Ousmane Sembène
Sex or gender | male |
---|---|
Country of citizenship | Senegal |
Given name | Ousmane |
Family name | Sembène |
Date of birth | 1 Dzove 1923 |
Place of birth | Ziguinchor |
Date of death | 9 Masa 2007 |
Place of death | Dakar |
Place of burial | Yoff |
Languages spoken, written or signed | Fransegbe, Wolof |
Educated at | Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography |
Work location | Senegal |
Member of political party | French Communist Party |
Participant in | Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou |
Conflict | World War II |
Military branch | Senegalese Tirailleur |
Nominated for | European Film Award for Best Non-European Film |
Has works in the collection | Museum of Modern Art |
Related category | Category:Films directed by Ousmane Sembène |
Copyright status as a creator | works protected by copyrights |
Ousmane Sembène (Ewe: [usman sɑ̃bɛn] ; Dzove 1 1923 alo Dzove 8 1923[1] – Masa 9 2007), si wogblɔna zi geɖe le Franseawo ƒe atsyã nu be enye Sembène Ousmane le nyatiwo kple numekugbalẽwo me, nye Senegal sinimadzikpɔla, sinimawɔla kple agbalẽŋlɔla. Los Angeles Times bu eŋu be enye Afrika ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla gãtɔwo dometɔ ɖeka eye woyɔe zi geɖe be "Afrika sinima fofo".[2] Esi Ousmane Sembène dzɔ tso Serer çome aɖe me to dadaa dzi tso Matar Sène ƒe ƒomea me ta la, Serertɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔzãwo koŋue dzɔa dzi nɛ vevietɔ Tuurtɔwo ƒe azã .
Agbenɔnɔ le ɖevime
[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]Ousmane Sembène tso Lebou ƒome aɖe me eye wodzii le Ziguinchor, si le Casamance. Fofoa nye tɔƒodela. Tso eƒe ɖevime ke la, wofia nu tso Serertɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔ ŋu, vevietɔ Tuurtɔwo ƒe azã, si me woxɔe ɖe "subɔsubɔha ƒe subɔla" ƒe akpa dzi. Sembène xɔ ŋkɔ le notsi babla si wotsɔ na tɔgbuiawo nono ta, togbɔ be Tuurtɔwo bia tso subɔsubɔhawo si be woatsɔ notsi si wotsɔ ƒoe asa vɔe na tɔgbuiwo ƒe gbɔgbɔwo (Pangool) hã la, Sembène metsɔ eƒe akpa si nye subɔsubɔha me subɔla la nu vevii o eye wokpɔe dze sii le esia wɔwɔ ta. Tanya siwo tso Serer la me dze le eƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ tsitsi aɖewo me. Tɔgbuia si tso fofoa gbɔe nyii eye wòkpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe amesi wòva zu dzi vevie. Zi geɖe la, eƒe nuŋɔŋlɔwo ku ɖe nyɔnuwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ kple nuteƒekpɔkpɔwo ŋu.
Le Sembène ƒe madrasa kple Fransegbe suku dede vaseɖe ƒe 1936 me, esime wòwɔ dzre kple Fransegbe sukua ƒe tatɔ ta la, ete ŋu doa Fransegbe kple Arabgbe ƒomevi gbãtɔ aɖe tsɔ kpe ɖe Wolof ŋu, si nye... eƒe degbe. Wolof dzilawoe doa nu. Le ƒe 1938 me la, Sembène zɔ mɔ yi Dakar, afisi wòwɔ dɔ le le asinudɔwɔwɔ vovovowo me. Do ŋgɔ na ema la, ewɔ dɔ kple fofoa vaseɖe ƒe ma me; ke hã, ʋuʋu ƒe dɔléle aɖe nɔ Sembène ŋu.[3]
Le ƒe 1944 me la, woxɔ Sembène be wòawɔdɔ kple Senegaltɔwo ƒe Tirailleurs, si nye Franseawo ƒe Asrafowo ƒe asrafoha aɖe me.[4] Eƒe asrafodɔ si wòwɔ emegbe le Xexemeʋa II me la nɔ Franseawo ƒe Ablɔɖesrafowo gbɔ. Le aʋaa megbe la, etrɔ yi wo dedukɔ me eye le ƒe 1947 me la, ekpɔ gome le ketekemɔwo dzi dzedze ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe me. Ezã nuteƒekpɔkpɔ sia wònye gɔmeɖoanyi na eƒe agbalẽ si nye God’s Bits of Wood si to vovo, si wota le ƒe 1960 me.
