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In recent years, the number of people practicing open defecation fell from 20 percent in 2000 to 12 percent in 2015.<ref name="JMP2017"/>{{rp|page=34}} Those 892 million people with no sanitation facility whatsoever continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes, or in open water bodies. Most people (9 of 10) who practice open defecation live in rural areas, but the vast majority lives in two regions ([[Central Asia]] and [[South Asia]]).<ref name="JMP2017" /> Seventy-six percent (678 million) of the 892 million people practicing open defecation in the world live in just seven countries.
In 2017, [[India]] was reported to be the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: 524 million people or 40% of the total population. These numbers have since then been reduced significantly due to the efforts of the Indian government
The countries with large numbers of people who openly defecate are listed in the table below.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+People practicing open defecation by country - in alphabetical order (use up and down arrows to order by numbers). The figures in column 2 and 3 are from 2015, as reported in 2017 by [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation|JMP]]<ref name="JMP2017" /> and made accessible on several websites<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS|title=People practicing open defecation (% of population)|website=data.worldbank.org|accessdate=22 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="JMP17washwatch">{{cite web|url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries-list/|title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene - 2017 (JMP data made available in WASHWatch website)|last=|first=|date=|website=WASHWatch|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and the [[United Nations Children’s Fund]] (UNICEF)|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=26 September 2017}}</ref>
! style="text-align:left;" | Country
!Total country population (in thousands) in 2015 as reported in 2017 by JMP<ref name="JMP2017" /><ref name="JMP17washwatch" />
! style="text-align:left;" data-sort-type="number" | Percentage of people who defecate in the open and absolute numbers (data from 2015 as reported in 2017 by JMP<ref name="JMP2017" /><ref name="JMP17washwatch" />)
!More recent estimates of people defecating in the open (not JMP data but government data)
|-
|style="text-align:left;" | [[Chad]]
|14,037
| 68% or 10 million
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | China
|1,376,049
| 2% or 28 million
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Eritrea]]
|5,228
| 76% or 4 million
|
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;" | Ethiopia
|99,391
| 27% or 27 million
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | India
|1,311,051
|40% or 524 million
|1.4% or 19 million in January 2019<br>according to government data<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/over-83-9-million-toilets-constructed-under-swachh-bharat-mission/india/news/1350692.html|title=Over 83 9 million toilets constructed under Swachh Bharat Mission|accessdate=14 September 2018|publisher=UNI India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-needles-eye/cleaning-up-india-with-gandhiji/|title=Cleaning Up India With Gandhiji|accessdate=20 September 2018|publisher=Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Indonesia
|257,564
| 12% or 31 million
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Niger
|19,899
| 71% or 14 million
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Nigeria
|182,202
| 26% or 47 million
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Pakistan
|188,925
| 12% or 23 million
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[South Sudan]]
|12,340
| 61% or 8 million
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Sudan
|40,235
| 27% or 11 million
|
|-
|}
== Impacts ==
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=== India ===
{{see also|Water supply and sanitation in India|Indian states and union territories ranked by prevalence of open defecation}}
[[File:PM Modi launches the Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (1).jpg|thumb|India's prime minister [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] launches [[Swachh Bharat Mission]] in 2014]]
The [[Government of India]] (GoI) has taken up an initiative called [[Swachh Bharat Mission]] (Clean India Mission) wherein a large scale drive has been initiated to construct toilets on mass level. The government has increased subsidies on toilet construction to INR 15,000.<ref name="AFP-20181002"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/subsidy-for-toilet-construction/article7103602.ece|title=Subsidy for toilet construction|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 April 2015}}</ref> The Government of India claims that the situation has been improving rapidly since 2015, mainly due to the ''Swachh Bharat Abhiyan'' campaign. According to Government of India's October 2018 estimate, only 5% of the total population have no access to toilets and are still doing open defecation.<ref name=":2">http://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/index.htm Retrieved 15 October 2018.</ref> As of September 2018, around 93 percent of the rural population had access to proper sanitation, with the number of people defecating in the open reduced to 150 million, down from 550 million in 2014.<ref name="AFP-20181002">{{cite news |title=Over 83.9 million toilets constructed under Swachh Bharat Mission |url=http://www.uniindia.com/over-83-9-million-toilets-constructed-under-swachh-bharat-mission/india/news/1350692.html |accessdate=8 January 2019 |agency=AFP |date=14 September 2018}}</ref> The goal is to declare India open defecation free (ODF) before 2 October 2019, but the government of India is approaching the initiative much faster and India is likely to achieve ODF status before the deadline.<ref name="JMP2017" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-has-60-4-per-cent-people-without-access-to-toilet-study/|title=India has 60.4 per cent people without access to toilet: Study|date=19 November 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=26 September 2017|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>
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