''An Address to the People on the Death of Princess Charlotte'' (November 1817).<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 35–37, 45–46.</ref> In December he wrote "Ozymandias", which is considered to be one of his finest sonnets, as part of a competition with friend and fellow poet [[Horace Smith (poet)|Horace Smith]].<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 410.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 55.</ref>
===Italy===
[[File:Joseph Severn - Posthumous Portrait of Shelley Writing Prometheus Unbound 1845.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|''Posthumous Portrait of Shelley Writing'' [[Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)|''Prometheus Unbound'']] ''in Italy'' – painting by [[Joseph Severn]], 1845]]
On 12 March 1818 the Shelleys and Claire left England to escape its "tyranny civil and religious". A doctor had also recommended that Shelley go to Italy for his chronic lung complaint, and Shelley had arranged to take Claire's daughter, Allegra, to her father Byron who was now in Venice.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 40–43.</ref>
After travelling some months through France and Italy, Shelley left Mary and baby Clara at [[Bagni di Lucca]] (in today's Tuscany) while he travelled with Claire to Venice to see Byron and make arrangements for visiting Allegra. Byron invited the Shelleys to stay at his summer residence at [[Este, Veneto|Este]], and Shelley urged Mary to meet him there. Clara became seriously ill on the journey and died on 24 September in Venice.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 77–80.</ref> Following Clara's death, Mary fell into a long period of depression and emotional estrangement from Shelley.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 446–47.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 80.</ref>
{{anchor|dejection}}The Shelleys moved to Naples on 1 December, where they stayed for three months. During this period Shelley was ill, depressed and almost suicidal: a state of mind reflected in his poem "Stanzas written in Dejection – December 1818, Near Naples".<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 112–14.</ref>
While in Naples, Shelley registered the birth and baptism of a baby girl, Elena Adelaide Shelley (born 27 December), naming himself as the father and falsely naming Mary as the mother. The parentage of Elena has never been conclusively established. Biographers have variously speculated that she was adopted by Shelley to console Mary for the loss of Clara, that she was Shelley's child by Claire, that she was his child by his servant Elise Foggi, or that she was the child of a "mysterious lady" who had followed Shelley to the continent.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 439–45.</ref> Shelley registered the birth and baptism on 27 February 1819, and the household left Naples for Rome the following day, leaving Elena with carers.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 115.</ref> Elena was to die in a poor suburb of Naples on 9 June 1820.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 465–66.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 106–7.</ref>
In Rome, Shelley was in poor health, probably having developed nephritis and tuberculosis which later was in remission.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 119.</ref> Nevertheless, he made significant progress on three major works: ''[[Julian and Maddalo]]'', ''[[Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)|Prometheus Unbound]]'' and ''[[The Cenci]]''.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 125.</ref> ''Julian and Maddalo'' is an autobiographical poem which explores the relationship between Shelley and Byron and analyses Shelley's personal crises of 1818 and 1819. The poem was completed in the summer of 1819, but was not published in Shelley's lifetime.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 76–77, 84–87.</ref> ''Prometheus Unbound'' is a long dramatic poem inspired by Aeschylus's retelling of the Prometheus myth. It was completed in late 1819 and published in 1820.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 125–32, 400.</ref> ''The Cenci'' is a verse drama of rape, murder and incest based on the story of the Renaissance Count Cenci of Rome and his daughter Beatrice. Shelley completed the play in September and the first edition was published that year. It was to become one of his most popular works and the only one to have two authorised editions in his lifetime.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 133–42.</ref>
Shelley's three-year-old son William died in June 1819, probably of malaria. The new tragedy caused a further decline in Shelley's health and deepened Mary's depression. On 4 August she wrote: "We have now lived five years together; and if all the events of the five years were blotted out, I might be happy".<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 123–25.</ref><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 519, 526.</ref>{{Quote box
| quote = <poem>
Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:
What if my leaves are falling like its own!
The tumult of thy mighty harmonies
Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!
And, by the incantation of this verse,
Scatter, as from unextinguished hearth
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
Be through my lips to unawakened Earth
The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
</poem>
| source = From "Ode to the West Wind", 1819
| align = right
| bgcolor = #FFFFF0
| quoted =
| salign = right
}}The Shelleys were now living in [[Livorno]] where, in September, Shelley heard of the [[Peterloo Massacre]] of peaceful protesters in Manchester. Within two weeks he had completed one of his most famous political poems, ''[[The Masque of Anarchy|The Mask of Anarchy]]'', and despatched it to Leigh Hunt for publication. Hunt, however, decided not to publish it for fear of prosecution for seditious libel. The poem was only officially published in 1832.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 529–41.</ref>
The Shelleys moved to Florence in October, where Shelley read a scathing review of the ''Revolt of Islam'' (and its earlier version ''Laon and Cythna'') in the conservative ''Quarterly Review''. Shelley was angered by the personal attack on him in the article which he erroneously believed had been written by Southey. His bitterness over the review lasted for the rest of his life.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 162–64.</ref>
On 12 November, Mary gave birth to a boy, [[Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet|Percy Florence Shelley]].<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 560.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 352–54.</ref> Around the time of Percy's birth, the Shelleys met [[Sophia Stacey]], who was a ward of one of Shelley's uncles and was staying at the same pension as the Shelleys. Sophia, a talented harpist and singer, formed a friendship with Shelley while Mary was preoccupied with her newborn son. Shelley wrote at least five love poems and fragments for Sophia including "Song written for an Indian Air".<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 564–68.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 170–77.</ref>
The Shelleys moved to Pisa in January 1820, ostensibly to consult a doctor who had been recommended to them. There they became friends with the Irish republican Margaret Mason ([[Margaret King|Lady Margaret Mountcashell]]) and her common-law husband [[George William Tighe]]. Mrs Mason became the inspiration for Shelley's poem "The Sensitive Plant", and Shelley's discussions with Mason and Tighe influenced his political thought and his critical interest in the population theories of [[Thomas Robert Malthus|Thomas Malthus]].<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 188–89.</ref><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 575–76.</ref>
In March, Shelley wrote to friends that Mary was depressed, suicidal and hostile towards him. Shelley was also beset by financial worries, as creditors from England pressed him for payment and he was obliged to make secret payments in connection with his "Neapolitan charge" Elena.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 182–88.</ref>
Meanwhile, Shelley was writing ''[[A Philosophical View of Reform]]'', a political essay which he had begun in Rome. The unfinished essay, which remained unpublished in Shelley's lifetime, has been called "one of the most advanced and sophisticated documents of political philosophy in the nineteenth century".<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 177–80.</ref>
Another crisis erupted in June when Shelley claimed that he had been assaulted in the Pisan post office by a man accusing him of foul crimes. Shelley's biographer [[James Bieri]] suggests that this incident was possibly a delusional episode brought on by extreme stress, as Shelley was being blackmailed by a former servant, Paolo Foggi, over baby Elena.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 191–93.</ref> It is likely that the blackmail was connected with a story spread by another former servant, Elise Foggi, that Shelley had fathered a child to Claire in Naples and had sent it to a foundling home.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 246–47, 252.</ref><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 467–68.</ref> Shelley, Claire and Mary denied this story, and Elise later recanted.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 247–49, 292.</ref><ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 473.</ref>
In July, hearing that John Keats was seriously ill in England, Shelley wrote to the poet inviting him to stay with him at Pisa. Keats replied with hopes of seeing him, but instead, arrangements were made for Keats to travel to Rome.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 199–201.</ref> Following the death of Keats in 1821, Shelley wrote ''[[Adonais]]'', which [[Harold Bloom]] considers one of the major pastoral elegies.<ref>Bloom, Harold (2004), p. 419.</ref> The poem was published in Pisa in July 1821, but sold few copies.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 238, 242.</ref>
In early July 1820, Shelley heard that baby Elena had died on 9 June. In the months following the post office incident and Elena's death, relations between Mary and Claire deteriorated and Claire spent most of the next two years living separately from the Shelleys, mainly in Florence.<ref>Holmes, Richard (2005), pp. 596–601.</ref>
That December Shelley met Teresa (Emilia) Viviani, who was the 19-year-old daughter of the Governor of Pisa and was living in a convent awaiting a suitable marriage.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 214–15.</ref> Shelley visited her several times over the next few months and they started a passionate correspondence which dwindled after her marriage the following September. Emilia was the inspiration for Shelley's major poem ''[[Epipsychidion]]''.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 220–23.</ref>
In March 1821 Shelley completed "[[A Defence of Poetry]]", a response to Peacock's article "[[The Four Ages of Poetry]]". Shelley's essay, with its famous conclusion "Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world", remained unpublished in his lifetime.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 231–33.</ref>
Shelley went alone to Ravenna in early August to see Byron, making a detour to Livorno for a rendezvous with Claire. Shelley stayed with Byron for two weeks and invited the older poet to spend the winter in Pisa. After Shelley had heard Byron recite his newly completed fifth canto of ''[[Don Juan (poem)|Don Juan]]'' he wrote to Mary: "I despair of rivalling Byron."<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 244–51.</ref>
In November Byron moved into Villa Lanfranchi in Pisa, just across the river from the Shelleys. Byron became the centre of the "Pisan circle" which was to include Shelley, Thomas Medwin, [[Edward Ellerker Williams|Edward Williams]] and [[Edward John Trelawny|Edward Trelawny]].<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 269, and chs 14, 15, ''passim''.</ref>
In the early months of 1822 Shelley became increasingly close to [[Jane Williams]], who was living with her partner Edward Williams in the same building as the Shelleys. Shelley wrote a number of love poems for Jane, including "The Serpent is shut out of Paradise" and "With a Guitar, to Jane". Shelley's obvious affection for Jane was to cause increasing tension among Shelley, Edward Williams and Mary.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 280–85, 297.</ref>
Claire arrived in Pisa in April at Shelley's invitation, and soon after they heard that her daughter Allegra had died of typhus in Ravenna. The Shelleys and Claire then moved to Villa Magni, near [[Lerici]] on the shores of the [[Gulf of La Spezia]].<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 297–300.</ref> Shelley acted as mediator between Claire and Byron over arrangements for the burial of their daughter, and the added strain led to Shelley having a series of hallucinations.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 713–15.</ref>
Mary almost died from a miscarriage on 16 June, her life only being saved by Shelley's effective first aid. Two days later Shelley wrote to a friend that there was no sympathy between Mary and him and if the past and future could be obliterated he would be content in his boat with Jane and her guitar. That same day he also wrote to Trelawny asking for [[Hydrogen cyanide|prussic acid]].<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 307–10.</ref> The following week, Shelley woke the household with his screaming over a nightmare or hallucination in which he saw Edward and Jane Williams as walking corpses and himself strangling Mary.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 313–14.</ref>
During this time, Shelley was writing his final major poem, the unfinished ''The Triumph of Life'', which Harold Bloom has called "the most despairing poem he wrote".<ref>Bloom, Harold (2004), p. 438.</ref>
===Death===
On 1 July 1822, Shelley and Edward Williams sailed in Shelley's new boat the ''Don Juan'' to Livorno where Shelley met Leigh Hunt and Byron in order to make arrangements for a new journal, ''The Liberal''. After the meeting, on 8 July, Shelley, Williams, and their boat boy sailed out of Livorno for Lerici. A few hours later, the ''Don Juan'' and its inexperienced crew were lost in a storm.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 319–27.</ref> The vessel, an open boat, had been custom-built in [[Genoa]] for Shelley. Mary Shelley declared in her "Note on Poems of 1822" (1839) that the design had a defect and that the boat was never seaworthy. The sinking, however, was probably due to the severe storm and poor seamanship of the three men on board.<ref name="prell">"The Sinking of the ''Don Juan''" by [[Donald Prell]], ''Keats–Shelley Journal'', Vol. LVI, 2007, pp. 136–54.</ref>
Shelley's badly decomposed body washed ashore at [[Viareggio]] ten days later and was identified by Trelawny from the clothing and a copy of Keats's ''[[Lamia (poem)|Lamia]]'' in a jacket pocket. On 16 August, his body was cremated on a beach near Viareggio and the ashes were buried in the [[Protestant Cemetery, Rome|Protestant Cemetery of Rome]].<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 331–36.</ref>
[[File:Louis Edouard Fournier - The Funeral of Shelley - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|300px|left|''The Funeral of Shelley'' by [[Louis Édouard Fournier]] (1889). Pictured in the centre are, from left, Trelawny, Hunt, and Byron. In fact, Hunt did not observe the cremation, and Byron left early. Mary Shelley, who is pictured kneeling at left, did not attend the funeral.]]