Le ƒe 1947 ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo la, esi yi France, afisi wòwɔ dɔ le zi gbãtɔ le Citroen dɔwɔƒe aɖe le Paris eye emegbe le melidzeƒe siwo le Marseille, afisi wòva ƒo eɖokui ɖe dɔwɔlawo ƒe habɔbɔ si le France me le. Enye dɔwɔlawo ƒe habɔbɔwo ƒe ʋiʋlila le France. Eva zu Kɔmiunist-ha kple CGT si Kɔmiunisttɔwo kplɔ la me tɔ, eye wòkpe asi ɖe ɖoɖowɔwɔ ɖe dɔmedzoedoname aɖe si woɖo be woatsɔ atɔ te aʋawɔnu siwo wozãna le Franseawo ƒe dutanyigbadziʋa si wowɔ le Vietnam me la ɖoɖo ɖe amewo ŋu. Le ɣeyiɣi sia me la, eva nya Haititɔ Marxtɔ agbalẽŋlɔla Jacques Roumain kpakple Harlem Gbɔgbɔyɔyɔ ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla Claude McKay ƒe agbalẽwo.
Agbalẽŋɔŋlɔdɔ ƒe gɔmedzedze
[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]Sembène srɔ̃ nuxexlẽ kple nuŋɔŋlɔ le Fransegbe me le eɖokui si, eye emegbe eɖo ŋu ɖe eƒe agbemenuteƒekpɔkpɔ geɖe ŋu le eƒe agbalẽ gbãtɔ si nye Le Docker Noir (The Black Docker, 1956), si woŋlɔ ɖe Fransegbe me la me. Dɔ sia gblɔ Diaw, si nye Afrikatɔ ʋukula aɖe si doa dzi le nazãbubu kple nuwɔna gbegblẽwo me le tɔdziʋudzeƒewo le Marseille la ƒe ŋutinya. Diaw wɔa agbalẽ aɖe, si nyɔnu yevu aɖe xɔ emegbe eye wòtae ɖe eƒe ŋkɔ te; edze ŋgɔ yevu nyɔnua, ewui le manyamanya me, eye wodrɔ̃ ʋɔnui hewui le nudzɔdzɔ siwo he susu yi Albert Camus ƒe The Stranger (si gɔme woɖe be The Outsider) dzi vevie me. Sembène klo nu le Arab kple Spain dɔwɔlawo ƒe ŋlɔmiwɔwɔ dzi, si na wòdze ƒã be nusiwo ŋu wotsi dzi ɖo la kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe amedzrowo ƒe fuléle dzi abe alesi wòkpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe ameƒomevinyenye dzii ene. Togbɔ be agbalẽa ƒo nu tso Afrikatɔ siwo ʋu va dukɔ bubuwo me ŋudɔwɔwɔ ŋu koŋ hã la, Sembène ƒo nu tso alesi wotea dɔwɔla siwo tso dukɔ bubuwo me hã ŋu. Woŋlɔe le hadomenudzɔdzɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ ƒe gbeɖiɖi me, abe alesi eƒe agbalẽ bubuawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ le ene. Enye Sembène ƒe ŋkɔxɔxɔ le agbalẽŋɔŋlɔ ƒe gɔmedzedze eye wòna gakpekpeɖeŋu si wòhiã be wòayi edzi anɔ nuŋɔŋlɔ dzi le ema megbe.
O Pays, mon beau peuple! nye Sembène ƒe agbalẽ evelia, si wota le ƒe 1957. Eɖe Oumar, agbledela ameyibɔ aɖe si di vevie be yeaxɔ ŋkɔ, si trɔ yi eƒe aƒeme Casamance kple ŋugbetɔ yevu yeye aɖe eye wòɖoe be yeatrɔ asi le agbledede ƒe mɔnu siwo wozãna le nutoa me ŋu wòazu egbegbe tɔ la ƒe ŋutinya fia. Gake Oumar wɔ aʋa kple Franseawo ƒe dutanyigbadziɖuɖu kple hadomeɖoɖo si le kɔƒea me siaa, eye wowui mlɔeba le eƒe nuwɔnawo ta. O Pays, mon beau amewo! nye hadzidzi si xɔ ŋkɔ ŋutɔ le xexeame katã, eye esia wɔe be Sembène va nɔ ha dem le dukɔ siwo le xexeame godoo me, vevietɔ le kɔmiunist dukɔwo abe China, Cuba, kple Soviet Union ene me.
Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu (Mawu ƒe Ati Kakɛwo, ƒe 1960) nye Sembène ƒe agbalẽ etɔ̃lia si wonya nyuie wu; numetola akpa gãtɔ xɔe se be enye eƒe asinudɔwɔwɔ, eye Xala koe nye eƒe hoʋlila ŋutɔŋutɔ. Agbalẽa nye ketekemɔ ƒe dɔmedzoedoname si dzɔ le Dakar-Niger mɔa dzi tso ƒe 1947 va ɖo ƒe 1948. Dɔmedzoedonamea xɔ ƒe eve. Agbalẽa me tɔ vevitɔe nye dɔwɔhawo ƒe nyanuɖela Ibrahima Bakayoko si doa vivi ɖe ame ŋu eye wòklẽna; ke hã, agbalẽa ƒe kalẽtɔ ŋutɔŋutɔe nye nutoa me tɔwo katã, siwo ƒoa ƒu ɖekae le xaxa kple madzɔmadzɔnyenye me tsɔ ʋlia eƒe gomenɔamesiwo ta. Le esia ta la, agbalẽa kplɔ ame vovovo siwo ade blaatɔ̃ ɖo le Senegal katã kple dukɔ si te ɖe Mali ŋu me, eye wòɖe dɔmedzoedonamea fia tso nukpɔsusu ɖesiaɖe si woate ŋu abu me; le susu sia ta la, wotsɔa dɔa toa vovo na Émile Zola ƒe Germinal ɣeaɖewoɣi.
Esi Sembène ta Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu le ƒe 1960 me vɔ la, eɖe eŋutinya kpui siwo woƒo ƒu si ƒe tanyae nye Voltaque (Towo ƒe Abi) le ƒe 1962. Agbalẽa ƒo nu tso ŋutinya kpui vovovowo, gliwo, kple gliwo ŋu, eye wo dometɔ ɖeka ƒe tanyae nye "La Noire de." ...", si agbalẽŋlɔla la ayi edzi atrɔ asi le wòazu eƒe sinima gbãtɔ si me woɖea nu geɖe le. Le ƒe 1964 me la, eta agbalẽ nyanyɛ si nye L’Harmattan (The Harmattan), si ku ɖe ɖokuisinɔnɔ ƒe akɔdada si yia edzi le Afrika-dugã aɖe me ŋu.
Sembène zã ƒe ɖeka tsɔ srɔ̃ alesi woawɔ sinima le Gorky Film Studio le Moscow, Russia, kple Soviettɔwo ƒe sinimadzikpɔla Mark Donskoy. Esia nye tso ƒe 1962 va ɖo ƒe 1963 me.
Emegbe agbalẽŋɔŋlɔdɔ
[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]Sembène ƒe susu va nɔ tɔtrɔm esi wòɖe Le mandat, précédé de Vehi-Ciosane ɖe go (Ga ƒe Ðoɖo kple Yevuwo ƒe Mose Ƒe Agbalẽ Gbãtɔ) le ƒe 1965. Etsɔ agbalẽ eve siawo ɖo taɖodzinu na Afrika kplɔla ŋuklẽla siwo va le Franseawo ƒe dutanyigbadziɖuɖua megbe. Tsã la, eƒoa nu sesĩe tso alesi Franseawo ƒe dutanyigbadziɖuɖua mewɔ nu madzɔmadzɔ ɖe ameyibɔwo kple ganyawo ŋu o ŋu. Enye ame siwo wɔ dɔ le Lotus, si dze egɔme le ƒe 1968 me le Cairo eye Egipte kple Soviet Union ye xe fe ɖe eta la dometɔ ɖeka.[5]
Le eƒe agbalẽ si wòŋlɔ le ƒe 1973 me si nye Xala me la, Sembène lé nyati sia me ɖe asi to asitsala kesinɔtɔ aɖe si ŋkɔe nye El Hadji Abdou Kader Beye si to nusi wòsusu be enye ŋusẽmanɔamesi ƒe fiƒode ( "xala" le Wolof me) me le ŋkeke si dzi wòɖe srɔ̃ kplii la ƒe ŋutinya gbɔgblɔ me eƒe ŋugbetɔ etɔ̃lia lɔlɔ̃tɔ si nye sɔhɛ. El Hadji va nɔa fiƒodea ɖeɖeɖa ŋu to marabouts yiyi me, gake esi wòbu eƒe kesinɔnuwo kple bubu ƒe akpa gãtɔ hafi wòkpɔnɛ be nusi gbɔ wòtsoe nye nubiala si mlɔa eƒe ɔfiswo godo eye wògblẽ nu le ye ŋu be yeaxɔ eƒe kesinɔnuwo.
