The Kalinga war (ended c. 261 BCE)[1] was fought in ancient India between the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka the Great and Kalinga, an independent feudal kingdom located on the east coast, in the present-day state of Odisha and northern parts of Andhra Pradesh.[6] It is presumed that the battle was fought on Dhauli hills in Dhauli which is situated on the banks of Daya River. The Kalinga War was one of the largest and deadliest battles in Indian history.[7]
| Kalinga War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Conquests of Mauryan Empire | |||||||||
 Kalinga (adjacent to the Bay of Bengal) and the Maurya Empire (blue) before the attack of Ashoka The Great | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Mauryan Empire | Kalinga | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Ashoka[3] | Unknown | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown |
100,000 killed, 150,000 deported (figures by Ashoka)[4][5] | ||||||||
This is the only major war Ashoka fought after his accession to the throne, and marked the close of the empire-building and military conquests of ancient India that began with the Mauryan Emperor Chandragupta Maurya.[8] The war cost nearly 250,000 lives.[8]
Background
editAccording to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga janapada originally comprised the area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts.[9]
The reasons for invading Kalinga were to bring peace and for power. Kalinga was a prosperous region consisting of peaceful and artistically skilled people. The northern part of Kalinga was known as the Utkala (Uttar: North, Kal: Kalinga), they were the first from the region to use a navy and traveled offshore to Southeast Asia for trade. For that reason, Kalinga was able to develop several ports and a skilled navy. The culture of Kalinga was a blend of tribal religions and Brahmanism co-existing peacefully.[10]
Kalinga was under the rule of the Nanda Empire who ruled over the region from their capital in Magadha until their fall in 321 BCE.[11] Ashoka's grandfather Chandragupta had possibly attempted to conquer Kalinga but had been repulsed.[12] Ashoka set himself to the task of conquering and annexing Kalinga to the vast Maurya Empire as soon as he securely established himself as the Emperor.[10] Some scholars argue that Kalinga was a strategic threat to the Mauryas. It could interrupt communications between Mauryan capital Pataliputra and possessions in the central Indian peninsula. Kalinga also controlled the coastline for trade in the Bay of Bengal.[13]
Course of the war
editNo war in the history of India is as important either for its intensity or for its results as the Kalinga war of Ashoka. No wars in the annals of human history have changed the heart of the victor from one of wanton cruelty to that of exemplary piety as this one. From its fathomless womb, the history of the world may find out only a few wars to its credit which may be equal to this war and not a single one that would be greater than this. The political history of mankind is really a history of wars and no war has ended with so successful a mission of peace for the entire war-torn humanity as the war of Kalinga.
— Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra, Military History of Odisha[14]
The war was completed in the eighth year of Ashoka's reign, according to his own Edicts of Ashoka, probably in 261 BCE.[1] After a bloody battle for the throne following the death of his father, Ashoka was successful in conquering Kalinga – but the consequences of the savagery changed Ashoka's views on war and led him to pledge to never again wage a war of conquest.
According to Megasthenes, the Greek historian at the court of Chandragupta Maurya, the ruler of Kalinga had a powerful army comprising infantry, cavalry and elephants.[15]
Aftermath
edit
Ashoka had seen the bloodshed and felt that he was the cause of the destruction.[16]
Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Priyadarsi (Ashoka) conquered the Kalingans eight years after his coronation. One hundred and fifty thousand were deported, one hundred thousand were killed and many more died (from other causes). After the Kalingans had been conquered, Beloved-of-the-Gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the Dharma, a love for the Dharma and for instruction in Dharma. Now Beloved-of-the-Gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingans.
— Ashoka, Rock Edict No. 13[17]
Ashoka's response to the Kalinga War is recorded in the Edicts of Ashoka. The Kalinga War prompted Ashoka, already a non-engaged Buddhist, to devote the rest of his life to ahimsa (non-violence) and to dharma-vijaya (victory through dharma). Following the conquest of Kalinga, Ashoka ended the military expansion of the empire and began an era of more than 40 years of relative peace, harmony, and prosperity. [18]
In popular culture
edit- The book "Ashok and the nine unknown" by author Anshul Dupare is based on the aftermath of Kalinga war.[19]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist Architecture, Grafikol 2009, p.30
- ^ Atlas Of Ancient Worlds. DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street, New York. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7566-4512-0.
The third Mauyran king was Ashoka the Great (ruled 268-232 BCE). In about 265 BCE, Ashoka conquered the kingdom of Kalinga.
- ^ Stephen, Becky (2010). India. Internet Archive. North Babylon Public Library. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-85733-525-5.
Ashoka the Great, born in 304 BCE, was emperor of all of the Indian subcontinent or nearly all. His decision to extend his rule to the unconquered kingdom of Kalinga on the Bay of Bengal brought about a conversion of the man and his empire.
- ^ Ashoka (r. 268–231 BCE), Edicts of Ashoka, Major Rock Edict 13.
- ^ Radhakumud Mookerji (1988). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 81-208-0405-8.
- ^ Ringmar, Erik (2019). History of International Relations - A Non-European Perspective. p. 53.
Above all, the spectacular bloodshed which took place at the battle of Kalinga in 260 BCE, in which, reputedly, no fewer than a quarter of a million soldiers died, made him change his ways. Remorseful and disgusted with his previous way of life,..Ashoka the Great, 268-232 BCE, renounced violence, converted to Buddhism, and started a number of projects to improve the lot of the poor, the aged and the widowed.
- ^ "Greatest Battles In The History Of India". WorldAtlas. 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ^ a b Raychaudhuri, H. (2006). Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty. Cosmo Publications. p. 268,305. ISBN 978-81-307-0291-9. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
- ^ Sudāmā Miśra (1973). Janapada state in ancient India. Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana.
- ^ a b Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra(1986) Page 10. Military History of Orissa. Cosmo Publications, New Delhi ISBN 81-7020-282-5
- ^ (Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee 1996, pp. 204-209, pp. 270–271)
- ^ Nagendra, Jaya S. (2013). India at a glance. Internet Archive. Delhi : Kalpaz Publications. p. 87. ISBN 978-81-7835-935-9.
Chandragupta's son Bindusara expanded the kingdom Turkestan down to modern Mysore and comprised most of the northern India and the Deccan. Only Kalinga remained independent.
- ^ Roy, K. (2015). Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Warfare, Society and Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-317-32128-6. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ^ Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra (1986) Page 12. Military History of Odisha. Cosmo Publications, New Delhi ISBN 81-7020-282-5
- ^ Sequeira, Dolly E. (2020). Total History and Civics. Delhi: Morning Star. pp. 45, 46.
- ^ Roy, K. (2015). Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Warfare, Society and Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-317-32128-6. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ^ Allen, Charles (2012). Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 82. ISBN 9781408703885. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ Narayan, Shovana (1999). Dance legacy of Patliputra. Public Resource. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. p. 2. ISBN 978-81-230-0699-4.
Commenting upon the achievements of Ashoka the Great, historian Radha Kamal Mukerji says "not only did Emperor Asoka achieve the consolidation of a vast Indian empire based on a unified Indian culture, but he also spread the message of universal peace and concord to the independent Dravidian countries and to the Greek rulers of Asia".
- ^ "Ashok and the Nine Unknown".
External links
edit- Megasthenes: Indika (archived 10 December 2008)
- The Edicts of King Ashoka (archived 28 March 2014)