The day after the news of his death reached England, the [[Tory]] London newspaper ''The Courier'' printed: "Shelley, the writer of some infidel poetry, has been drowned; ''now'' he knows whether there is God or no."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/24/featuresreviews.guardianreview1#:~:text=In%20the%20summer%20of%201822,Spezia%20was%20set%20to%20become|title=Richard Holmes on Shelley's drowning myths|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=24 January 2004}}</ref>
[[File:Percy Shelley gravestone with clear text.png|thumb|Shelley's gravestone in the [[Protestant Cemetery, Rome|Cimitero Acattolico]] in Rome; phrases from "[[Ariel's Song]]" in [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Tempest]]'' appear below]]
Shelley's ashes were reburied in a different plot at the cemetery in 1823. His grave bears the Latin inscription ''Cor Cordium'' (Heart of Hearts), and a few lines of "Ariel's Song" from Shakespeare's ''The Tempest'':<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 336.</ref>{{blockquote|Nothing of him that doth fade<br/>But doth suffer a sea change<br/>Into something rich and strange.}}
====Shelley's remains====
When Shelley's body was cremated on the beach, his presumed heart resisted burning and was retrieved by Trelawny.<ref name="holden" /> The heart was possibly calcified from an earlier tubercular infection, or was perhaps his liver. Trelawny gave the scorched organ to Hunt, who preserved it in spirits of wine and refused to hand it over to Mary.<ref>Bieri, James (2005), pp. 334–335, 354.</ref> He finally relented and the heart was eventually buried either at [[St Peter's Church, Bournemouth]] or in [[Christchurch Priory]].<ref>Bieri, James (2005), p. 354.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Hermoine |author-link=Hermione Lee |title=Virginia Woolf's Nose: Essays on biography |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780691130446 |chapter=Shelley's Heart and Pepys's Lobsters}}</ref><!-- Note: the Christchurch Priory article describes the monument to Shelley, but says nothing about his heart. --> Hunt also retrieved a piece of Shelley's jawbone which, in 1913, was given to the Shelley-Keats Memorial in Rome.<ref name=holden>Anthony Holden, ''The Wit in the Dungeon: A Life of Leigh Hunt'' (2005), ch. 7 'I never beheld him more': 1821-2, p. 166.</ref>
===Family history===
Shelley's paternal grandfather was [[Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet|Bysshe Shelley]] (21 June 1731 – 6 January 1815), who, in 1806, became Sir Bysshe Shelley, First Baronet of Castle Goring.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 6, 11, 12, 71.</ref> On Sir Bysshe's death in 1815, Shelley's father inherited the baronetcy, becoming [[Timothy Shelley|Sir Timothy Shelley]].<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 300–301.</ref>
Shelley was the eldest of several legitimate children. Bieri argues that Shelley had an older illegitimate brother but, if he existed, little is known of him.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), p. 3 and note 2.</ref> His younger siblings were: John (1806–1866), Margaret (1801–1887), Hellen (1799–1885), Mary (1797–1884), Hellen (1796–1796, died in infancy) and Elizabeth (1794–1831).<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 30, 71–2.</ref>
Shelley had two children by his first wife Harriet: Eliza Ianthe Shelley (1813–1876) and Charles Bysshe Shelley (1814–1826).<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 258, 299, 625, 672.</ref> He had four children by his second wife Mary: an unnamed daughter born in 1815 who only survived ten days; William Shelley (1816–1819); Clara Everina Shelley (1817–1818); and [[Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet]] (1819–1889).<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 304–5, 322, 383, 419, 457, 502, 675.</ref> Shelley also declared himself to be the father of Elena Adelaide Shelley (1818–1820), who might have been an illegitimate or adopted daughter.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 465–6.</ref> His son Percy Florence became the third baronet of Castle Goring in 1844, following the death of Sir Timothy Shelley.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), p. 673.</ref>
====Ancestry====
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=no |align=center
|title=Ancestry of Percy Bysshe Shelley
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe;
| 1 = 1. '''Percy Bysshe Shelley'''
| 2 = 2. [[Sir Timothy Shelley, 2nd Baronet]] (1753–1844)
| 3 = 3. Elizabeth Pilford, Lady Shelley (1763–1846)
| 4 = 4. [[Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet]] (1731–1815)
| 5 = 5. Mary Catherine Michell (1734–1760)
| 6 = 6. Charles Pilford (1726–1790)
| 7 = 7. Bathia White (1739–1779)
| 8 = 8. Sir Timothy Shelley of Fen Place (c. 1700–1770)
| 9 = 9. Johanna Plume (b. 1704)
| 10 = 10. Theobald Michell (d. 1737)
| 11 = 11. Mary Tredcroft (c. 1709–1738)
| 12 = 12. John Pilford (1680–1745)
| 13 = 13. Mary Michell (1689–c.1775)
| 14 = 14. William White (1703–1764)
| 15 = 15. Bethiah Waller (1703–1764)
}}
==Political, religious and ethical views==
=== Politics ===
Shelley was a political radical influenced by thinkers such as Rousseau, Paine, Godwin, Wollstonecraft, and Leigh Hunt.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 43, 97–8, 153, 350–2.</ref> He advocated Catholic Emancipation, republicanism, parliamentary reform, the extension of the franchise, freedom of speech and peaceful assembly, an end to aristocratic and clerical privilege, and a more equal distribution of income and wealth.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 120–2, 556–8, 583–93.</ref> The views he expressed in his published works were often more moderate than those he advocated privately because of the risk of prosecution for seditious libel and his desire not to alienate more moderate friends and political allies.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 120–2, 365, 592–3.</ref> Nevertheless, his political writings and activism brought him to the attention of the Home Office and he came under government surveillance at various periods.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 198–230.</ref>
Shelley's most influential political work in the years immediately following his death was the poem ''Queen Mab'', which included extensive notes on political themes. The work went through 14 official and pirated editions by 1845, and became popular in Owenist and Chartist circles. His longest political essay, ''A Philosophical View of Reform'', was written in 1820, but not published until 1920.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 208–10, 592–3.</ref>
===Nonviolence===
Shelley's advocacy of nonviolent resistance was largely based on his reflections on the French Revolution and rise of Napoleon, and his belief that violent protest would increase the prospect of a military despotism.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 557.</ref> Although Shelley sympathised with supporters of Irish independence, such as [[Peter Finnerty]] and [[Robert Emmet]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Alison|date=3 July 2014|title="Let no man write my epitaph": the contributions of Percy Shelley, Thomas Moore and Robert Southey to the memorialisation of Robert Emmet|journal=Irish Studies Review|volume=22|issue=3|pages=285–303|doi=10.1080/09670882.2014.926124|s2cid=170900710|issn=0967-0882|doi-access=free}}</ref> he did not support violent rebellion. In his early pamphlet ''An Address, to the Irish People'' (1812) he wrote: "I do not wish to see things changed now, because it cannot be done without violence, and we may assure ourselves that none of us are fit for any change, however good, if we condescend to employ force in a cause we think right."<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 120.</ref>
In his later essay ''A Philosophical View of Reform'', Shelley did concede that there were political circumstances in which force might be justified: "The last resort of resistance is undoubtably [''sic''] insurrection. The right of insurrection is derived from the employment of armed force to counteract the will of the nation."<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 591.</ref> Shelley supported the [[Trienio Liberal|1820 armed rebellion against absolute monarchy in Spain]], and the [[Greek War of Independence|1821 armed Greek uprising against Ottoman rule]].<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 528–9, 589.</ref>
Shelley's poem "The Mask of Anarchy" (written in 1819, but first published in 1832) has been called "perhaps the first modern statement of the principle of [[nonviolent resistance]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/SP94.10.4.Nichols.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105232938/http://www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/SP94.10.4.Nichols.pdf|archive-date=5 January 2011|access-date=8 March 2010}}</ref> Gandhi was familiar with the poem and it is possible that Shelley had an indirect influence on Gandhi through [[Henry David Thoreau]]'s ''[[Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)|Civil Disobedience]]''.<ref name=":11" />
=== Religion ===
Shelley was an avowed atheist, who was influenced by the materialist arguments in [[Baron d'Holbach|Holbach]]'s ''[[The System of Nature|Le Système de la nature]]''.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 50.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2008), p. 267.</ref> His atheism was an important element of his political radicalism as he saw organised religion as inextricably linked to social oppression.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 76.</ref> The overt and implied atheism in many of his works raised a serious risk of prosecution for religious libel. His early pamphlet ''The Necessity of Atheism'' was withdrawn from sale soon after publication following a complaint from a priest. His poem ''Queen Mab'', which includes sustained attacks on the priesthood, Christianity and religion in general, was twice prosecuted by the [[Society for the Suppression of Vice]] in 1821. A number of his other works were edited before publication to reduce the risk of prosecution.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 30, 201, 208–9.</ref>
=== Free love ===
Shelley's advocacy of [[free love]] drew heavily on the work of Mary Wollstonecraft and the early work of William Godwin. In his notes to ''Queen Mab'', he wrote: "A system could not well have been devised more studiously hostile to human happiness than marriage." He argued that the children of unhappy marriages "are nursed in a systematic school of ill-humour, violence and falsehood". He believed that the ideal of chastity outside marriage was "a monkish and evangelical superstition" which led to the hypocrisy of prostitution and promiscuity.<ref name=":2">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 204–8.</ref>
Shelley believed that "sexual connection" should be free among those who loved each other and last only as long as their mutual love. Love should also be free and not subject to obedience, jealousy and fear. He denied that free love would lead to promiscuity and the disruption of stable human relationships, arguing that relationships based on love would generally be of long duration and marked by generosity and self-devotion.<ref name=":2" />
When Shelley's friend T. J. Hogg made an unwanted sexual advance to Shelley's first wife Harriet, Shelley forgave him of his "horrible error" and assured him that he was not jealous.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 90–92.</ref> It is very likely that Shelley encouraged Hogg and Shelley's second wife Mary to have a sexual relationship.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 276–83.</ref><ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 302–9.</ref>
===Vegetarianism===
Shelley converted to a vegetable diet in early March 1812 and sustained it, with occasional lapses, for the remainder of his life. Shelley's vegetarianism was influenced by ancient authors such as Hesiod, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Ovid and Plutarch, but more directly by [[John Frank Newton]], author of ''The Return to Nature, or, A Defence of the Vegetable Regimen'' (1811). Shelley wrote two essays on vegetarianism: ''[[A Vindication of Natural Diet]]'' (1813) and "On the Vegetable System of Diet" (written circa 1813–1815, but first published in 1929). [[Michael Owen Jones]] argues that Shelley's advocacy of vegetarianism was strikingly modern, emphasising its health benefits, the alleviation of animal suffering, the inefficient use of agricultural land involved in animal husbandry, and the economic inequality resulting from the commercialisation of animal food production.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Michael Owen|date=2016|title=In Pursuit of Percy Shelley, 'The First Celebrity Vegan': An Essay on Meat, Sex, and Broccoli|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01|journal=Journal of Folklore Research|volume=53|issue=2|pages=1–30|doi=10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01|jstor=10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01|via=JSTOR|s2cid=148558932}}</ref> Shelley's life and works inspired the founding of the [[Vegetarian Society]] in England (1847) and directly influenced the vegetarianism of George Bernard Shaw.<ref name=":3" />
== Reception and influence ==
Shelley's work was not widely read in his lifetime outside a small circle of friends, poets and critics. Most of his poetry, drama and fiction was published in editions of 250 copies which generally sold poorly. Only ''The Cenci'' went to an authorised second edition while Shelley was alive<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 309, 510, 595.</ref> – in contrast, Byron's ''The Corsair'' (1814) sold out its first edition of 10,000 copies in one day.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Ferber|first=Michael |author-link = Michael Ferber |title=The Cambridge Introduction to British Romantic Poetry|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-521-76906-8|location=New York|pages=6–8}}</ref>
The initial reception of Shelley's work in mainstream periodicals (with the exception of the liberal ''Examiner'') was generally unfavourable. Reviewers often launched personal attacks on Shelley's private life and political, social and religious views, even when conceding that his poetry contained beautiful imagery and poetic expression.<ref>Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 210, 309, 402–5, 510, 542–3.</ref> There was also criticism of Shelley's intelligibility and style, Hazlitt describing it as "a passionate dream, a straining after impossibilities, a record of fond conjectures, a confused embodying of vague abstraction".<ref>Leader and O'Neill (2003), p. xix.</ref>
Shelley's poetry soon gained a wider audience in radical and reformist circles. ''Queen Mab'' became popular with Owenists and Chartists, and ''Revolt of Islam'' influenced poets sympathetic to the workers' movement such as [[Thomas Hood]], [[Thomas Cooper (poet)|Thomas Cooper]] and [[William Morris]].<ref name=":10">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 208–10, 402.</ref><ref>Some details on this can also be found in William St Clair's ''The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period'' (Cambridge: CUP, 2005) and Richard D. Altick's ''The English Common Reader'' (Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1998) 2nd. edn.</ref>
However, Shelley's mainstream following did not develop until a generation after his death. Bieri argues that editions of Shelley's poems published in 1824 and 1839 were edited by Mary Shelley to highlight her late husband's lyrical gifts and downplay his radical ideas.<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 671–3.</ref> [[Matthew Arnold]] famously described Shelley as a "beautiful and ineffectual angel".<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |editor-last1=O'Neill |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Howe |editor-first2=Anthony |title=The Oxford Handbook of Percy Bysshe Shelley |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780199558360 |location=Oxford|pages=5}}</ref>
Shelley was a major influence on a number of important poets in the following decades, including [[Robert Browning]], [[Algernon Swinburne]], [[Thomas Hardy]] and [[William Butler Yeats]].<ref name="Bloom410"/> Shelley-like characters frequently appeared in nineteenth-century literature; they include Scythrop in [[Thomas Love Peacock]]’s ''Nightmare Abbey'',<ref>Bieri, James (2008), p. 466.</ref> Ladislaw in [[George Eliot]]’s ''[[Middlemarch]]'' and Angel Clare in Hardy's ''[[Tess of the d'Urbervilles]]''.<ref>O'Neill and Howe (2013), p. 10.</ref>
Twentieth-century critics such as [[T. S. Eliot|Eliot]], [[F. R. Leavis|Leavis]], [[Allen Tate]] and [[W. H. Auden|Auden]] variously criticised Shelley's poetry for deficiencies in style, "repellent" ideas, and immaturity of intellect and sensibility.<ref name="Bloom410"/><ref>Leader and O'Neill (2003), p. xi.</ref><ref name=":5">Howe and O'Neill (2013), pp. 3–5.</ref> However, Shelley's critical reputation began to rise in the 1960s as a new generation of critics highlighted Shelley's debt to [[Edmund Spenser|Spenser]] and [[John Milton|Milton]], his mastery of genres and verse forms, and the complex interplay of sceptical, idealist, and materialist ideas in his work.<ref name=":5" /> American literary critic [[Harold Bloom]] describes him as "a superb craftsman, a lyric poet without rival, and surely one of the most advanced sceptical intellects ever to write a poem".<ref name = "Bloom410">{{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The Best Poems of the English Language, From Chaucer through Frost|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2004|isbn=0-06-054041-9|location=New York|pages=410}}</ref> According to Donald H. Reiman, "Shelley belongs to the great tradition of Western writers that includes [[Dante]], [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] and [[John Milton|Milton]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Reiman|first=Donald H.|editor1 = Donald H. Reiman | editor2 = Sharon B. Powers | title=Shelley's poetry and Prose - Authoritative Texts, Criticism|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/shelleyspoetrypr00shel/page/544/mode/2up?view=theater|year=1977|publisher=W. W. Norton and Company|location=New York & London|isbn=0-393-04436-X|page=544|chapter=The Purpose and Method of Shelley's Poetry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Percy Shelley|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11986893/Percy-Shelley.html|access-date=8 February 2021|website=The Telegraph|date=11 November 2015 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
==Legacy==
[[File:Keats Shelly Museum, Spanish Steps, Rome.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Keats–Shelley Memorial House]], at right with a red sign, by the [[Spanish Steps]] in [[Rome]]]]
[[File:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_(Tate_Britain)_(Amelia_Robertson_Hill,_bronze,_idealised_only,_1882).jpg|thumb|Bronze statue of Shelley by Amelia Robertson Hill, 1882, on display at [[Tate Britain]] (idealised only)]]
Shelley died leaving many of his works unfinished, unpublished or published in expurgated versions with multiple errors. Since the 1980s, a number of projects have aimed at establishing reliable editions of his manuscripts and works. Among the most notable of these are:<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 781–5.</ref><ref>O'Neill and Howe (2013), pp. 4–5.</ref>
* Reiman, D. H. (gen ed), ''The Bodleian Shelley Manuscripts'' (23 vols.), New York (1986–2002)
* Reiman, D. H. (gen ed), ''The Manuscripts of the Younger Romantics: Shelley'' (9 vols., 1985–97)
* Reiman, D. H., and Fraistat, N. (et al.) ''The Complete Poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley'' (3 vols.), 1999–2012, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press
* Cameron, K. N., and Reiman, D. H. (eds), ''Shelley and his Circle 1773–1822'', Cambridge, Mass., 1961– (8 vols.)
* Everest K., Matthews, G., et al. (eds), ''The Poems of Shelley, 1804–1821'' (4 vols.), Longman, 1989–2014
* Murray, E. B. (ed), ''The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley'', Vol. 1, 1811–1818, Oxford University Press, 1995
Shelley's long-lost "Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things" (1811) was rediscovered in 2006 and subsequently made available online by the [[Bodleian Library]] in Oxford.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shelley's Poetical Essay: The Bodleian Libraries' 12 millionth book |url=http://poeticalessay.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ |date=November 2015 |publisher=Bodleian Library |location=Oxford |access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref>
Charles E. Robinson<ref>Shelley, Mary (with Shelley, Percy), edited by Robinson, Charles E. (2009). ''The Original Frankenstein: Or, the Modern Prometheus: The Original Two-Volume Novel of 1816–1817 from the Bodleian Library Manuscripts''. New York: Random House. {{ISBN|0307474429}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2021}} has argued that Shelley's contribution to Mary Shelley's novel ''Frankenstein'' was very significant and that Shelley should be considered her collaborator in writing the novel. Professor Charlotte Gordon and others have disputed this contention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Percy Bysshe Shelley helped wife Mary write Frankenstein, claims professor|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2613444/Percy-Bysshe-Shelley-helped-wife-Mary-write-Frankenstein-claims-professor.html|access-date=8 February 2021|website=The Telegraph|date=24 August 2008 |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Fiona Sampson]] has said: "In recent years Percy's corrections, visible in the ''Frankenstein'' notebooks held at the Bodleian Library in Oxford, have been seized on as evidence that he must have at least co-authored the novel. In fact, when I examined the notebooks myself, I realised that Percy did rather less than any line editor working in publishing today."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/13/frankenstein-at-200-why-hasnt-mary-shelley-been-given-the-respect-she-deserves- Frankenstein at 200 – why hasn't Mary Shelley been given the respect she deserves?] The Guardian. 13 January 2018.</ref>
The Keats–Shelley Memorial Association, founded in 1903, supports the Keats–Shelley House in Rome which is a museum and library dedicated to the Romantic writers with a strong connection with Italy. The association is also responsible for maintaining the grave of Percy Bysshe Shelley in the non-Catholic Cemetery at Testaccio. The association publishes the scholarly ''Keats–Shelley Review''. It also runs the annual Keats–Shelley and Young Romantics Writing Prizes and the Keats–Shelley Fellowship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keats–Shelley Memorial Association|url=https://keats-shelley.org/|website=Keats–Shelley Memorial Association}}</ref>
== Selected works ==
Works are listed by estimated year of composition. The year of first publication is given when this is different. Source is Bieri,<ref>Bieri, James (2008), pp. 781–3.</ref> unless otherwise indicated.