Le Dernier de l’empire (Fiaɖuƒea ƒe Mamlɛtɔ, 1981), Sembène ƒo nu tso nufitifitiwɔwɔ kple asrafowo ƒe anyigbadziɖuɖu si kplɔe ɖo le Afrika-dukɔ aɖe si xɔ ɖokuisinɔnɔ nyitsɔ laa me ŋu. Niiwam et Taaw (Niiwam kple Taaw), siwo nye agbalẽ eve siwo wòta le ƒe 1987 me, yi edzi le agbenyuinɔnɔ kple hadome ƒe gbegblẽ si le Senegal dugã me la me dzrom.
Wobua Sembène be enye Afrikatɔwo ƒe dutanyigbadziɖuɖu megbe agbalẽŋlɔla veviwo dometɔ ɖeka le eƒe agbalẽ siwo nye Xala kple Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu ta. Samba Gadjigo gblɔ be woɖe Sembène ƒe agbalẽ ewo siwo wota dometɔ adre gɔme ɖe Eŋlisigbe me, togbɔ be Chinua Achebe kple Wole Soyinka, Nigeriatɔ agbalẽŋlɔla mɔɖela eve, ŋlɔ nu ɖe Eŋlisigbe me hã.
Nutata
[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]Sembène di be yeaɖo nyasela gbogbo aɖewo gbɔ elabena enye agbalẽŋlɔla si tsɔ ɖe le hadometɔtrɔwo me. Ese egɔme be togbɔ be dekɔnu me ame ŋkutawo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo sue aɖe koe akpɔ yeƒe agbalẽŋɔŋlɔdɔwo hã la, sinimawo nye "amewo ƒe zãsuku" eye Afrikatɔwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si lolo wu sã ate ŋu akpɔ wo.
Sembène wɔ eƒe sinima gbãtɔ le ƒe 1963 me, si nye sinima kpui aɖe si woyɔna be Barom Sarret (Tasiaɖamdzikpɔla). Ewɔ kpui evelia le ƒe 1964 me si woyɔna be Niaye. Etu eƒe ŋutinya kpuiwo dometɔ ɖeka dzi wɔ eƒe sinima gbãtɔ si nye La Noire de... le ƒe 1966. Enye sinima gbãtɔ si Afrika ƒe anyiehe Sahara sinimawɔla aɖe wɔ kpɔ. Togbɔ be aɖabaƒoƒo 60 koe wòxɔ hã la, Fransegbe me sinima sia xɔ Prix Jean Vigo, si na Sembène kple Afrika sinimawo katã de dzesii enumake. Sembène kplɔ dzidzedzekpɔkpɔ sia ɖo esi wòɖe Mandabi ɖe go le ƒe 1968 me, eye wòna eƒe agbeme didi vevie be yeawɔ sinima le ye degbe Wolof me la va eme.
