The Salt Range (Punjabi: سلسلہ کوہ نمک) is a mountain range in the north of Punjab[1] province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock salt.[1][2] The range extends along the south of the Potohar Plateau and the north of the Jhelum River. The Salt Range contains the great mines of Khewra, Kalabagh and Warcha which yield vast supplies of salt.[1] Coal of a medium quality is also found here.[1] The Salt Range starts from the Bakralla and Tilla Jogian ridges in the east and extends to the west of River Jhelum.[3]
| Salt Range | |
|---|---|
 Salt Range and Motorway M2 | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,522 m (4,993 ft) |
| Naming | |
| Native name | سلسلہ کوہ نمک (in Urdu) |
| Geography | |
  Salt Range Salt Range (Pakistan) | |
| Range coordinates | 32°40′30″N 72°47′35″E / 32.67500°N 72.79306°E |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | M-2 motorway (Pakistan) |
| Normal route | Kallar Kahar |
In the Himalayan and Salt Range, rock containing fossil of marine life go back to the Ediacaran period (up to 570 million years ago), which shows these rocks have developed out of sea sediments, and that where the Himalayas are now was once a sea.[4]
- Sakaser is the highest peak of the Salt Range.
- Namal Lake, Khabikki Lake and Uchhali Lake are lakes in the Salt Range.
History
editAn inscription found at Kura in the Salt Range records the building of a Buddhist monastery by a person named Rotta Siddhavriddhi during the reign of the Huna ruler Toramana. The donor expresses the wish that the religious merit gained by his gift be shared by him with the king and his family members.[5]
The Awans, Khokhars, Gakhars, and Janjuas had engaged in an endless battle for sovereignty over the Salt Range.
The history of this region (the Salt Range) from the thirteenth century onward had been a record of wars between various landowning dominant and ruling clans of Punjabi Muslims including the Khokhars, Janjuas, Awans and Gakhars for political ascendancy.
According to the Emperor Babar, the Jud and the Janjua were "two races descended from the same father, "[6] who from old times had been rulers of the hills between Nilab and Bhera, that is, of the Salt Range. "On one-half of the hill lived the Jud, and on the other half the Janjua." The Awans now occupy western half of these hills towards Nilab and Janjuas (Rajputs), the eastern part of these Hills. Juds are actually a sub-clan of Janjuas and there are still 7 seven villages of Juds near Dhrabi area of Chakwal including Dhrabi village and dam. They are descendants of Raja Jodh who was 2nd Prince of Janjua King Raja Mal Dev Khan Janjua. There are several forts on these hills and all of them were built by Janjua Rajputs and their ancestors the Pandavs at Katas Raj as well as the Janjua Shahi Dynasty of 2nd Kabul Shahis at Nandna fort. Also, this area is known as the first ever Muslim Rajputs Kingdom and Raja Mal Dev Khan Janjua was the founder of this kingdom. He was from the Chandravanshi Rajput clan and was from the bloodline of famous Indian Mahabharata Warrior Prince Arjun Dev Pandav.
About 1500, Janjua Rajputs' cavalry fought in the battle of Panipat from this area in support of Babur under the command of Malik Hast Khan Janjua (Asad). Sultan Lashkar Janjua and Raja Sanghral Ali Khan Janjua were also commanding their own Muslim Janjua Rajputs during the battles of Panipat and Khanwa against Rana Sanga. All of them were rulers of these hills and chieftains of this ruling Rajput clan. These hills were earlier known as Koh-e-jodh, named after Raja Jodh Janjua, son of Raja Mal Dev Khan Janjua.[7]
Kathwai
editTwo interesting sites are close to Kathwai, Kutte Mar, and Tulaja Fort. At Kutte Mar to the Northeast of Kathwai are Muslim graves made of Kangar and the purported grave of a dog that is said to have died defending the wedding procession of its owner from an attack by bandits. Kutte Mar may have been the place where the Khura inscription of Toramana was found (Buhler 1891–92, 238–41; Sircar 1965: 422–4). If this assessment is correct, a Buddhist monastery was established here around 500. A.D. This inscription and another fragmentary inscription found at Sakaser (Pakistan Archaeology 5, 1968: 284–70) confirm that this area was a flourishing, center for Buddhism, which is borne out by the extensive archaeological remains.