===Poetry===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* (1810) ''[[Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire]]'' (collaboration with Elizabeth Shelley)
* (1810) ''[[Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson]]'' (collaboration with [[Thomas Jefferson Hogg]])
* (1812) ''[[The Devil's Walk]]''
* (1813) ''[[Queen Mab (poem)|Queen Mab]]''
* (1815) ''[[Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude]]'' (published 1816)
* (1816) ''[[Mont Blanc (poem)|Mont Blanc]]'' (published 1817)
* (1816) ''[[Mutability (poem)|Mutability]]''
* (1817) ''[[Hymn to Intellectual Beauty]]''
* (1817) ''[[The Revolt of Islam]]'' (published 1818)
* (1818) ''[[Ozymandias]]''
* (1818) ''[[Rosalind and Helen]]'' (published 1819)
* (1818) ''Lines Written Among the Euganean Hills'' (published 1819)
* (1819) ''[[England in 1819]]'' (published 1839)
* (1819) ''[[Love's Philosophy]]''
* (1819) ''[[Ode to the West Wind]]'' (published 1820)
* (1819) ''[[The Masque of Anarchy|The Mask of Anarchy]]'' (published 1832)
* (1819) ''[[Julian and Maddalo]]'' (published 1824)
* (1820) ''Peter Bell the Third'' (published 1839)
* (1820) ''Letter to Maria Gisborne'' (published 1824)
* (1820) ''[[To a Skylark]]''
* (1820) ''[[The Cloud (poem)|The Cloud]]''
* (1820) ''The Sensitive Plant''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: "The Sensitive Plant" from Andre digte |url=https://kalliope.org/en/text/shelley2003060601 |website=Kalliope |access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>
* (1820) ''[[The Witch of Atlas]]'' (published 1824)
* (1821) ''[[Adonais]]''
* (1821) ''[[Epipsychidion]]''
* (1821) ''[[Music, When Soft Voices Die]]'' (published 1824)
* (1822) ''[[One Word is Too Often Profaned]]'' (published 1824)
* (1822) ''[[A Dirge]]'' (published 1824)
* (1822) ''[[The Triumph of Life]]'' (unfinished, published 1824)
* (1824) ''[[Posthumous Poems]]''
{{div col end}}
===Drama===
* (1819) ''[[The Cenci]]''
* (1820) ''[[Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)|Prometheus Unbound]]''
* (1820) ''Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant''
* (1822) ''Charles the First'' (unfinished)
* (1822) ''[[Hellas (poem)|Hellas]]''
===Fiction===
* (1810) ''[[Zastrozzi]]''
* (1810) ''[[St. Irvyne|St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian]]'' (published 1811)
===Short prose works===
* "The Assassins, A Fragment of a Romance" (1814)
* "The Coliseum, A Fragment" (1817)
* "The Elysian Fields: A Lucianic Fragment" (1818)
* "Una Favola (A Fable)" (1819, originally in Italian)
===Essays===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[The Necessity of Atheism]] (with T. J. Hogg) (1811)
* [[Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things]] (1811)
* An Address, to the Irish People (1812)
* Declaration of Rights (1812)<ref name=tinsel>{{cite web|first=Percy Bysshe|last=Shelley|year=1812|quote="Titles are tinsel, power a corruptor, glory a bubble, and excessive wealth, a libel on its possessor"|url=http://www.panarchy.org/shelley/rights.html|website=panarchy.org|title=Declaration of Rights}}</ref>
* [[A Letter to Lord Ellenborough]] (1812)
* [[A Vindication of Natural Diet]] (1813)
* A Refutation of Deism (1814)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ratbags.com/rsoles/comment/shelleydeism.htm|title=Shelley : A Refutation of Deism|website=www.ratbags.com}}</ref>
* Speculations on Metaphysics (1814)
* On the Vegetable System of Diet (1814–1815; published 1929)
* On a Future State (1815)
* On The Punishment of Death (1815)
* Speculations on Morals (1817)
* On Christianity (incomplete, 1817; published 1859)
* On Love (1818)
* On the Literature, the Arts and the Manners of the Athenians (1818)
* On ''The Symposium'', or Preface to ''The Banquet'' Of Plato (1818)
* [[On Frankenstein|On ''Frankenstein'']] (1818; published in 1832)
* On Life (1819)
* [[A Philosophical View of Reform]] (1819–20, first published 1920)
* [[A Defence of Poetry]] (1821, published 1840)
{{div col end}}
===Chapbooks===
* ''[[Wolfstein (book)|Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit]]'' (1822)
* ''Wolfstein, The Murderer; or, The Secrets of a Robber's Cave'' (1830)
=== Translations ===
* The Banquet (or The Symposium) of Plato (1818) (first published in unbowdlerised form 1931)
* Ion of Plato (1821)
===Collaborations with Mary Shelley===
* (1817) ''[[History of a Six Weeks' Tour]]''
* (1820) ''[[Proserpine (play)|Proserpine]]''
* (1820) ''[[Midas (Shelley play)|Midas]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pascoe |first=Judith |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_n1c5 |title=''Proserpine'' and ''Midas'' |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-521-00770-4 |editor-last=Esther Schor |editor-link=Esther Schor |location=Cambridge |url-access=registration}}.</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Poetry}}
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[:Image:Wollstonecraft tree.svg|Godwin–Shelley family tree]]
* ''[[Rising Universe]]''{{snd}}A 1996 water sculpture celebrating the life of Shelley in [[Horsham]], [[West Sussex]], near his birthplace; largely removed in 2016
==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|20em}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Blunden|first=Edmund|author-link=Edmund Blunden|title=Shelley: A Life Story|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.186668/page/n1/mode/2up|year=1946|publisher=Collins|location=London|ref=none}}
* [[James Bieri]], ''Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography'', [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2008, {{ISBN|0-8018-8861-1|}}.
* [[Richard Altick|Altick, Richard D.]], ''The English Common Reader''. Ohio: [[Ohio State University Press]], 1998.
* Cameron, Kenneth Neill. ''The Young Shelley: Genesis of a Radical''. First Collier Books ed. New York: Collier Books, 1962, cop. 1950.
* Edward Chaney. 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion', ''Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines'', eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2006, pp. 39–69.
* Holmes, Richard. ''Shelley: The Pursuit.'' London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974.
* Leighton, Angela. ''Shelley and the Sublime: An Interpretation of the Major Poems'' [[Cambridge University Press]], 1984.
* Meaker, M. J. ''Sudden Endings, 12 Profiles in Depth of Famous Suicides'', Garden City, New York, Doubleday, 1964 pp. 67–93: "The Deserted Wife: Harriet Westbrook Shelley".
* Maurois, André, ''Ariel ou la vie de Shelley'', Paris, Bernard Grasset, 1923
* [[William St Clair|St Clair, William]]. ''The Godwins and the Shelleys: A Biography of a Family''. London: [[Faber and Faber]], 1990.
* St Clair, William. ''The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period.'' Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 2005.
* Hay, Daisy. ''Young Romantics: The Shelleys, [[Byron]], and Other Tangled Lives'', [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]], 2010.
* Everest K., Matthews, G., et al. (eds), ''The Poems of Shelley, 1804–1821'' (4 vols), Longman, 1989–2014
* Murray, E. B. (ed), ''The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley'', Vol 1, 1811–1818, Oxford University Press, 1995
* Reiman, D. H., and Fraistat, N. (et al.) ''The Complete Poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley'', (3 vols) 1999–2012, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press
* Shelley, Mary, with Percy Shelley. ''The Original Frankenstein''. Edited with an Introduction by Charles E. Robinson. NY: Random House Vintage Classics, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-307-47442-1|}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{sister project links|b=no|n=no|v=no|wikt=no|author=yes|d=Q93343}}
{{Library resources box}}
{{toomanylinks|date=August 2023}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=1529|name=Percy Bysshe Shelley}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Percy Bysshe Shelley}}
* {{Librivox author |id=216}}
* {{gutenberg|no=4555|name=Percy Bysshe Shelley by John Addington Symonds}}
* [http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~djb/shelley/etexts.html Percy Bysshe Shelley Resources]
* [https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/percy-bysshe-shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley: Profile and Poems at Poets.org]
* [http://www.poetseers.org/the_romantics/percy_bysshe_shelley/shelleys_poems Selected Poems of Shelley]
* [http://www.nypl.org/archives/3344 A Guide to the Percy Bysshe Shelley Manuscript Material in the Pforzheimer Collection]
* A talk on Shelley's politics (MP3) by Paul Foot: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050504053804/http://mp3.lpi.org.uk/footshelleya.mp3 part 1], *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050504053828/http://mp3.lpi.org.uk/footshelleyb.mp3 part 2]
* [http://www.stirnet.com/HTML/genie/british/ss4as/shelley01.htm A pedigree of the Shelley family]
* [http://paganpressbooks.com/jpl/ION.HTM Plato's Ion, the Shelley translation]
* [http://www.online-literature.com/shelley_percy/complete-works-of-shelley/ The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley]
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* {{NPG name}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Shelley, Percy Bysshe | volume= 24 |last= Rossetti | first= William Michael |author-link= William Michael Rossetti | pages=827–832 |short= 1}}
* [http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Online exhibition of Shelley's notebooks, objects, letters and drafts] alongside artefacts of [[Mary Wollstonecraft]], [[Mary Shelley]] and [[William Godwin]]
* [http://www.bl.uk/people/percy-bysshe-shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley] at the British Library
*Walter Edwin Peck papers (MS 390). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.[http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0390]
* [https://iiif.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/repo/s/shelly/page/home Fragment of an Address to the Jews] – General Library, University of Tokyo
{{Percy Bysshe Shelley|state=expanded}}
{{Mary Shelley}}
{{Mary Wollstonecraft}}
{{Romanticism}}
{{Beatrice Cenci}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shelley, Percy Bysshe}}
[[Category:Percy Bysshe Shelley| ]]
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English Romantic poet (1792–1822)</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Percy Shelley" redirects here. For the son of the poet, see <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a>. For the potter, see <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Shelley_(potter)" title="Percy Shelley (potter)">Percy Shelley (potter)</a>.</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Percy Bysshe Shelley</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait by Alfred Clint, 1819"><img alt="Portrait by Alfred Clint, 1819" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/220px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/330px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/440px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2948" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Portrait by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Clint" title="Alfred Clint">Alfred Clint</a>, 1819</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1792-08-04</span>)</span>4 August 1792<br /><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Place,_Warnham" title="Field Place, Warnham">Field Place</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">8 July 1822<span style="display:none">(1822-07-08)</span> (aged 29)<br /><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_La_Spezia" title="Gulf of La Spezia">Gulf of La Spezia</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Poet</li><li>dramatist</li><li>essayist</li><li>novelist</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Harriet Westbrook</div>
<div class="marriage-line-margin2px">​</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1811; died 1816)<wbr />​</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712">
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1816)<wbr />​</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">6, including <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy, 3rd Baronet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Shelley" title="Timothy Shelley">Timothy Shelley</a> (father)
Elizabeth Pilfold (mother)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_SVG_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_SVG_signature.svg/150px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_SVG_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_SVG_signature.svg/225px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_SVG_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_SVG_signature.svg/300px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_SVG_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="177" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Percy Bysshe Shelley</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2e\/Pronunciation_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley.ogg\/Pronunciation_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pronunciation of Percy Bysshe Shelley.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Pronunciation_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley.ogg/Pronunciation_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley.ogg" title="File:Pronunciation of Percy Bysshe Shelley.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BISH</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was an English writer who is considered as one of the major <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">English</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not achieve fame during his lifetime, but recognition of his achievements in poetry grew steadily following his death, and he became an important influence on subsequent generations of poets, including <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom410_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom410-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American literary critic <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> describes him as "a superb craftsman, a lyric poet without rival, and surely one of the most advanced sceptical intellects ever to write a poem."
</p><p>Shelley's reputation fluctuated during the 20th century, but since the 1960s he has achieved increasing critical acclaim for the sweeping momentum of his poetic imagery, his mastery of genres and verse forms, and the complex interplay of sceptical, idealist, and materialist ideas in his work.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his best-known works are "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozymandias" title="Ozymandias">Ozymandias</a>" (1818), "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_to_the_West_Wind" title="Ode to the West Wind">Ode to the West Wind</a>" (1819), "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_a_Skylark" title="To a Skylark">To a Skylark</a>" (1820), "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonais" title="Adonais">Adonais</a>" (1821), the philosophical essay "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Necessity_of_Atheism" title="The Necessity of Atheism">The Necessity of Atheism</a>" (1811), which his friend <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">T. J. Hogg</a> may have co-authored, and the political ballad "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Mask of Anarchy</a>" (1819). His other major works include the verse dramas <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cenci" title="The Cenci">The Cenci</a></i> (1819), <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Unbound_(Shelley)" title="Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)">Prometheus Unbound</a></i> (1820) and <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_(poem)" title="Hellas (poem)">Hellas</a></i> (1822), and the long narrative poems <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastor,_or_The_Spirit_of_Solitude" title="Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude">Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude</a></i> (1815), <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_and_Maddalo" title="Julian and Maddalo">Julian and Maddalo</a></i> (1819), <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonais" title="Adonais">Adonais</a></i> (1821), and <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Life" title="The Triumph of Life">The Triumph of Life</a></i> (1822).