Xala, si woɖe ɖe go le ƒe 1975 me eye wotu ɖe agbalẽŋlɔla la ŋutɔ ƒe agbalẽ dzi, Ceddo, si woɖe ɖe go le ƒe 1977 me, Camp de Thiaroye, si woɖe ɖe go le ƒe 1987 me, kple Guelwaar, si woɖe ɖe go le ƒe 1992. Wotrɔ asi le Ceddo ŋu ŋutɔ do ŋgɔ na eƒe... woɖe asi le eŋu le Senegal, si wogblɔ be le nya aɖe si ku ɖe Sembène ƒe agbalẽwo ŋu ta; ke hã, ɖeklemiɖela aɖewo gblɔ be asitɔtrɔ sia do ƒome geɖe kple nusiwo woate ŋu abu be wonye nusiwo tsi tre ɖe Moslemtɔwo ŋu le sinima la me. Woɖe Ceddo ɖe go le Senegal le ƒe 2005. Le go bubu me la, Sembène ɖe sinima la katã ɖe go be woamae le duta asiwo me, togbɔ be ema agbalẽvi siwo woŋlɔ ɖe sinimaxɔwo me siwo gblɔ nusiwo woɖe ɖe go ɖe wo nɔewo yome tsitotsito hã. Le ƒe 1971 me la, Sembène hã kpɔ sinima aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Emita, si woɖe le Fransegbe kple Diolagbe siaa me. Wotsɔ sinima sia yi Moscow Dukɔwo Dome nɔnɔmetatawo ƒe Ŋkekenyui 7 lia me, afisi wona Klosalo Nunanae le. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, wode se ɖe enu le Franseawo ƒe Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika katã. Ƒe 1975 ƒe Xala nye eƒe sinima siwo wòtsɔ yi Moscow Dukɔwo Dome Sinimawɔƒe 9 lia la dometɔ ɖeka.
Wotsɔ Ceddo, si nye eƒe sinima, yi Moscow Dukɔwo Dome Sinimawɔƒe 10 lia le ƒe si me woɖee ɖe go, si nye ƒe 1977. Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, ekpɔ gome le Berlin Dukɔwo Dome Sinimawɔƒe 27 lia ƒe tiatia me abe adaŋudeha la me tɔ ene. Wona Bubu ƒe Fetu si wòna le sinima me le Moscow Dukɔwo Dome Sinimawɔƒe ƒe Ŋkekenyui 11 lia me le ƒe 1979. Wotsɔ kafukafu sia nɛ tsɔ de dzesi dɔ si wòwɔ le sinimawɔƒea.
Dutanyigbadziɖuɖu ƒe ŋutinya, mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe gbɔdzɔgbɔdzɔwo, ɖeklemiɖeɖe le Afrika-dukɔmevi siwo le dodom ŋu, kple Afrika nyɔnuwo ƒe kutrikuku nye nyati siwo gbugbɔna le Sembène ƒe sinimawo katã me.
Eƒe sinima mamlɛtɔ, si nye ƒe 2004 ƒe sinima si nye Moolaadé, xɔ fetu le FESPACO Sinimawɔƒe si wowɔ le Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, kple eƒe 2004 ƒe Cannes Film Festival siaa. Sinima sia si woɖe le Afrika du sue aɖe me le Burkina Faso la ku nyɔnuwo ƒe vidzinuwo ɖeɖeɖa ƒe nya si ŋu nyaʋiʋli nɔ la me.
Eyae nye nyati si ŋu woƒo nu tsoe le ƒe 2015 me nuŋlɔɖi film si nye Sembene! .
Zi geɖe la, Sembène wɔa cameo le eƒe sinimawo me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le Mandabigbe me la, ewɔa lɛtaŋlɔla ƒe akpa le posudɔwɔƒe.[6]
Ousmane Sembène ku le Masa 9, 2007, esime wòxɔ ƒe 84. Edze dɔ tso December 2006, eye wòku le eƒe aƒeme le Dakar, Senegal, afisi woɖii ɖe avɔ si wotsɔ Quran ƒe kpukpuiwo ɖo atsyɔ̃ na me. Sembène gblẽ viŋutsu etɔ̃ ɖi le srɔ̃ɖeɖe eve me.
Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI) ƒe agbalẽŋlɔlagã, Seipati Bulane Hopa, yɔ Sembène be "akaɖi si klẽ akaɖi na ame tsɛwo be woazɔ kekeli ƒe mɔ dzi...gbe si ƒoa nu heheɖemegbe manɔmee, ŋutsu." kple ŋutete si ŋu fɔɖiɖi aɖeke mele o si lé eƒe aɖaŋudɔwo ƒe gɔmeɖosewo me ɖe asi madzudzɔmadzudzɔe eye wòwɔe kple fɔmaɖimaɖi kple bubu gã aɖe." Hopa gblɔ tso Sembène ŋu be enye “akaɖi si klẽna na akaɖi na ame tsɛwo be woazɔ kekeli ƒe mɔ dzi.”