The Tulaja fort is located on a huge rock outcropping with sheer cliffs overlooking the shrine of Kacchianwalla and the Punjab plains. The entire area is covered with the ruins of defensive walls, houses, and other structures made of large stone blocks. Although one building has been identified as a mosque, it is very difficult to distinguish other religious, military or civil structures. One of the most interesting features is a large square tank made of the flat rectangular bricks, which may have supplied water so that the fort could withstand a siege. Comparing this tank with those in other forts may help in assigning a relative date to its construction. In addition to architectural styles, evidence from any coin found here, may help to indicate if this city belonged to the period of the Turk Sultans, Lodhis or Mughals. Extensive remains of a cemetery and other settlements are on the slopes below the fort. There are also supposed to be some remains on Tulaji across the valley from Talaja.[8]
Habitat
editThe Salt Range has a high level of biodiversity and is home to a number of wildlife sanctuaries (ChumbiSurla, Jahlar Lake, Sodhi, Khabekki Lake and KundalRakh) and protected areas, including the Chinji National Park and several forest (e.g. Simli Reserved Forest and Noorpur Reserved Forest) and wetland areas (including Ucchali, Jahlar and Khabbiki lakes).[3]
Geology
editThe Salt Range is the youngest and the most southern part of the western Himalayan Ranges in Pakistan. The range is unlike other Himalaya type, thrusting due to the mechanical strength of the Eocambrian salt near the base of the sedimentary strata overlying Indian basement rock.[9] The mechanical difference between the salt and other sedimentary rock that have collided elsewhere in the greater Himalaya mountain range is that salt acts like a lubricant, not allowing friction between thrust sheets to build up higher topography. Instead, the thrust sheets slide easy on the salt and do not build high topographic relief. This is also why the Salt Range is further south and appears separated from the rest of the greater Himalaya thrust sheets.
The Eocambrian salt in the Salt Range has moved on the base of thrust sheets and has high flow characteristics. The salt flowed until it hit an obstruction in the basement rock. Seismic data of the area has been interpreted to suggest that normal faults in the basement rock acted as an obstruction for the salt to pile up against, building higher and higher topography until the salt overcame the obstruction at depth.[10] The salt then flowed and bulged through the overlying strata, intruding Cambrian aged salt on top of Cenozoic strata.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
- ^ The Salt Range and Khewra Salt Mine whc.unesco.org, accessed 5 June 2023
- ^ a b "The Salt Range (Khewra Salt Mine)". World Wildlife Fund - Pakistan. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ Habib, Irfan (2021). People's History of India - Prehistory. New Delhi: Tulika Books. p. 6. ISBN 9789382381525.
- ^ Upinder Singh (2017). Political Violence in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. p. 240. ISBN 9780674981287.
- ^ Autobiography translated by Erskine, p251
- ^ Four reports made during the years, 1862–63–64–65, Volume 2, by Sir Alexander Cunningham, p.17
- ^ Shahid Jamil Sameeni. "The Salt Range: Pakistan's unique field museum of geology and paleontology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ Jaumé, Steven C.; Lillie, Robert J. (February 1988). "Mechanics of the Salt Range‐Potwar Plateau, Pakistan: A fold‐and‐thrust belt underlain by evaporites". Tectonics. 7 (1): 57–71. doi:10.1029/TC007i001p00057. ISSN 0278-7407.
- ^ Baker, Dan M.; Lillie, Robert J.; Yeats, Robert S.; Johnson, Gary D.; Yousuf, Mohammad; Zamin, Agha Sher Hamid (1988). "Development of the Himalayan frontal thrust zone: Salt Range, Pakistan". Geology. 16 (1): 3. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0003:DOTHFT>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
- ^ Grelaud, Sylvain; Sassi, William; de Lamotte, Dominique Frizon; Jaswal, Tariq; Roure, François (1 November 2002). "Kinematics of eastern Salt Range and South Potwar Basin (Pakistan): a new scenario". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 19 (9): 1127–1139. doi:10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00121-6. ISSN 0264-8172.