</p><p>Shelley also wrote <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Prose fiction">prose fiction</a> and a quantity of essays on political, social, and philosophical issues. Much of this poetry and prose was not published in his lifetime, or only published in expurgated form, due to the risk of prosecution for political and religious libel.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1820s, his poems and political and ethical writings became popular in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenist</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">radical</a> political circles,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later drew admirers as diverse as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley's life was marked by family crises, ill health, and a backlash against his <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, political views, and defiance of social conventions. He went into permanent self-exile in Italy in 1818 and over the next four years produced what <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Leader" title="Zachary Leader">Zachary Leader</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Neill_(academic)" title="Michael O'Neill (academic)">Michael O'Neill</a> call "some of the finest poetry of the Romantic period".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second wife, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, was the author of <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i>. He died in a boating accident in 1822 at age 29.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Marriage_to_Harriet_Westbrook"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Marriage to Harriet Westbrook</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Elopement_with_Mary_Godwin"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Elopement with Mary Godwin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Byron"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Byron</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Marriage_to_Mary_Godwin"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Marriage to Mary Godwin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Italy"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Italy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Shelley's_remains"><span class="tocnumber">1.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Shelley's remains</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Family_history"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Family history</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Ancestry"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancestry</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Political,_religious_and_ethical_views"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Political, religious and ethical views</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Nonviolence"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nonviolence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Free_love"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Free love</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Vegetarianism"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Vegetarianism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Reception_and_influence"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Reception and influence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Selected_works"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Selected works</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Poetry"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Poetry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Drama"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Drama</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Fiction"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fiction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Short_prose_works"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Short prose works</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Essays"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Essays</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Chapbooks"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Chapbooks</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Translations"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Translations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Collaborations_with_Mary_Shelley"><span class="tocnumber">5.8</span> <span class="toctext">Collaborations with Mary Shelley</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Place,_Warnham" title="Field Place, Warnham">Field Place</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnham" title="Warnham">Warnham</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the eldest son of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Shelley" title="Timothy Shelley">Timothy Shelley</a>, i like chicken nuggies 2nd <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_baronets_of_Castle_Goring_(1806)" title="Shelley baronets of Castle Goring (1806)">Baronet of Castle Goring</a> (1753–1844), a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_(British_political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political faction)">Whig</a> Member of Parliament for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Horsham (UK Parliament constituency)">Horsham</a> from 1790 to 1792 and for [[New Shoreham eth Pilfold (1763–1846), the daughter of a successful butcher.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had four younger sisters and one much younger brother. Shelley's early childhood was sheltered and mostly happy. He was particularly close to his sisters and his mother, who encouraged him to hunt, fish and ride.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age six, he was sent to a day school run by the vicar of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnham" title="Warnham">Warnham</a> church, where he displayed an impressive memory and gift for languages<b>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1802 he entered the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syon_House" title="Syon House">Syon House</a> Academy of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford" title="Brentford">Brentford</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, where his cousin <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Medwin" title="Thomas Medwin">Thomas Medwin</a> was a pupil. Shelley was bullied and unhappy at the school and sometimes responded with violent rage. He also began suffering from the nightmares, hallucinations and sleep walking that were to periodically affect him throughout his life. Shelley developed an interest in science which supplemented his voracious reading of tales of mystery, romance and the supernatural. During his holidays at Field Place, his sisters were often terrified at being subjected to his experiments with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>, acids and electricity. Back at school he blew up a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">paling fence</a> with gunpowder.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1804, Shelley entered <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>, a period which he later recalled with loathing. He was subjected to particularly severe mob bullying which the perpetrators called "Shelley-baits".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of biographers and contemporaries have attributed the bullying to Shelley's aloofness, nonconformity and refusal to take part in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">fagging</a>. His peculiarities and violent rages earned him the nickname "Mad Shelley".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His interest in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> and science continued, and contemporaries describe him giving an electric shock to a master, blowing up a tree stump with gunpowder and attempting to raise spirits with occult rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his senior years, Shelley came under the influence of a part-time teacher, Dr <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lind_(physician,_born_1736)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lind (physician, born 1736)">James Lind</a>, who encouraged his interest in the occult and introduced him to liberal and radical authors. Shelley also developed an interest in Plato and idealist philosophy which he pursued in later years through self-study.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(biographer)" title="Richard Holmes (biographer)">Richard Holmes</a>, Shelley, by his leaving year, had gained a reputation as a classical scholar and a tolerated eccentric.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In his last term at Eton, his first novel <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastrozzi" title="Zastrozzi">Zastrozzi</a></i> appeared and he had established a following among his fellow pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to enrolling for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a>, in October 1810, Shelley completed <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Poetry_by_Victor_and_Cazire" title="Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire">Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire</a></i> (written with his sister Elizabeth), the verse melodrama <i>The Wandering Jew</i> and the gothic novel <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Irvyne" title="St. Irvyne">St. Irvine; or, The Rosicrucian: A Romance</a></i> (published 1811).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>At Oxford Shelley attended few lectures, instead spending long hours reading and conducting scientific experiments in the laboratory he set up in his room.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He met a fellow student, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">Thomas Jefferson Hogg</a>, who became his closest friend. Shelley became increasingly politicised under Hogg's influence, developing strong radical and anti-Christian views. Such views were dangerous in the reactionary political climate prevailing during Britain's war with Napoleonic France, and Shelley's father warned him against Hogg's influence.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In the winter of 1810–1811, Shelley published a series of anonymous political poems and tracts: <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_Fragments_of_Margaret_Nicholson" title="Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson">Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson</a></i>, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Necessity_of_Atheism" title="The Necessity of Atheism">The Necessity of Atheism</a></i> (written in collaboration with Hogg) and <i>A Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things</i>. Shelley mailed <i>The Necessity of Atheism</i> to all the bishops and heads of colleges at Oxford, and he was called to appear before the college's fellows, including the Dean, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rowley_(academic)" title="George Rowley (academic)">George Rowley</a>. His refusal to answer questions put by college authorities regarding whether or not he authored the pamphlet resulted in his <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_(academia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion (academia)">expulsion</a> from Oxford on 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>March 1811, along with Hogg. Hearing of his son's expulsion, Shelley's father threatened to cut all contact with Shelley unless he agreed to return home and study under tutors appointed by him. Shelley's refusal to do so led to a falling-out with his father.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_to_Harriet_Westbrook">Marriage to Harriet Westbrook</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In late December 1810, Shelley had met Harriet Westbrook, a pupil at the same boarding school as Shelley's sisters. They corresponded frequently that winter and also after Shelley had been expelled from Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley expounded his radical ideas on politics, religion and marriage to Harriet, and they gradually convinced each other that she was oppressed by her father and at school.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley's infatuation with Harriet developed in the months following his expulsion, when he was under severe emotional strain due to the conflict with his family, his bitterness over the breakdown of his romance with his cousin Harriet Grove, and his unfounded belief that he might have a fatal illness.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Harriet Westbrook's elder sister Eliza, to whom Harriet was very close, encouraged the young girl's romance with Shelley.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley's correspondence with Harriet intensified in July, while he was holidaying in Wales, and in response to her urgent pleas for his protection, he returned to London in early August. Putting aside his philosophical objections to matrimony, he left with the sixteen-year-old Harriet for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> on 25 August 1811, and they were married there on the 28th.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Hearing of the elopement, Harriet's father, John Westbrook, and Shelley's father, Timothy, cut off the allowances of the bride and groom. (Shelley's father believed his son had married beneath him, as Harriet's father had earned his fortune in trade and was the owner of a tavern and coffee house.)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WilliamGodwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WilliamGodwin.jpg/170px-WilliamGodwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WilliamGodwin.jpg/255px-WilliamGodwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WilliamGodwin.jpg/340px-WilliamGodwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> in 1802, by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Northcote_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Northcote (painter)">James Northcote</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Surviving on borrowed money, Shelley and Harriet stayed in Edinburgh for a month, with Hogg living under the same roof. The trio left for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> in October, and Shelley went on to Sussex to settle matters with his father, leaving Harriet behind with Hogg. Shelley returned from his unsuccessful excursion to find that Eliza had moved in with Harriet and Hogg. Harriet confessed that Hogg had tried to seduce her while Shelley had been away. Shelley, Harriet and Eliza soon left for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keswick,_Cumbria" title="Keswick, Cumbria">Keswick</a> in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, leaving Hogg in York.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>At this time Shelley was also involved in an intense platonic relationship with Elizabeth Hitchener, a 28-year-old unmarried schoolteacher of advanced views, with whom he had been corresponding. Hitchener, whom Shelley called the "sister of my soul" and "my second self", became his confidante and intellectual companion as he developed his views on politics, religion, ethics and personal relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley proposed that she join him, Harriet and Eliza in a communal household where all property would be shared.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Shelleys and Eliza spent December and January in Keswick where Shelley visited <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a> whose poetry he admired. Southey was taken with Shelley, even though there was a wide gulf between them politically, and predicted great things for him as a poet. Southey also informed Shelley that <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, author of <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enquiry_Concerning_Political_Justice" title="Enquiry Concerning Political Justice">Political Justice</a></i>, which had greatly influenced him in his youth, and which Shelley also admired, was still alive. Shelley wrote to Godwin, offering himself as his devoted disciple. Godwin, who had modified many of his earlier radical views, advised Shelley to reconcile with his father, become a scholar before he published anything else, and give up his avowed plans for political agitation in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Meanwhile, Shelley had met his father's patron, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Howard,_11th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk">Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk</a>, who helped secure the reinstatement of Shelley's allowance.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Harriet's allowance also restored, Shelley now had the funds for his Irish venture. Their departure for Ireland was precipitated by increasing hostility towards the Shelley household from their landlord and neighbours who were alarmed by Shelley's scientific experiments, pistol shooting and radical political views. As tension mounted, Shelley claimed he had been attacked in his home by ruffians, an event which might have been real or a delusional episode triggered by stress. This was the first of a series of episodes in subsequent years where Shelley claimed to have been attacked by strangers during periods of personal crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Early in 1812, Shelley wrote, published and personally distributed in Dublin three political tracts: <i>An Address, to the Irish People; Proposals for an Association of Philanthropists;</i> and <i>Declaration of Rights</i>. He also delivered a speech at a meeting of O'Connell's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Committee_(Ireland)" title="Catholic Committee (Ireland)">Catholic Committee</a> in which he called for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a>, repeal of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union</a> and an end to the oppression of the Irish poor. Reports of Shelley's subversive activities were sent to the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Returning from Ireland, the Shelley household travelled to Wales, then Devon, where they again came under government surveillance for distributing subversive literature. Elizabeth Hitchener joined the household in Devon, but several months later had a falling out with the Shelleys and left.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Shelley household had settled in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremadog" title="Tremadog">Tremadog</a>, Wales, in September 1812, where Shelley worked on <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mab_(poem)" title="Queen Mab (poem)">Queen Mab</a></i>, a utopian allegory with extensive notes preaching atheism, free love, republicanism and vegetarianism. The poem was published the following year in a private edition of 250 copies, although few were initially distributed because of the risk of prosecution for seditious and religious libel.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In February 1813, Shelley claimed he was attacked in his home at night. The incident might have been real, a hallucination brought on by stress, or a hoax staged by Shelley in order to escape government surveillance, creditors and his entanglements in local politics. The Shelleys and Eliza fled to Ireland, then London.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Back in England, Shelley's debts mounted as he tried unsuccessfully to reach a financial settlement with his father. On 23 June Harriet gave birth to a girl, Eliza Ianthe Shelley (known as Ianthe), and in the following months the relationship between Shelley and his wife deteriorated. Shelley resented the influence Harriet's sister had over her while Harriet was alienated from Shelley by his close friendship with an attractive widow, Mrs. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_de_Boinville" title="Harriet de Boinville">Harriet de Boinville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mrs. Boinville had married a French revolutionary émigré and hosted a <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salon</a></i> where Shelley was able to discuss politics, philosophy and vegetarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mrs. Boinville became a <i>confidante</i> of Shelley during his marital crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a breakdown, Shelley moved into Mrs. Boinville’s home outside London. In February and March 1814, he became infatuated with her married daughter, Cornelia Turner, age eighteen, and wrote erotic poetry about her in his notebook.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Following Ianthe's birth, the Shelleys moved frequently across London, Wales, the Lake District, Scotland and Berkshire to escape creditors and search for a home.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1814, Shelley remarried Harriet in London to settle any doubts about the legality of their Edinburgh wedding and secure the rights of their child. Nevertheless, the Shelleys lived apart for most of the following months, and Shelley reflected bitterly on: "my rash & heartless union with Harriet".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length portrait of a woman wearing a black dress sitting on a red sofa. Her dress is off the shoulder, exposing her shoulders. The brush strokes are broad." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rothwell_(painter)" title="Richard Rothwell (painter)">Richard Rothwell</a>'s portrait of Mary Shelley in later life was shown at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in 1840, accompanied by lines from Percy Shelley's poem <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolt_of_Islam" title="The Revolt of Islam">The Revolt of Islam</a></i> calling her a "child of love and light".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elopement_with_Mary_Godwin">Elopement with Mary Godwin</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In May 1814, Shelley began visiting his mentor Godwin almost daily, and soon fell in love with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary</a>, the sixteen-year-old daughter of Godwin and the late feminist author <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>. Shelley and Mary declared their love for each other during a visit to her mother's grave in the churchyard of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church" title="St Pancras Old Church">St Pancras Old Church</a> on 26 June. When Shelley told Godwin that he intended to leave Harriet and live with Mary, his mentor banished him from the house and forbade Mary from seeing him. Shelley and Mary eloped to Europe on 28 July, taking Mary's step-sister <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a> with them. Before leaving, Shelley had secured a loan of £3,000 but had left most of the funds at the disposal of Godwin and Harriet, who was again pregnant. The financial arrangement with Godwin led to rumours that he had sold his daughters to Shelley.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley, Mary and Claire made their way across war-ravaged France where Shelley wrote to Harriet, asking her to meet them in Switzerland with the money he had left for her. Hearing nothing from Harriet in Switzerland, and unable to secure sufficient funds or suitable accommodation, the three travelled to Germany and Holland before returning to England on 13 September.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley spent the next few months trying to raise loans and avoid bailiffs. Mary was pregnant, lonely, depressed and ill. Her mood was not improved when she heard that, on 30 November, Harriet had given birth to Charles Bysshe Shelley, heir to the Shelley fortune and baronetcy.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed, in early January 1815, by news that Shelley's grandfather, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Bysshe_Shelley,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet">Sir Bysshe</a>, had died leaving an estate worth £220,000. The settlement of the estate, and a financial settlement between Shelley and his father (now Sir Timothy), however, was not concluded until April the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HistorySixWeeksTourMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/HistorySixWeeksTourMap.png/220px-HistorySixWeeksTourMap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/HistorySixWeeksTourMap.png/330px-HistorySixWeeksTourMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/HistorySixWeeksTourMap.png/440px-HistorySixWeeksTourMap.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Routes of the 1814 and 1816 continental tours</figcaption></figure>
<p>In February 1815, Mary gave premature birth to a baby girl who died ten days later, deepening her depression. In the following weeks, Mary became close to Hogg who temporarily moved into the household. Shelley was almost certainly having a sexual relationship with Claire at this time, and it is possible that Mary, with Shelley's encouragement, was also having a sexual relationship with Hogg. In May Claire left the household, at Mary's insistence, to reside in Lynmouth.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In August Shelley and Mary moved to Bishopsgate where Shelley worked on <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastor,_or_The_Spirit_of_Solitude" title="Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude">Alastor</a></i>, a long poem in blank verse based on the myth of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_(mythology)" title="Echo (mythology)">Echo</a>. <i>Alastor</i> was published in an edition of 250 in early 1816 to poor sales and largely unfavourable reviews from the conservative press.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On 24 January 1816, Mary gave birth to William Shelley. Shelley was delighted to have another son, but was suffering from the strain of prolonged financial negotiations with his father, Harriet and William Godwin. Shelley showed signs of delusional behaviour and was contemplating an escape to the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byron">Byron</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Claire initiated a sexual relationship with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> in April 1816, just before his self-exile on the continent, and then arranged for Byron to meet Shelley, Mary, and her in Geneva.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley admired Byron's poetry and had sent him <i>Queen Mab</i> and other poems. Shelley's party arrived in Geneva in May and rented a house close to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Diodati" title="Villa Diodati">Villa Diodati</a>, on the shores of Lake Geneva, where Byron was staying. There Shelley, Byron and the others engaged in discussions about literature, science and "various philosophical doctrines". One night, while Byron was reciting Coleridge's <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christabel_(poem)" title="Christabel (poem)">Christabel</a></i>, Shelley suffered a severe panic attack with hallucinations. The previous night Mary had had a more productive vision or nightmare which inspired her novel <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley and Byron then took a boating tour around Lake Geneva, which inspired Shelley to write his "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn_to_Intellectual_Beauty" title="Hymn to Intellectual Beauty">Hymn to Intellectual Beauty</a>", his first substantial poem since <i>Alastor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tour of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a> in the French Alps inspired "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc_(poem)" title="Mont Blanc (poem)">Mont Blanc</a>", which has been described as an atheistic response to Coleridge's "Hymn before Sunrise in the Vale of Chamoni".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this tour, Shelley often signed guest books with a declaration that he was an atheist. These declarations were seen by other British tourists, including Southey, which hardened attitudes against Shelley back home.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Relations between Byron and Shelley's party became strained when Byron was told that Claire was pregnant with his child. Shelley, Mary, and Claire left Switzerland in late August, with arrangements for the expected baby still unclear, although Shelley made provision for Claire and the baby in his will.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1817 Claire gave birth to a daughter by Byron who she named Alba, but later renamed <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegra_Byron" title="Allegra Byron">Allegra</a> in accordance with Byron's wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_to_Mary_Godwin">Marriage to Mary Godwin</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;">
<blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">
<div class="poem">
<p><b>Ozymandias</b><br />
<br />
I met a traveller from an antique land,<br />
Who said—"Two vast and trunkless legs of stone<br />
Stand in the desart.... Near them, on the sand,<br />
Half sunk a shattered visage lies, whose frown,<br />
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,<br />
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read<br />
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,<br />
The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed;<br />
And on the pedestal, these words appear:<br />
My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;<br />
Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!<br />
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay<br />
Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare<br />
The lone and level sands stretch far away."<br />
</p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1818</cite></p>
</div><p>Shelley and Mary returned to England in September 1816, and in early October they heard that Mary's half-sister <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a> had killed herself. Godwin believed that Fanny had been in love with Shelley, and Shelley himself suffered depression and guilt over her death, writing: "Friend had I known thy secret grief / Should we have parted so."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further tragedy followed in December when Shelley's estranged wife Harriet drowned herself in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serpentine" title="The Serpentine">Serpentine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harriet, pregnant and living alone at the time, believed that she had been abandoned by her new lover. In her suicide letter she asked Shelley to take custody of their son Charles but to leave their daughter in her sister Eliza's care.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley married Mary Godwin on 30 December, despite his philosophical objections to the institution. The marriage was intended to help secure Shelley's custody of his children by Harriet and to placate Godwin who had refused to see Shelley and Mary because of their previous adulterous relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a prolonged legal battle, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a> eventually awarded custody of Shelley and Harriet's children to foster parents, on the grounds that Shelley had abandoned his first wife for Mary without cause and was an atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-ucla-law-_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucla-law--78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In March 1817 the Shelleys moved to the village of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlow,_Buckinghamshire" title="Marlow, Buckinghamshire">Marlow, Buckinghamshire</a>, where Shelley's friend <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Love_Peacock" title="Thomas Love Peacock">Thomas Love Peacock</a> lived. The Shelley household included Claire and her baby Allegra, both of whose presence Mary resented.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley's generosity with money and increasing debts also led to financial and marital stress, as did Godwin's frequent requests for financial help.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On 2 September Mary gave birth to a daughter, Clara Everina Shelley. Soon after, Shelley left for London with Claire, which increased Mary's resentment towards her stepsister.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley was arrested for two days in London over money he owed, and attorneys visited Mary in Marlowe over Shelley's debts.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley took part in the literary and political circle that surrounded <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Hunt" title="Leigh Hunt">Leigh Hunt</a>, and during this period he met <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">William Hazlitt</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>. Shelley's major work during this time was <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laon_and_Cythna" class="mw-redirect" title="Laon and Cythna">Laon and Cythna</a></i>, a long narrative poem featuring incest and attacks on religion. It was hastily withdrawn after publication due to fears of prosecution for religious libel, and was re-edited and reissued as <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolt_of_Islam" title="The Revolt of Islam">The Revolt of Islam</a></i> in January 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley also published two political tracts under a pseudonym: <i>A Proposal for putting Reform to the Vote throughout the Kingdom</i> (March 1817) and <i>An Address to the People on the Death of Princess Charlotte</i> (November 1817).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December he wrote "Ozymandias", which is considered to be one of his finest sonnets, as part of a competition with friend and fellow poet <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Smith_(poet)" title="Horace Smith (poet)">Horace Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Severn_-_Posthumous_Portrait_of_Shelley_Writing_Prometheus_Unbound_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Joseph_Severn_-_Posthumous_Portrait_of_Shelley_Writing_Prometheus_Unbound_1845.jpg/330px-Joseph_Severn_-_Posthumous_Portrait_of_Shelley_Writing_Prometheus_Unbound_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Joseph_Severn_-_Posthumous_Portrait_of_Shelley_Writing_Prometheus_Unbound_1845.jpg/495px-Joseph_Severn_-_Posthumous_Portrait_of_Shelley_Writing_Prometheus_Unbound_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Joseph_Severn_-_Posthumous_Portrait_of_Shelley_Writing_Prometheus_Unbound_1845.jpg/660px-Joseph_Severn_-_Posthumous_Portrait_of_Shelley_Writing_Prometheus_Unbound_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption><i>Posthumous Portrait of Shelley Writing</i> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Unbound_(Shelley)" title="Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)"><i>Prometheus Unbound</i></a> <i>in Italy</i> – painting by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Severn" title="Joseph Severn">Joseph Severn</a>, 1845</figcaption></figure>
<p>On 12 March 1818 the Shelleys and Claire left England to escape its "tyranny civil and religious". A doctor had also recommended that Shelley go to Italy for his chronic lung complaint, and Shelley had arranged to take Claire's daughter, Allegra, to her father Byron who was now in Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>After travelling some months through France and Italy, Shelley left Mary and baby Clara at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagni_di_Lucca" title="Bagni di Lucca">Bagni di Lucca</a> (in today's Tuscany) while he travelled with Claire to Venice to see Byron and make arrangements for visiting Allegra. Byron invited the Shelleys to stay at his summer residence at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Este,_Veneto" title="Este, Veneto">Este</a>, and Shelley urged Mary to meet him there. Clara became seriously ill on the journey and died on 24 September in Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Clara's death, Mary fell into a long period of depression and emotional estrangement from Shelley.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><span class="anchor" id="dejection"></span>The Shelleys moved to Naples on 1 December, where they stayed for three months. During this period Shelley was ill, depressed and almost suicidal: a state of mind reflected in his poem "Stanzas written in Dejection – December 1818, Near Naples".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>While in Naples, Shelley registered the birth and baptism of a baby girl, Elena Adelaide Shelley (born 27 December), naming himself as the father and falsely naming Mary as the mother. The parentage of Elena has never been conclusively established. Biographers have variously speculated that she was adopted by Shelley to console Mary for the loss of Clara, that she was Shelley's child by Claire, that she was his child by his servant Elise Foggi, or that she was the child of a "mysterious lady" who had followed Shelley to the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley registered the birth and baptism on 27 February 1819, and the household left Naples for Rome the following day, leaving Elena with carers.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elena was to die in a poor suburb of Naples on 9 June 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In Rome, Shelley was in poor health, probably having developed nephritis and tuberculosis which later was in remission.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, he made significant progress on three major works: <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_and_Maddalo" title="Julian and Maddalo">Julian and Maddalo</a></i>, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Unbound_(Shelley)" title="Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)">Prometheus Unbound</a></i> and <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cenci" title="The Cenci">The Cenci</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Julian and Maddalo</i> is an autobiographical poem which explores the relationship between Shelley and Byron and analyses Shelley's personal crises of 1818 and 1819. The poem was completed in the summer of 1819, but was not published in Shelley's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Prometheus Unbound</i> is a long dramatic poem inspired by Aeschylus's retelling of the Prometheus myth. It was completed in late 1819 and published in 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Cenci</i> is a verse drama of rape, murder and incest based on the story of the Renaissance Count Cenci of Rome and his daughter Beatrice. Shelley completed the play in September and the first edition was published that year. It was to become one of his most popular works and the only one to have two authorised editions in his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>
Shelley's three-year-old son William died in June 1819, probably of malaria. The new tragedy caused a further decline in Shelley's health and deepened Mary's depression. On 4 August she wrote: "We have now lived five years together; and if all the events of the five years were blotted out, I might be happy".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"></p><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;">
<blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">
<div class="poem">
<p><br />
Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:<br />
What if my leaves are falling like its own!<br />
The tumult of thy mighty harmonies<br />
<br />
Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,<br />
Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,<br />
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!<br />
<br />
Drive my dead thoughts over the universe<br />
Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!<br />
And, by the incantation of this verse,<br />
<br />
Scatter, as from unextinguished hearth<br />
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!<br />
Be through my lips to unawakened Earth<br />
<br />
The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,<br />
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?<br />
</p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">From "Ode to the West Wind", 1819</cite></p>
</div><p>The Shelleys were now living in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> where, in September, Shelley heard of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a> of peaceful protesters in Manchester. Within two weeks he had completed one of his most famous political poems, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Mask of Anarchy</a></i>, and despatched it to Leigh Hunt for publication. Hunt, however, decided not to publish it for fear of prosecution for seditious libel. The poem was only officially published in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Shelleys moved to Florence in October, where Shelley read a scathing review of the <i>Revolt of Islam</i> (and its earlier version <i>Laon and Cythna</i>) in the conservative <i>Quarterly Review</i>. Shelley was angered by the personal attack on him in the article which he erroneously believed had been written by Southey. His bitterness over the review lasted for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On 12 November, Mary gave birth to a boy, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Percy Florence Shelley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the time of Percy's birth, the Shelleys met <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Stacey" title="Sophia Stacey">Sophia Stacey</a>, who was a ward of one of Shelley's uncles and was staying at the same pension as the Shelleys. Sophia, a talented harpist and singer, formed a friendship with Shelley while Mary was preoccupied with her newborn son. Shelley wrote at least five love poems and fragments for Sophia including "Song written for an Indian Air".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Shelleys moved to Pisa in January 1820, ostensibly to consult a doctor who had been recommended to them. There they became friends with the Irish republican Margaret Mason (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_King" title="Margaret King">Lady Margaret Mountcashell</a>) and her common-law husband <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_William_Tighe" title="George William Tighe">George William Tighe</a>. Mrs Mason became the inspiration for Shelley's poem "The Sensitive Plant", and Shelley's discussions with Mason and Tighe influenced his political thought and his critical interest in the population theories of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In March, Shelley wrote to friends that Mary was depressed, suicidal and hostile towards him. Shelley was also beset by financial worries, as creditors from England pressed him for payment and he was obliged to make secret payments in connection with his "Neapolitan charge" Elena.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Meanwhile, Shelley was writing <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Philosophical_View_of_Reform" title="A Philosophical View of Reform">A Philosophical View of Reform</a></i>, a political essay which he had begun in Rome. The unfinished essay, which remained unpublished in Shelley's lifetime, has been called "one of the most advanced and sophisticated documents of political philosophy in the nineteenth century".<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Another crisis erupted in June when Shelley claimed that he had been assaulted in the Pisan post office by a man accusing him of foul crimes. Shelley's biographer <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bieri" title="James Bieri">James Bieri</a> suggests that this incident was possibly a delusional episode brought on by extreme stress, as Shelley was being blackmailed by a former servant, Paolo Foggi, over baby Elena.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that the blackmail was connected with a story spread by another former servant, Elise Foggi, that Shelley had fathered a child to Claire in Naples and had sent it to a foundling home.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley, Claire and Mary denied this story, and Elise later recanted.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In July, hearing that John Keats was seriously ill in England, Shelley wrote to the poet inviting him to stay with him at Pisa. Keats replied with hopes of seeing him, but instead, arrangements were made for Keats to travel to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the death of Keats in 1821, Shelley wrote <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonais" title="Adonais">Adonais</a></i>, which <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> considers one of the major pastoral elegies.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem was published in Pisa in July 1821, but sold few copies.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In early July 1820, Shelley heard that baby Elena had died on 9 June. In the months following the post office incident and Elena's death, relations between Mary and Claire deteriorated and Claire spent most of the next two years living separately from the Shelleys, mainly in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>That December Shelley met Teresa (Emilia) Viviani, who was the 19-year-old daughter of the Governor of Pisa and was living in a convent awaiting a suitable marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley visited her several times over the next few months and they started a passionate correspondence which dwindled after her marriage the following September. Emilia was the inspiration for Shelley's major poem <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipsychidion" title="Epipsychidion">Epipsychidion</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In March 1821 Shelley completed "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Defence_of_Poetry" title="A Defence of Poetry">A Defence of Poetry</a>", a response to Peacock's article "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Ages_of_Poetry" title="The Four Ages of Poetry">The Four Ages of Poetry</a>". Shelley's essay, with its famous conclusion "Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world", remained unpublished in his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley went alone to Ravenna in early August to see Byron, making a detour to Livorno for a rendezvous with Claire. Shelley stayed with Byron for two weeks and invited the older poet to spend the winter in Pisa. After Shelley had heard Byron recite his newly completed fifth canto of <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_(poem)" title="Don Juan (poem)">Don Juan</a></i> he wrote to Mary: "I despair of rivalling Byron."<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In November Byron moved into Villa Lanfranchi in Pisa, just across the river from the Shelleys. Byron became the centre of the "Pisan circle" which was to include Shelley, Thomas Medwin, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ellerker_Williams" title="Edward Ellerker Williams">Edward Williams</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_John_Trelawny" title="Edward John Trelawny">Edward Trelawny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In the early months of 1822 Shelley became increasingly close to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Williams" title="Jane Williams">Jane Williams</a>, who was living with her partner Edward Williams in the same building as the Shelleys. Shelley wrote a number of love poems for Jane, including "The Serpent is shut out of Paradise" and "With a Guitar, to Jane". Shelley's obvious affection for Jane was to cause increasing tension among Shelley, Edward Williams and Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Claire arrived in Pisa in April at Shelley's invitation, and soon after they heard that her daughter Allegra had died of typhus in Ravenna. The Shelleys and Claire then moved to Villa Magni, near <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerici" title="Lerici">Lerici</a> on the shores of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_La_Spezia" title="Gulf of La Spezia">Gulf of La Spezia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley acted as mediator between Claire and Byron over arrangements for the burial of their daughter, and the added strain led to Shelley having a series of hallucinations.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Mary almost died from a miscarriage on 16 June, her life only being saved by Shelley's effective first aid. Two days later Shelley wrote to a friend that there was no sympathy between Mary and him and if the past and future could be obliterated he would be content in his boat with Jane and her guitar. That same day he also wrote to Trelawny asking for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">prussic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following week, Shelley woke the household with his screaming over a nightmare or hallucination in which he saw Edward and Jane Williams as walking corpses and himself strangling Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>During this time, Shelley was writing his final major poem, the unfinished <i>The Triumph of Life</i>, which Harold Bloom has called "the most despairing poem he wrote".<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>On 1 July 1822, Shelley and Edward Williams sailed in Shelley's new boat the <i>Don Juan</i> to Livorno where Shelley met Leigh Hunt and Byron in order to make arrangements for a new journal, <i>The Liberal</i>. After the meeting, on 8 July, Shelley, Williams, and their boat boy sailed out of Livorno for Lerici. A few hours later, the <i>Don Juan</i> and its inexperienced crew were lost in a storm.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vessel, an open boat, had been custom-built in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> for Shelley. Mary Shelley declared in her "Note on Poems of 1822" (1839) that the design had a defect and that the boat was never seaworthy. The sinking, however, was probably due to the severe storm and poor seamanship of the three men on board.<sup id="cite_ref-prell_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prell-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley's badly decomposed body washed ashore at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viareggio" title="Viareggio">Viareggio</a> ten days later and was identified by Trelawny from the clothing and a copy of Keats's <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamia_(poem)" title="Lamia (poem)">Lamia</a></i> in a jacket pocket. On 16 August, his body was cremated on a beach near Viareggio and the ashes were buried in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Cemetery,_Rome" title="Protestant Cemetery, Rome">Protestant Cemetery of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Edouard_Fournier_-_The_Funeral_of_Shelley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Louis_Edouard_Fournier_-_The_Funeral_of_Shelley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Louis_Edouard_Fournier_-_The_Funeral_of_Shelley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Louis_Edouard_Fournier_-_The_Funeral_of_Shelley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-Louis_Edouard_Fournier_-_The_Funeral_of_Shelley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Louis_Edouard_Fournier_-_The_Funeral_of_Shelley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-Louis_Edouard_Fournier_-_The_Funeral_of_Shelley_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption><i>The Funeral of Shelley</i> by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_%C3%89douard_Fournier" title="Louis Édouard Fournier">Louis Édouard Fournier</a> (1889). Pictured in the centre are, from left, Trelawny, Hunt, and Byron. In fact, Hunt did not observe the cremation, and Byron left early. Mary Shelley, who is pictured kneeling at left, did not attend the funeral.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The day after the news of his death reached England, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a> London newspaper <i>The Courier</i> printed: "Shelley, the writer of some infidel poetry, has been drowned; <i>now</i> he knows whether there is God or no."<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percy_Shelley_gravestone_with_clear_text.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Shelley_gravestone_with_clear_text.png/220px-Percy_Shelley_gravestone_with_clear_text.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Shelley_gravestone_with_clear_text.png/330px-Percy_Shelley_gravestone_with_clear_text.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Shelley_gravestone_with_clear_text.png/440px-Percy_Shelley_gravestone_with_clear_text.png 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Shelley's gravestone in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Cemetery,_Rome" title="Protestant Cemetery, Rome">Cimitero Acattolico</a> in Rome; phrases from "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel%27s_Song" title="Ariel's Song">Ariel's Song</a>" in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a></i> appear below</figcaption></figure><p>
Shelley's ashes were reburied in a different plot at the cemetery in 1823. His grave bears the Latin inscription <i>Cor Cordium</i> (Heart of Hearts), and a few lines of "Ariel's Song" from Shakespeare's <i>The Tempest</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nothing of him that doth fade<br />But doth suffer a sea change<br />Into something rich and strange.</p></blockquote>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shelley's_remains"><span id="Shelley.27s_remains"></span>Shelley's remains</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>When Shelley's body was cremated on the beach, his presumed heart resisted burning and was retrieved by Trelawny.<sup id="cite_ref-holden_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holden-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heart was possibly calcified from an earlier tubercular infection, or was perhaps his liver. Trelawny gave the scorched organ to Hunt, who preserved it in spirits of wine and refused to hand it over to Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finally relented and the heart was eventually buried either at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Bournemouth" title="St Peter's Church, Bournemouth">St Peter's Church, Bournemouth</a> or in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Priory" title="Christchurch Priory">Christchurch Priory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunt also retrieved a piece of Shelley's jawbone which, in 1913, was given to the Shelley-Keats Memorial in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-holden_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holden-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_history">Family history</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Shelley's paternal grandfather was <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Bysshe_Shelley,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet">Bysshe Shelley</a> (21 June 1731 – 6 January 1815), who, in 1806, became Sir Bysshe Shelley, First Baronet of Castle Goring.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Sir Bysshe's death in 1815, Shelley's father inherited the baronetcy, becoming <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Shelley" title="Timothy Shelley">Sir Timothy Shelley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley was the eldest of several legitimate children. Bieri argues that Shelley had an older illegitimate brother but, if he existed, little is known of him.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His younger siblings were: John (1806–1866), Margaret (1801–1887), Hellen (1799–1885), Mary (1797–1884), Hellen (1796–1796, died in infancy) and Elizabeth (1794–1831).<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley had two children by his first wife Harriet: Eliza Ianthe Shelley (1813–1876) and Charles Bysshe Shelley (1814–1826).<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had four children by his second wife Mary: an unnamed daughter born in 1815 who only survived ten days; William Shelley (1816–1819); Clara Everina Shelley (1817–1818); and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a> (1819–1889).<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley also declared himself to be the father of Elena Adelaide Shelley (1818–1820), who might have been an illegitimate or adopted daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son Percy Florence became the third baronet of Castle Goring in 1844, following the death of Sir Timothy Shelley.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestry of Percy Bysshe Shelley</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. Sir Timothy Shelley of Fen Place (c. 1700–1770)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Bysshe_Shelley,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet">Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet</a> (1731–1815)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. Johanna Plume (b. 1704)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Timothy_Shelley,_2nd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Timothy Shelley, 2nd Baronet">Sir Timothy Shelley, 2nd Baronet</a> (1753–1844)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. Theobald Michell (d. 1737)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. Mary Catherine Michell (1734–1760)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. Mary Tredcroft (c. 1709–1738)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Percy Bysshe Shelley</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. John Pilford (1680–1745)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. Charles Pilford (1726–1790)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. Mary Michell (1689–c.1775)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. Elizabeth Pilford, Lady Shelley (1763–1846)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. William White (1703–1764)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. Bathia White (1739–1779)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. Bethiah Waller (1703–1764)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political,_religious_and_ethical_views"><span id="Political.2C_religious_and_ethical_views"></span>Political, religious and ethical views</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Shelley was a political radical influenced by thinkers such as Rousseau, Paine, Godwin, Wollstonecraft, and Leigh Hunt.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated Catholic Emancipation, republicanism, parliamentary reform, the extension of the franchise, freedom of speech and peaceful assembly, an end to aristocratic and clerical privilege, and a more equal distribution of income and wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The views he expressed in his published works were often more moderate than those he advocated privately because of the risk of prosecution for seditious libel and his desire not to alienate more moderate friends and political allies.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, his political writings and activism brought him to the attention of the Home Office and he came under government surveillance at various periods.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley's most influential political work in the years immediately following his death was the poem <i>Queen Mab</i>, which included extensive notes on political themes. The work went through 14 official and pirated editions by 1845, and became popular in Owenist and Chartist circles. His longest political essay, <i>A Philosophical View of Reform</i>, was written in 1820, but not published until 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Shelley's advocacy of nonviolent resistance was largely based on his reflections on the French Revolution and rise of Napoleon, and his belief that violent protest would increase the prospect of a military despotism.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Shelley sympathised with supporters of Irish independence, such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Finnerty" title="Peter Finnerty">Peter Finnerty</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Emmet" title="Robert Emmet">Robert Emmet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he did not support violent rebellion. In his early pamphlet <i>An Address, to the Irish People</i> (1812) he wrote: "I do not wish to see things changed now, because it cannot be done without violence, and we may assure ourselves that none of us are fit for any change, however good, if we condescend to employ force in a cause we think right."<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In his later essay <i>A Philosophical View of Reform</i>, Shelley did concede that there were political circumstances in which force might be justified: "The last resort of resistance is undoubtably [<i>sic</i>] insurrection. The right of insurrection is derived from the employment of armed force to counteract the will of the nation."<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley supported the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">1820 armed rebellion against absolute monarchy in Spain</a>, and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">1821 armed Greek uprising against Ottoman rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley's poem "The Mask of Anarchy" (written in 1819, but first published in 1832) has been called "perhaps the first modern statement of the principle of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi was familiar with the poem and it is possible that Shelley had an indirect influence on Gandhi through <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>'s <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Shelley was an avowed atheist, who was influenced by the materialist arguments in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Holbach</a>'s <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">Le Système de la nature</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His atheism was an important element of his political radicalism as he saw organised religion as inextricably linked to social oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overt and implied atheism in many of his works raised a serious risk of prosecution for religious libel. His early pamphlet <i>The Necessity of Atheism</i> was withdrawn from sale soon after publication following a complaint from a priest. His poem <i>Queen Mab</i>, which includes sustained attacks on the priesthood, Christianity and religion in general, was twice prosecuted by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice" title="Society for the Suppression of Vice">Society for the Suppression of Vice</a> in 1821. A number of his other works were edited before publication to reduce the risk of prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_love">Free love</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Shelley's advocacy of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a> drew heavily on the work of Mary Wollstonecraft and the early work of William Godwin. In his notes to <i>Queen Mab</i>, he wrote: "A system could not well have been devised more studiously hostile to human happiness than marriage." He argued that the children of unhappy marriages "are nursed in a systematic school of ill-humour, violence and falsehood". He believed that the ideal of chastity outside marriage was "a monkish and evangelical superstition" which led to the hypocrisy of prostitution and promiscuity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley believed that "sexual connection" should be free among those who loved each other and last only as long as their mutual love. Love should also be free and not subject to obedience, jealousy and fear. He denied that free love would lead to promiscuity and the disruption of stable human relationships, arguing that relationships based on love would generally be of long duration and marked by generosity and self-devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>When Shelley's friend T. J. Hogg made an unwanted sexual advance to Shelley's first wife Harriet, Shelley forgave him of his "horrible error" and assured him that he was not jealous.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is very likely that Shelley encouraged Hogg and Shelley's second wife Mary to have a sexual relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Shelley converted to a vegetable diet in early March 1812 and sustained it, with occasional lapses, for the remainder of his life. Shelley's vegetarianism was influenced by ancient authors such as Hesiod, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Ovid and Plutarch, but more directly by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frank_Newton" title="John Frank Newton">John Frank Newton</a>, author of <i>The Return to Nature, or, A Defence of the Vegetable Regimen</i> (1811). Shelley wrote two essays on vegetarianism: <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a></i> (1813) and "On the Vegetable System of Diet" (written circa 1813–1815, but first published in 1929). <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Owen_Jones" title="Michael Owen Jones">Michael Owen Jones</a> argues that Shelley's advocacy of vegetarianism was strikingly modern, emphasising its health benefits, the alleviation of animal suffering, the inefficient use of agricultural land involved in animal husbandry, and the economic inequality resulting from the commercialisation of animal food production.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley's life and works inspired the founding of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a> in England (1847) and directly influenced the vegetarianism of George Bernard Shaw.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_influence">Reception and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Shelley's work was not widely read in his lifetime outside a small circle of friends, poets and critics. Most of his poetry, drama and fiction was published in editions of 250 copies which generally sold poorly. Only <i>The Cenci</i> went to an authorised second edition while Shelley was alive<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – in contrast, Byron's <i>The Corsair</i> (1814) sold out its first edition of 10,000 copies in one day.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The initial reception of Shelley's work in mainstream periodicals (with the exception of the liberal <i>Examiner</i>) was generally unfavourable. Reviewers often launched personal attacks on Shelley's private life and political, social and religious views, even when conceding that his poetry contained beautiful imagery and poetic expression.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also criticism of Shelley's intelligibility and style, Hazlitt describing it as "a passionate dream, a straining after impossibilities, a record of fond conjectures, a confused embodying of vague abstraction".<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley's poetry soon gained a wider audience in radical and reformist circles. <i>Queen Mab</i> became popular with Owenists and Chartists, and <i>Revolt of Islam</i> influenced poets sympathetic to the workers' movement such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hood" title="Thomas Hood">Thomas Hood</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cooper_(poet)" title="Thomas Cooper (poet)">Thomas Cooper</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>However, Shelley's mainstream following did not develop until a generation after his death. Bieri argues that editions of Shelley's poems published in 1824 and 1839 were edited by Mary Shelley to highlight her late husband's lyrical gifts and downplay his radical ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a> famously described Shelley as a "beautiful and ineffectual angel".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shelley was a major influence on a number of important poets in the following decades, including <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Swinburne" class="mw-redirect" title="Algernon Swinburne">Algernon Swinburne</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom410_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom410-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley-like characters frequently appeared in nineteenth-century literature; they include Scythrop in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Love_Peacock" title="Thomas Love Peacock">Thomas Love Peacock</a>’s <i>Nightmare Abbey</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ladislaw in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>’s <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlemarch" title="Middlemarch">Middlemarch</a></i> and Angel Clare in Hardy's <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Twentieth-century critics such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._R._Leavis" title="F. R. Leavis">Leavis</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Tate" title="Allen Tate">Allen Tate</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a> variously criticised Shelley's poetry for deficiencies in style, "repellent" ideas, and immaturity of intellect and sensibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom410_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom410-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Shelley's critical reputation began to rise in the 1960s as a new generation of critics highlighted Shelley's debt to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Spenser</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>, his mastery of genres and verse forms, and the complex interplay of sceptical, idealist, and materialist ideas in his work.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American literary critic <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> describes him as "a superb craftsman, a lyric poet without rival, and surely one of the most advanced sceptical intellects ever to write a poem".<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom410_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom410-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Donald H. Reiman, "Shelley belongs to the great tradition of Western writers that includes <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keats_Shelly_Museum,_Spanish_Steps,_Rome.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Keats_Shelly_Museum%2C_Spanish_Steps%2C_Rome.JPG/300px-Keats_Shelly_Museum%2C_Spanish_Steps%2C_Rome.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Keats_Shelly_Museum%2C_Spanish_Steps%2C_Rome.JPG/450px-Keats_Shelly_Museum%2C_Spanish_Steps%2C_Rome.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Keats_Shelly_Museum%2C_Spanish_Steps%2C_Rome.JPG/600px-Keats_Shelly_Museum%2C_Spanish_Steps%2C_Rome.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keats%E2%80%93Shelley_Memorial_House" title="Keats–Shelley Memorial House">Keats–Shelley Memorial House</a>, at right with a red sign, by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Steps" title="Spanish Steps">Spanish Steps</a> in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_(Tate_Britain)_(Amelia_Robertson_Hill,_bronze,_idealised_only,_1882).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_%28Tate_Britain%29_%28Amelia_Robertson_Hill%2C_bronze%2C_idealised_only%2C_1882%29.jpg/220px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_%28Tate_Britain%29_%28Amelia_Robertson_Hill%2C_bronze%2C_idealised_only%2C_1882%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_%28Tate_Britain%29_%28Amelia_Robertson_Hill%2C_bronze%2C_idealised_only%2C_1882%29.jpg/330px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_%28Tate_Britain%29_%28Amelia_Robertson_Hill%2C_bronze%2C_idealised_only%2C_1882%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_%28Tate_Britain%29_%28Amelia_Robertson_Hill%2C_bronze%2C_idealised_only%2C_1882%29.jpg/440px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_%28Tate_Britain%29_%28Amelia_Robertson_Hill%2C_bronze%2C_idealised_only%2C_1882%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of Shelley by Amelia Robertson Hill, 1882, on display at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a> (idealised only)</figcaption></figure>
<p>Shelley died leaving many of his works unfinished, unpublished or published in expurgated versions with multiple errors. Since the 1980s, a number of projects have aimed at establishing reliable editions of his manuscripts and works. Among the most notable of these are:<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<ul><li>Reiman, D. H. (gen ed), <i>The Bodleian Shelley Manuscripts</i> (23 vols.), New York (1986–2002)</li>
<li>Reiman, D. H. (gen ed), <i>The Manuscripts of the Younger Romantics: Shelley</i> (9 vols., 1985–97)</li>
<li>Reiman, D. H., and Fraistat, N. (et al.) <i>The Complete Poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley</i> (3 vols.), 1999–2012, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press</li>
<li>Cameron, K. N., and Reiman, D. H. (eds), <i>Shelley and his Circle 1773–1822</i>, Cambridge, Mass., 1961– (8 vols.)</li>
<li>Everest K., Matthews, G., et al. (eds), <i>The Poems of Shelley, 1804–1821</i> (4 vols.), Longman, 1989–2014</li>
<li>Murray, E. B. (ed), <i>The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley</i>, Vol. 1, 1811–1818, Oxford University Press, 1995</li></ul>
<p>Shelley's long-lost "Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things" (1811) was rediscovered in 2006 and subsequently made available online by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> in Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Charles E. Robinson<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> has argued that Shelley's contribution to Mary Shelley's novel <i>Frankenstein</i> was very significant and that Shelley should be considered her collaborator in writing the novel. Professor Charlotte Gordon and others have disputed this contention.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Sampson" title="Fiona Sampson">Fiona Sampson</a> has said: "In recent years Percy's corrections, visible in the <i>Frankenstein</i> notebooks held at the Bodleian Library in Oxford, have been seized on as evidence that he must have at least co-authored the novel. In fact, when I examined the notebooks myself, I realised that Percy did rather less than any line editor working in publishing today."<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Keats–Shelley Memorial Association, founded in 1903, supports the Keats–Shelley House in Rome which is a museum and library dedicated to the Romantic writers with a strong connection with Italy. The association is also responsible for maintaining the grave of Percy Bysshe Shelley in the non-Catholic Cemetery at Testaccio. The association publishes the scholarly <i>Keats–Shelley Review</i>. It also runs the annual Keats–Shelley and Young Romantics Writing Prizes and the Keats–Shelley Fellowship.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Works are listed by estimated year of composition. The year of first publication is given when this is different. Source is Bieri,<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unless otherwise indicated.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li>(1810) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Poetry_by_Victor_and_Cazire" title="Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire">Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire</a></i> (collaboration with Elizabeth Shelley)</li>
<li>(1810) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_Fragments_of_Margaret_Nicholson" title="Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson">Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson</a></i> (collaboration with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">Thomas Jefferson Hogg</a>)</li>
<li>(1812) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Walk" title="The Devil's Walk">The Devil's Walk</a></i></li>
<li>(1813) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mab_(poem)" title="Queen Mab (poem)">Queen Mab</a></i></li>
<li>(1815) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastor,_or_The_Spirit_of_Solitude" title="Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude">Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude</a></i> (published 1816)</li>
<li>(1816) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc_(poem)" title="Mont Blanc (poem)">Mont Blanc</a></i> (published 1817)</li>
<li>(1816) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutability_(poem)" title="Mutability (poem)">Mutability</a></i></li>
<li>(1817) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn_to_Intellectual_Beauty" title="Hymn to Intellectual Beauty">Hymn to Intellectual Beauty</a></i></li>
<li>(1817) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolt_of_Islam" title="The Revolt of Islam">The Revolt of Islam</a></i> (published 1818)</li>
<li>(1818) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozymandias" title="Ozymandias">Ozymandias</a></i></li>
<li>(1818) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_and_Helen" title="Rosalind and Helen">Rosalind and Helen</a></i> (published 1819)</li>
<li>(1818) <i>Lines Written Among the Euganean Hills</i> (published 1819)</li>
<li>(1819) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_in_1819" title="England in 1819">England in 1819</a></i> (published 1839)</li>
<li>(1819) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Philosophy" title="Love's Philosophy">Love's Philosophy</a></i></li>
<li>(1819) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_to_the_West_Wind" title="Ode to the West Wind">Ode to the West Wind</a></i> (published 1820)</li>
<li>(1819) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Mask of Anarchy</a></i> (published 1832)</li>
<li>(1819) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_and_Maddalo" title="Julian and Maddalo">Julian and Maddalo</a></i> (published 1824)</li>
<li>(1820) <i>Peter Bell the Third</i> (published 1839)</li>
<li>(1820) <i>Letter to Maria Gisborne</i> (published 1824)</li>
<li>(1820) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_a_Skylark" title="To a Skylark">To a Skylark</a></i></li>
<li>(1820) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cloud_(poem)" title="The Cloud (poem)">The Cloud</a></i></li>
<li>(1820) <i>The Sensitive Plant</i><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>(1820) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witch_of_Atlas" title="The Witch of Atlas">The Witch of Atlas</a></i> (published 1824)</li>
<li>(1821) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonais" title="Adonais">Adonais</a></i></li>
<li>(1821) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipsychidion" title="Epipsychidion">Epipsychidion</a></i></li>
<li>(1821) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_When_Soft_Voices_Die" title="Music, When Soft Voices Die">Music, When Soft Voices Die</a></i> (published 1824)</li>
<li>(1822) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Word_is_Too_Often_Profaned" title="One Word is Too Often Profaned">One Word is Too Often Profaned</a></i> (published 1824)</li>
<li>(1822) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dirge" title="A Dirge">A Dirge</a></i> (published 1824)</li>
<li>(1822) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Life" title="The Triumph of Life">The Triumph of Life</a></i> (unfinished, published 1824)</li>
<li>(1824) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_Poems" title="Posthumous Poems">Posthumous Poems</a></i></li></ul>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>(1819) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cenci" title="The Cenci">The Cenci</a></i></li>
<li>(1820) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Unbound_(Shelley)" title="Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)">Prometheus Unbound</a></i></li>
<li>(1820) <i>Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant</i></li>
<li>(1822) <i>Charles the First</i> (unfinished)</li>
<li>(1822) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_(poem)" title="Hellas (poem)">Hellas</a></i></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>(1810) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastrozzi" title="Zastrozzi">Zastrozzi</a></i></li>
<li>(1810) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Irvyne" title="St. Irvyne">St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian</a></i> (published 1811)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_prose_works">Short prose works</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>"The Assassins, A Fragment of a Romance" (1814)</li>
<li>"The Coliseum, A Fragment" (1817)</li>
<li>"The Elysian Fields: A Lucianic Fragment" (1818)</li>
<li>"Una Favola (A Fable)" (1819, originally in Italian)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays">Essays</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Necessity_of_Atheism" title="The Necessity of Atheism">The Necessity of Atheism</a> (with T. J. Hogg) (1811)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetical_Essay_on_the_Existing_State_of_Things" title="Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things">Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things</a> (1811)</li>
<li>An Address, to the Irish People (1812)</li>
<li>Declaration of Rights (1812)<sup id="cite_ref-tinsel_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tinsel-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_to_Lord_Ellenborough" title="A Letter to Lord Ellenborough">A Letter to Lord Ellenborough</a> (1812)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a> (1813)</li>
<li>A Refutation of Deism (1814)<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Speculations on Metaphysics (1814)</li>
<li>On the Vegetable System of Diet (1814–1815; published 1929)</li>
<li>On a Future State (1815)</li>
<li>On The Punishment of Death (1815)</li>
<li>Speculations on Morals (1817)</li>
<li>On Christianity (incomplete, 1817; published 1859)</li>
<li>On Love (1818)</li>
<li>On the Literature, the Arts and the Manners of the Athenians (1818)</li>
<li>On <i>The Symposium</i>, or Preface to <i>The Banquet</i> Of Plato (1818)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Frankenstein" title="On Frankenstein">On <i>Frankenstein</i></a> (1818; published in 1832)</li>
<li>On Life (1819)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Philosophical_View_of_Reform" title="A Philosophical View of Reform">A Philosophical View of Reform</a> (1819–20, first published 1920)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Defence_of_Poetry" title="A Defence of Poetry">A Defence of Poetry</a> (1821, published 1840)</li></ul>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapbooks">Chapbooks</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfstein_(book)" title="Wolfstein (book)">Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit</a></i> (1822)</li>
<li><i>Wolfstein, The Murderer; or, The Secrets of a Robber's Cave</i> (1830)</li></ul>
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<ul><li>The Banquet (or The Symposium) of Plato (1818) (first published in unbowdlerised form 1931)</li>
<li>Ion of Plato (1821)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborations_with_Mary_Shelley">Collaborations with Mary Shelley</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>(1817) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</a></i></li>
<li>(1820) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpine_(play)" title="Proserpine (play)">Proserpine</a></i></li>
<li>(1820) <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midas_(Shelley_play)" title="Midas (Shelley play)">Midas</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wollstonecraft_tree.svg" title="File:Wollstonecraft tree.svg">Godwin–Shelley family tree</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Universe" title="Rising Universe">Rising Universe</a></i> – A 1996 water sculpture celebrating the life of Shelley in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsham" title="Horsham">Horsham</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>, near his birthplace; largely removed in 2016</li></ul>
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<p><b>Notes</b>
</p>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shelley">"Shelley"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Shelley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fshelley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Shelley">"Shelley"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Shelley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FShelley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerber2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber, Michael</a> (2012). <i>The Cambridge Introduction to British Romantic Poetry</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–8. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76906-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76906-8"><bdi>978-0-521-76906-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Introduction+to+British+Romantic+Poetry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6-8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76906-8&rft.aulast=Ferber&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-25312">"Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), poet"</a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25312">10.1093/ref:odnb/25312</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shelley%2C+Percy+Bysshe+%281792%E2%80%931822%29%2C+poet&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25312&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-25312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bloom410-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom410_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom410_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom410_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom410_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2004" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Harold (2004). <i>The Best Poems of the English Language, From Chaucer through Frost</i>. New York: Harper Collins. p. 410. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-054041-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-054041-9"><bdi>0-06-054041-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+Poems+of+the+English+Language%2C+From+Chaucer+through+Frost&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-06-054041-9&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:8-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaderO'Neill2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Leader" title="Zachary Leader">Leader, Zachary</a>; <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Neill_(academic)" title="Michael O'Neill (academic)">O'Neill, Michael</a>, eds. (2003). <i>Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Major Works</i>. Oxfordshire, England: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. xi–xix. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281374-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281374-9"><bdi>0-19-281374-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Percy+Bysshe+Shelley%2C+The+Major+Works&rft.place=Oxfordshire%2C+England&rft.pages=xi-xix&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-281374-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:9-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'NeillHowe2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, Michael; Howe, Anthony, eds. (2013). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Percy Bysshe Shelley</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 5. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199558360" title="Special:BookSources/9780199558360"><bdi>9780199558360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Percy+Bysshe+Shelley&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199558360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1974" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Richard (1974). <i>Shelley, the Pursuit</i>. London, England: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 391, 594, 678. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297767224" title="Special:BookSources/0297767224"><bdi>0297767224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shelley%2C+the+Pursuit&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=391%2C+594%2C+678&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0297767224&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:10-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 208–10, 402.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:11-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2004" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Thomas (2004). <i>Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor</i>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 26–30. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84230-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84230-1"><bdi>0-521-84230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+as+Disciple+and+Mentor&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=26-30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-84230-1&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Michael Owen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01">"In Pursuit of Percy Shelley, 'The First Celebrity Vegan': An Essay on Meat, Sex, and Broccoli"</a>. <i>Journal of Folklore Research</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 1–30. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fjfolkrese.53.2.01">10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01">10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148558932">148558932</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Folklore+Research&rft.atitle=In+Pursuit+of+Percy+Shelley%2C+%27The+First+Celebrity+Vegan%27%3A+An+Essay+on+Meat%2C+Sex%2C+and+Broccoli&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148558932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fjfolkrese.53.2.01%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fjfolkrese.53.2.01&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fjfolkrese.53.2.01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leader and O'Neill (2003), p. xiv.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Field Place <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1026916" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1026916?section=official-list-entry">"Details from listed building database (1026916)"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Details+from+listed+building+database+%281026916%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1026916%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1974" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Richard (1974). <i>Shelley, the Pursuit</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 10–11. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297767224" title="Special:BookSources/0297767224"><bdi>0297767224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shelley%2C+the+Pursuit&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0297767224&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBieri" class="citation book cs1">Bieri, James (2056). <i>Percy Bysshe Shelley: a biography</i>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 19. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8860-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8860-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-8860-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Percy+Bysshe+Shelley%3A+a+biography&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8860-1&rft.aulast=Bieri&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|year=</code> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 1–17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBieri2004" class="citation book cs1">Bieri, James (2004). <i>Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Youth's Unextinguished Fire, 1792–1816</i>. Newark: University of Delaware Press. pp. 55–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Percy+Bysshe+Shelley%3A+A+Biography%3A+Youth%27s+Unextinguished+Fire%2C+1792%E2%80%931816&rft.place=Newark&rft.pages=55-57&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bieri&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 4–17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedwin1847" class="citation book cs1">Medwin, Thomas (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifepercybysshe01medwgoog"><i>The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Percy+Bysshe+Shelley&rft.place=London&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Medwin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifepercybysshe01medwgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmour2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Gilmour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Gilmour">Gilmour, Ian</a> (2002). <i>Byron and Shelley: The Making of the Poets</i>. New York: Carol & Graf Publishers. pp. 96–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byron+and+Shelley%3A+The+Making+of+the+Poets&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Carol+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gilmour&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBieri2004" class="citation book cs1">Bieri, James (2004). <i>Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Youth's Unextinguished Fire, 1792–1816</i>. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Percy+Bysshe+Shelley%3A+A+Biography%3A+Youth%27s+Unextinguished+Fire%2C+1792%E2%80%931816&rft.place=Newark&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bieri&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 19–20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 24–5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:7-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 25–30.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotopoulos1949" class="citation book cs1">Notopoulos, James (1949). <i>The Platonism of Shelley</i>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. pp. 32–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Platonism+of+Shelley&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=32-34&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Notopoulos&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Neill_(academic)" title="Michael O'Neill (academic)">O'Neill, Michael</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25312">"Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25312">10.1093/ref:odnb/25312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shelley%2C+Percy+Bysshe+%281792%E2%80%931822%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25312&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F25312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 38–39.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 43–47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 58–60.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBieri2008" class="citation book cs1">Bieri, James (2008). <i>Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 111, 114, 137–45. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8861-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8861-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-8861-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Percy+Bysshe+Shelley%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=111%2C+114%2C+137-45&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8861-8&rft.aulast=Bieri&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1974" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Richard (1974). <i>Shelley: the Pursuit</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 67–8. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2977-6722-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-2977-6722-4"><bdi>0-2977-6722-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shelley%3A+the+Pursuit&rft.place=London&rft.pages=67-8&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-2977-6722-4&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 156, 173.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 139, 148–9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 77–9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 136–7, 162–3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 165–77.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 149–54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 170, 193–5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 187–91.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 182–3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 191–4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 198–210.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 210–30.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 238–51, 255.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 238–54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard, (1974). p. 216.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James, (2005). pp. 259-260.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Neil Cameron, Donald H. Reiman, and Doucet Devin Fischer, eds., <i>Shelley and His Circle</i>, 1773-1822, 10 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961-2002, 3: 275-276.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974). pp. 216-19, 224-29</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard, (1974). pp. 227-228.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Boinville, Barbara. <i>At the Center of the Circle: Harriet de Boinville (1773-1847) and the Writers She Influenced During Europe’s Revolutionary Era</i> (New Academia Publishing, 2023), p. 99.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 256–69.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 269–70.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seymour, p. 458.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp, 273–84, 292.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 285–292.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 293–300.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 300–02, 328–9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 305–9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 308–10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp, 321–3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 322–4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 324–8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 331–6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 336–41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 340.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 342–3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 338, 345–6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 356, 412.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 347.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBieri2005" class="citation book cs1">Bieri, James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPfPWaPD-CcC"><i>Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Exile of Unfulfilled Renown, 1816–1822</i></a>. Newark: University of Delaware Press. pp. 15–16. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-893-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-893-0"><bdi>0-87413-893-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Percy+Bysshe+Shelley%3A+A+Biography%3A+Exile+of+Unfulfilled+Renown%2C+1816%E2%80%931822&rft.place=Newark&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-87413-893-0&rft.aulast=Bieri&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPfPWaPD-CcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On Tuesday a respectable female, far advanced in pregnancy, was taken out of the Serpentine river.... A want of honour in her own conduct is supposed to have led to this fatal catastrophe, her husband being abroad". <i>The Times</i> (London), Thursday, 12 December 1816, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 21–24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 355–56.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 25–27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ucla-law--78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ucla-law-_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolokh" class="citation web cs1">Volokh, Eugene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/custody.pdf">"Parent-Child Speech and Child Custody Speech Restrictions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UCLA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA&rft.atitle=Parent-Child+Speech+and+Child+Custody+Speech+Restrictions&rft.aulast=Volokh&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww2.law.ucla.edu%2Fvolokh%2Fcustody.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For details of Harriet's suicide and Shelley's remarriage see Bieri (2008), pp. 360–69.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 369.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 41–42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 411.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 376–77.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 42–44.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), p. 44.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 48–54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 35–37, 45–46.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 410.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), p. 55.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 40–43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 77–80.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 446–47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), p. 80.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 112–14.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 439–45.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), p. 115.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 465–66.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 106–7.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), p. 119.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), p. 125.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 76–77, 84–87.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 125–32, 400.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 133–42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 123–25.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 519, 526.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 529–41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 162–64.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 560.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 352–54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 564–68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 170–77.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 188–89.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 575–76.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 182–88.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 177–80.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 191–93.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 246–47, 252.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 467–68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 247–49, 292.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 473.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 199–201.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloom, Harold (2004), p. 419.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 238, 242.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (2005), pp. 596–601.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 214–15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 220–23.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 231–33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 244–51.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), p. 269, and chs 14, 15, <i>passim</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 280–85, 297.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 297–300.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 713–15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 307–10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 313–14.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloom, Harold (2004), p. 438.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 319–27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-prell-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prell_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Sinking of the <i>Don Juan</i>" by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Prell" title="Donald Prell">Donald Prell</a>, <i>Keats–Shelley Journal</i>, Vol. LVI, 2007, pp. 136–54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 331–36.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/24/featuresreviews.guardianreview1#:~:text=In%20the%20summer%20of%201822,Spezia%20was%20set%20to%20become">"Richard Holmes on Shelley's drowning myths"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 24 January 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Richard+Holmes+on+Shelley%27s+drowning+myths&rft.date=2004-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2004%2Fjan%2F24%2Ffeaturesreviews.guardianreview1%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520the%2520summer%2520of%25201822%2CSpezia%2520was%2520set%2520to%2520become&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), p. 336.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-holden-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holden_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holden_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Holden, <i>The Wit in the Dungeon: A Life of Leigh Hunt</i> (2005), ch. 7 'I never beheld him more': 1821-2, p. 166.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), pp. 334–335, 354.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2005), p. 354.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermione_Lee" title="Hermione Lee">Lee, Hermoine</a> (2007). "Shelley's Heart and Pepys's Lobsters". <i>Virginia Woolf's Nose: Essays on biography</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691130446" title="Special:BookSources/9780691130446"><bdi>9780691130446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shelley%27s+Heart+and+Pepys%27s+Lobsters&rft.btitle=Virginia+Woolf%27s+Nose%3A+Essays+on+biography&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780691130446&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Hermoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 6, 11, 12, 71.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 300–301.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), p. 3 and note 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 30, 71–2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 258, 299, 625, 672.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 304–5, 322, 383, 419, 457, 502, 675.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 465–6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), p. 673.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 43, 97–8, 153, 350–2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 120–2, 556–8, 583–93.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 120–2, 365, 592–3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 198–230.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 208–10, 592–3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 557.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Alison (3 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09670882.2014.926124">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Let no man write my epitaph": the contributions of Percy Shelley, Thomas Moore and Robert Southey to the memorialisation of Robert Emmet"</a>. <i>Irish Studies Review</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 285–303. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09670882.2014.926124">10.1080/09670882.2014.926124</a></span>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-0882">0967-0882</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170900710">170900710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=%22Let+no+man+write+my+epitaph%22%3A+the+contributions+of+Percy+Shelley%2C+Thomas+Moore+and+Robert+Southey+to+the+memorialisation+of+Robert+Emmet&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-303&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170900710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0967-0882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09670882.2014.926124&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09670882.2014.926124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 120.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 591.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 528–9, 589.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105232938/http://www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/SP94.10.4.Nichols.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/SP94.10.4.Nichols.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.morrissociety.org%2FJWMS%2FSP94.10.4.Nichols.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 50.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), p. 267.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), p. 76.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 30, 201, 208–9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 204–8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 90–92.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 276–83.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 302–9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 309, 510, 595.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Richard (1974), pp. 210, 309, 402–5, 510, 542–3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leader and O'Neill (2003), p. xix.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some details on this can also be found in William St Clair's <i>The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period</i> (Cambridge: CUP, 2005) and Richard D. Altick's <i>The English Common Reader</i> (Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1998) 2nd. edn.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 671–3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), p. 466.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neill and Howe (2013), p. 10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leader and O'Neill (2003), p. xi.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe and O'Neill (2013), pp. 3–5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiman1977" class="citation book cs1">Reiman, Donald H. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shelleyspoetrypr00shel/page/544/mode/2up?view=theater">"The Purpose and Method of Shelley's Poetry"</a>. In Donald H. Reiman; Sharon B. Powers (eds.). <i>Shelley's poetry and Prose - Authoritative Texts, Criticism</i>. New York & London: W. W. Norton and Company. p. 544. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04436-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04436-X"><bdi>0-393-04436-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Purpose+and+Method+of+Shelley%27s+Poetry&rft.btitle=Shelley%27s+poetry+and+Prose+-+Authoritative+Texts%2C+Criticism&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-393-04436-X&rft.aulast=Reiman&rft.aufirst=Donald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshelleyspoetrypr00shel%2Fpage%2F544%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11986893/Percy-Shelley.html">"Percy Shelley"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 11 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Percy+Shelley&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F11986893%2FPercy-Shelley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 781–5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neill and Howe (2013), pp. 4–5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poeticalessay.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/">"Shelley's Poetical Essay: The Bodleian Libraries' 12 millionth book"</a>. Oxford: Bodleian Library. November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shelley%27s+Poetical+Essay%3A+The+Bodleian+Libraries%27+12+millionth+book&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Bodleian+Library&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fpoeticalessay.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelley, Mary (with Shelley, Percy), edited by Robinson, Charles E. (2009). <i>The Original Frankenstein: Or, the Modern Prometheus: The Original Two-Volume Novel of 1816–1817 from the Bodleian Library Manuscripts</i>. New York: Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0307474429" title="Special:BookSources/0307474429">0307474429</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2613444/Percy-Bysshe-Shelley-helped-wife-Mary-write-Frankenstein-claims-professor.html">"Percy Bysshe Shelley helped wife Mary write Frankenstein, claims professor"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 24 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Percy+Bysshe+Shelley+helped+wife+Mary+write+Frankenstein%2C+claims+professor&rft.date=2008-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2613444%2FPercy-Bysshe-Shelley-helped-wife-Mary-write-Frankenstein-claims-professor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/13/frankenstein-at-200-why-hasnt-mary-shelley-been-given-the-respect-she-deserves-">Frankenstein at 200 – why hasn't Mary Shelley been given the respect she deserves?</a> The Guardian. 13 January 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keats-shelley.org/">"Keats–Shelley Memorial Association"</a>. <i>Keats–Shelley Memorial Association</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keats%E2%80%93Shelley+Memorial+Association&rft.atitle=Keats%E2%80%93Shelley+Memorial+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fkeats-shelley.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bieri, James (2008), pp. 781–3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kalliope.org/en/text/shelley2003060601">"Percy Bysshe Shelley: "The Sensitive Plant" from Andre digte"</a>. <i>Kalliope</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kalliope&rft.atitle=Percy+Bysshe+Shelley%3A+%22The+Sensitive+Plant%22+from+Andre+digte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fkalliope.org%2Fen%2Ftext%2Fshelley2003060601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-tinsel-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tinsel_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1812" class="citation web cs1">Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/shelley/rights.html">"Declaration of Rights"</a>. <i>panarchy.org</i>. <q>Titles are tinsel, power a corruptor, glory a bubble, and excessive wealth, a libel on its possessor</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=panarchy.org&rft.atitle=Declaration+of+Rights&rft.date=1812&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Percy+Bysshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.panarchy.org%2Fshelley%2Frights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ratbags.com/rsoles/comment/shelleydeism.htm">"Shelley : A Refutation of Deism"</a>. <i>www.ratbags.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ratbags.com&rft.atitle=Shelley+%3A+A+Refutation+of+Deism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ratbags.com%2Frsoles%2Fcomment%2Fshelleydeism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascoe2003" class="citation book cs1">Pascoe, Judith (2003). <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Schor" title="Esther Schor">Esther Schor</a> (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_n1c5"><i><span></span></i>Proserpine<i> and </i>Midas<i><span></span></i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00770-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00770-4"><bdi>0-521-00770-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proserpine+and+Midas&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-00770-4&rft.aulast=Pascoe&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani0000unse_n1c5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span>.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p><b>Bibliography</b>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Blunden" title="Edmund Blunden">Blunden, Edmund</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.186668/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Shelley: A Life Story</i></a>. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shelley%3A+A+Life+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Blunden&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.186668%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bieri" title="James Bieri">James Bieri</a>, <i>Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography</i>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-8861-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-8861-1">0-8018-8861-1</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Altick" title="Richard Altick">Altick, Richard D.</a>, <i>The English Common Reader</i>. Ohio: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Press" title="Ohio State University Press">Ohio State University Press</a>, 1998.</li>
<li>Cameron, Kenneth Neill. <i>The Young Shelley: Genesis of a Radical</i>. First Collier Books ed. New York: Collier Books, 1962, cop. 1950.</li>
<li>Edward Chaney. 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion', <i>Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines</i>, eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2006, pp. 39–69.</li>
<li>Holmes, Richard. <i>Shelley: The Pursuit.</i> London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974.</li>
<li>Leighton, Angela. <i>Shelley and the Sublime: An Interpretation of the Major Poems</i> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1984.</li>
<li>Meaker, M. J. <i>Sudden Endings, 12 Profiles in Depth of Famous Suicides</i>, Garden City, New York, Doubleday, 1964 pp. 67–93: "The Deserted Wife: Harriet Westbrook Shelley".</li>
<li>Maurois, André, <i>Ariel ou la vie de Shelley</i>, Paris, Bernard Grasset, 1923</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_St_Clair" title="William St Clair">St Clair, William</a>. <i>The Godwins and the Shelleys: A Biography of a Family</i>. London: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>, 1990.</li>
<li>St Clair, William. <i>The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period.</i> Cambridge: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2005.</li>
<li>Hay, Daisy. <i>Young Romantics: The Shelleys, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron">Byron</a>, and Other Tangled Lives</i>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>, 2010.</li>
<li>Everest K., Matthews, G., et al. (eds), <i>The Poems of Shelley, 1804–1821</i> (4 vols), Longman, 1989–2014</li>
<li>Murray, E. B. (ed), <i>The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley</i>, Vol 1, 1811–1818, Oxford University Press, 1995</li>
<li>Reiman, D. H., and Fraistat, N. (et al.) <i>The Complete Poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley</i>, (3 vols) 1999–2012, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press</li>
<li>Shelley, Mary, with Percy Shelley. <i>The Original Frankenstein</i>. Edited with an Introduction by Charles E. Robinson. NY: Random House Vintage Classics, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47442-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47442-1">978-0-307-47442-1</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1529">Works by Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20Bysshe%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20B%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20P%2E%20B%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Percy%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22P%2E%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Percy%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Percy%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20Bysshe%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20Bysshe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20B%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20P%2E%20B%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20P%2E%20Bysshe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Percy%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Percy%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22P%2E%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Percy%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Percy%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22P%2E%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20Bysshe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20B%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Percy%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%22%29%20OR%20%28%221792-1822%22%20AND%20Shelley%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/216">Works by Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li>
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<li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/4555">Percy Bysshe Shelley by John Addington Symonds</a></i> at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~djb/shelley/etexts.html">Percy Bysshe Shelley Resources</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/percy-bysshe-shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley: Profile and Poems at Poets.org</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetseers.org/the_romantics/percy_bysshe_shelley/shelleys_poems">Selected Poems of Shelley</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/archives/3344">A Guide to the Percy Bysshe Shelley Manuscript Material in the Pforzheimer Collection</a></li>
<li>A talk on Shelley's politics (MP3) by Paul Foot: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050504053804/http://mp3.lpi.org.uk/footshelleya.mp3">part 1</a>, *<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050504053828/http://mp3.lpi.org.uk/footshelleyb.mp3">part 2</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stirnet.com/HTML/genie/british/ss4as/shelley01.htm">A pedigree of the Shelley family</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paganpressbooks.com/jpl/ION.HTM">Plato's Ion, the Shelley translation</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/shelley_percy/complete-works-of-shelley/">The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F34981">"Archival material relating to Percy Bysshe Shelley"</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Percy+Bysshe+Shelley&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF34981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93343#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04088">Portraits of Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93343#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossetti1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti" title="William Michael Rossetti">Rossetti, William Michael</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shelley, Percy Bysshe"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Shelley,_Percy_Bysshe">"Shelley, Percy Bysshe" </a></span>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 827–832.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shelley%2C+Percy+Bysshe&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=827-832&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rossetti&rft.aufirst=William+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Bysshe+Shelley" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/">Online exhibition of Shelley's notebooks, objects, letters and drafts</a> alongside artefacts of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bl.uk/people/percy-bysshe-shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> at the British Library</li>
<li>Walter Edwin Peck papers (MS 390). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.0390">[1]</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iiif.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/repo/s/shelly/page/home">Fragment of an Address to the Jews</a> – General Library, University of Tokyo</li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Template:Percy Bysshe Shelley"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Template talk:Percy Bysshe Shelley"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Percy Bysshe Shelley"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cenci" title="The Cenci">The Cenci</a></i> (1819)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Unbound_(Shelley)" title="Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)">Prometheus Unbound</a></i> (1820)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_(poem)" title="Hellas (poem)">Hellas</a></i> (1822)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/120px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/180px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/240px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2948" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastrozzi" title="Zastrozzi">Zastrozzi</a></i> (1810)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Irvyne" title="St. Irvyne">St. Irvyne</a></i> (1811)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Necessity_of_Atheism" title="The Necessity of Atheism">The Necessity of Atheism</a>" (1811)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetical_Essay_on_the_Existing_State_of_Things" title="Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things">Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things</a>" (1811)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_to_Lord_Ellenborough" title="A Letter to Lord Ellenborough">A Letter to Lord Ellenborough</a>" (1812)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a></i> (1813)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</a></i> (1817)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Frankenstein" title="On Frankenstein">On Frankenstein</a>" (1817, published 1832)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Philosophical_View_of_Reform" title="A Philosophical View of Reform">A Philosophical View of Reform</a></i> (1819–20, published 1920)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Defence_of_Poetry" title="A Defence of Poetry">A Defence of Poetry</a>" (published posthumously, 1840)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Poetry_by_Victor_and_Cazire" title="Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire">Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire</a></i> (1810)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_Fragments_of_Margaret_Nicholson" title="Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson">Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson</a></i> (1810)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_Poems" title="Posthumous Poems">Posthumous Poems</a></i> (1824)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Walk" title="The Devil's Walk">The Devil's Walk</a>" (1812)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutability_(poem)" title="Mutability (poem)">Mutability</a>" (1816)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn_to_Intellectual_Beauty" title="Hymn to Intellectual Beauty">Hymn to Intellectual Beauty</a>" (1817)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc_(poem)" title="Mont Blanc (poem)">Mont Blanc</a>" (1817)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozymandias" title="Ozymandias">Ozymandias</a>" (1818)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Philosophy" title="Love's Philosophy">Love's Philosophy</a>" (1819)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_to_the_West_Wind" title="Ode to the West Wind">Ode to the West Wind</a>" (1820)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_a_Skylark" title="To a Skylark">To a Skylark</a>" (1820)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cloud_(poem)" title="The Cloud (poem)">The Cloud</a>" (1820)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Word_is_Too_Often_Profaned" title="One Word is Too Often Profaned">One Word is Too Often Profaned</a>" (1822)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music,_When_Soft_Voices_Die" title="Music, When Soft Voices Die">Music, When Soft Voices Die</a>" (1824)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dirge" title="A Dirge">A Dirge</a>" (1824)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_in_1819" title="England in 1819">England in 1819</a>" (1834)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mab_(poem)" title="Queen Mab (poem)">Queen Mab</a></i> (1813)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastor,_or_The_Spirit_of_Solitude" title="Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude">Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude</a></i> (1816)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolt_of_Islam" title="The Revolt of Islam">The Revolt of Islam</a></i> (1818)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_and_Helen" title="Rosalind and Helen">Rosalind and Helen, A Modern Eclogue</a></i> (1819)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipsychidion" title="Epipsychidion">Epipsychidion</a></i> (1821)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adona%C3%AFs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonaïs">Adonaïs</a></i> (1821)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_and_Maddalo" title="Julian and Maddalo">Julian and Maddalo</a></i> (1824)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witch_of_Atlas" title="The Witch of Atlas">The Witch of Atlas</a></i> (1824)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Life" title="The Triumph of Life">The Triumph of Life</a></i> (1824)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Masque of Anarchy</a></i> (1832)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations with<br />Mary Shelley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</a></i> (1817)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpine_(play)" title="Proserpine (play)">Proserpine</a></i> (1820)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midas_(Shelley_play)" title="Midas (Shelley play)">Midas</a></i> (1820)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfstein_(book)" title="Wolfstein (book)">Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit</a></i> (1822)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfstein,_the_Murderer" title="Wolfstein, the Murderer">Wolfstein, The Murderer; or, The Secrets of a Robber's Cave</a></i> (1850)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastrozzi,_The_Master_of_Discipline" title="Zastrozzi, The Master of Discipline">Zastrozzi, The Master of Discipline</a></i> (1977)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastrozzi,_A_Romance" title="Zastrozzi, A Romance">Zastrozzi, A Romance</a></i> (1986)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keats%E2%80%93Shelley_Memorial_House" title="Keats–Shelley Memorial House">Keats–Shelley Memorial House</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_H._Pforzheimer_Collection_of_Shelley_and_His_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and His Circle">Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and His Circle</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Universe" title="Rising Universe">Rising Universe</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley%27s_Cottage" title="Shelley's Cottage">Shelley's Cottage</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_Memorial" title="Shelley Memorial">Shelley Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Diodati" title="Villa Diodati">Villa Diodati</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authorship debates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_authorship_question" title="Frankenstein authorship question"><i>Frankenstein</i> authorship question</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Wrote_Frankenstein" title="The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein">The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> (wife)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a> (son)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Shelley" title="Timothy Shelley">Timothy Shelley</a> (father)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Bysshe_Shelley,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet">Sir Bysshe Shelley</a> (grandfather)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> (father-in-law)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">Thomas Jefferson Hogg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Medwin" title="Thomas Medwin">Thomas Medwin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Love_Peacock" title="Thomas Love Peacock">Thomas Love Peacock</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_John_Trelawny" title="Edward John Trelawny">Edward John Trelawny</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley">The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley%27s_Vegetarianism" title="Shelley's Vegetarianism">Shelley's Vegetarianism</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelley:_A_Life_Story&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley: A Life Story (page does not exist)">Shelley: A Life Story</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</a></i> (1935 film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Poetry" title="Bloody Poetry">Bloody Poetry</a></i> (1984 play)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_(film)" title="Gothic (film)"><i>Gothic</i></a> (1986 film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunted_Summer" title="Haunted Summer">Haunted Summer</a></i> (1988 film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_with_the_Wind" title="Rowing with the Wind">Rowing with the Wind</a></i> (1988 film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley_(film)" title="Mary Shelley (film)">Mary Shelley</a></i> (2017 film)</li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Villa_Diodati" title="The Haunting of Villa Diodati">The Haunting of Villa Diodati</a>" (2020 TV episode)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_Memorial_Award" title="Shelley Memorial Award">Shelley Memorial Award</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary_Shelley" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mary_Shelley" title="Template:Mary Shelley"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mary_Shelley" title="Template talk:Mary Shelley"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mary_Shelley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mary Shelley"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary_Shelley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley_bibliography" title="Mary Shelley bibliography">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilda_(novella)" title="Mathilda (novella)">Mathilda</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpine_(play)" title="Proserpine (play)">Proserpine</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midas_(Shelley_play)" title="Midas (Shelley play)">Midas</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga</a></i></li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_(Shelley)" title="Maurice (Shelley)">Maurice</a>"</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Man" title="The Last Man">The Last Man</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Perkin_Warbeck" title="The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck">The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck</a></i></li>
<li>"<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mortal_Immortal" title="The Mortal Immortal">The Mortal Immortal</a>"</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodore" title="Lodore">Lodore</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkner_(novel)" title="Falkner (novel)">Falkner</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambles_in_Germany_and_Italy" title="Rambles in Germany and Italy">Rambles in Germany and Italy</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_Literary_and_Scientific_Men" title="Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men">Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-82px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-123px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-164px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2109" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> (husband)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a> (son)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> (mother)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> (father)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a> (half-sister)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a> (stepsister)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Poetry" title="Bloody Poetry">Bloody Poetry</a></i> (1984 play)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_(film)" title="Gothic (film)"><i>Gothic</i> (1986 film)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_with_the_Wind" title="Rowing with the Wind"><i>Rowing with the Wind</i> (1988 film)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunted_Summer" title="Haunted Summer"><i>Haunted Summer</i> (1988 film)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley_(film)" title="Mary Shelley (film)"><i>Mary Shelley</i> (2017 film)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Villa_Diodati" title="The Haunting of Villa Diodati">"The Haunting of Villa Diodati" (2020 TV episode)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounseer_Nongtongpaw" title="Mounseer Nongtongpaw">Mounseer Nongtongpaw</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture"><i>Frankenstein</i> in popular culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">John William Polidori</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">Thomas Jefferson Hogg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Diodati" title="Villa Diodati">Villa Diodati</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_Day" title="Frankenstein Day">Frankenstein Day</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary_Wollstonecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Template:Mary Wollstonecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Template talk:Mary Wollstonecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mary Wollstonecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary_Wollstonecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoughts_on_the_Education_of_Daughters" title="Thoughts on the Education of Daughters">Thoughts on the Education of Daughters</a></i> (1787)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary:_A_Fiction" title="Mary: A Fiction">Mary: A Fiction</a></i> (1788)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Stories_from_Real_Life" title="Original Stories from Real Life">Original Stories from Real Life</a></i> (1788)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Men">A Vindication of the Rights of Men</a></i> (1790)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark" title="Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark">Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</a></i> (1796)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria:_or,_The_Wrongs_of_Woman" title="Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman">Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman</a></i> (1798)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Review" title="Analytical Review">Analytical Review</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_(c._1797).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/82px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/123px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/164px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1244" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Timeline of Mary Wollstonecraft">Timeline</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Author_of_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1798)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Her circle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> (husband)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Gardiner" title="Jane Gardiner">Jane Arden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(publisher)" title="Joseph Johnson (publisher)">Joseph Johnson</a> (publisher)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a> (mentor)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a> (daughter)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley</a> (daughter)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a> (grandson)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sculpture_for_Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft">A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft</a></i> (2020 sculpture)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P. B. Shelley</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;">
<div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div>
<p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a>
</p>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beatrice_Cenci" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Beatrice_Cenci" title="Template:Beatrice Cenci"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Beatrice_Cenci" title="Template talk:Beatrice Cenci"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beatrice_Cenci" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beatrice Cenci"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beatrice_Cenci" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Cenci" title="Beatrice Cenci">Beatrice Cenci</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cenci" title="The Cenci">The Cenci</a></i> (Shelley, 1819)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis_(Nobel_play)" title="Nemesis (Nobel play)">Nemesis</a></i> (Nobel, 1896)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Cenci_(opera)" title="Beatrice Cenci (opera)">Beatrice Cenci</a></i>^ (1949)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cenci_(opera)" title="The Cenci (opera)">The Cenci</a></i>^ (1951)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_Cenci" title="Beatrix Cenci">Beatrix Cenci</a></i>^ (1971)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Chancy" title="Beatrice Chancy">Beatrice Chancy</a></i>^ (1998)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Cenci_(1909_film)" title="Beatrice Cenci (1909 film)">Beatrice Cenci</a></i> (1909)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Cenci_(1926_film)" title="Beatrice Cenci (1926 film)">Beatrice Cenci</a></i> (1926)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Cenci_(1941_film)" title="Beatrice Cenci (1941 film)">Beatrice Cenci</a></i> (1941)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Cenci_(1956_film)" title="Beatrice Cenci (1956 film)">Beatrice Cenci</a></i> (1956)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Cenci_(1969_film)" title="Beatrice Cenci (1969 film)">Beatrice Cenci</a></i> (1969)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Beatrice_Cenci" title="Portrait of Beatrice Cenci">Portrait of Beatrice Cenci</a></i> (c. 1600)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>^ based on the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> play</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93343#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93343#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93343#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ab01fe99-bff7-4bf9-ad46-71eb65a3c298">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/72278">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102351">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/973693">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118613774.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027136558">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/cc4d2514-1f6c-48c0-aab5-d7245766fde3">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041469">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x066zh">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30101039">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