Le eƒe bubudede Sembène ŋu me la, South Africa ƒe Aɖaŋudɔwo kple Dekɔnuwo ƒe Dɔdzikpɔla, Pallo Jordan, yi ŋgɔ wu esi wòɖɔe be enye "nunyala bibi kple amegbetɔŋutinunyala si si dekɔnu tɔxɛ aɖe le...hadomegbenɔnɔ ŋuti ɖeklemiɖela si nya nu tso eŋu [si] na xexeame." kple Afrika ŋuti sidzedze bubu."
Dɔwɔwɔwo
[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]Agbalẽwo
[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]- Le Docker noir (agbalẽ) – Paris: Debresse, ƒe 1956; tata yeye si nye Présence Africaine, ƒe 2002; gɔmeɖeɖe. abe The Black Docker, London: Heinemann, ƒe 1987 ene.
- O Pays, mon beau peuple! (agbalẽ) – Ƒe 1957
- Les bouts de bois de Dieu (agbalẽ si woŋlɔ) – ƒe 1960; gɔmeɖeɖe. abe Mawu ƒe Ati Kakɛwo ene, London: Heinemann, 1995.
- Voltaïque (ŋutinya kpuiwo) – Paris: Présence Africaine, ƒe 1962; gɔmeɖeɖe. abe Towo ƒe Abi ene, Washington: INSCAPE, 1975.
- L’Harmattan (agbalẽ) – Paris: Afrikatɔ ƒe anyinɔnɔ, ƒe 1964.
- Le mandat, précédé de Vehi-Ciosane – Paris: Présence Africaine, 1966; gɔmeɖeɖe. abe Ga ƒe Ðoɖo si me Yevuwo ƒe Mose Ƒe Agbalẽ Gbãtɔ Le, London: Heinemann, 1987.
- Xala, Paris: Présence Africaine, 1973.
- Le dernier de l’Empire (agbalẽ) – L’Harmattan, 1981; gɔmeɖeɖe. abe Fiaɖuƒea ƒe Agbalẽ Mamlɛtɔ ene, London: Heinemann, 1983; "safui aɖe na Senegal dunyahehe" – Werner Glinga.
- Niiwam – Paris: Présence Africaine, 1987; gɔmeɖeɖe. abe Niiwam kple Taaw: Agbalẽ Eve (Oxford kple Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1992).
Sinimawo ƒe nɔnɔmetata tiatia aɖewo
[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]- Borom Sarret (ƒe 1963) .
- Niaye (ƒe 1964)
- La Noire de... (ƒe 1966)
- Mandabi (ƒe 1968)
- Tauw (ƒe 1970) .
- Emitaï (ƒe 1971)
- Xala (ƒe 1975) .
- Ceddo (ƒe 1977)
- Thiaroye ƒe Asaɖa (ƒe 1988)
- Guelwaar (ƒe 1992) .
- Faat Kiné (ƒe 2000) .
- Moolaadé (ƒe 2004) .
Nuxexlẽ bubuwo
[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]- Annas, Max, kple Busch, Annett: Ousmane Sembene: Gbebiamewo. Yunivɛsiti ƒe Nyadzɔdzɔdɔwɔƒe, Mississippi, 2008.
- Adeniyi, Idowu Emmanuel, kple ame bubuwo. "Ŋutsu Bubu, Nyɔnu Ðokui kple Nyɔnunyenye megbe Sidzedze le Sembène Ousmane ƒe Mawu ƒe Ati Kakɛwo kple Flora Nwapa ’s Efuru ." Ibadan Journal of Eŋlisigbe Nusɔsrɔ̃ 7 (2019): 57-72.
- Gadjigo, Samba, kple ame bubuwo. Ousmane Sembène: Dzeɖoɖowo Kple Ðeklemiɖelawo Kple Agbalẽŋlɔlawo . Amherst: Massachusetts Yunivɛsiti ƒe Nyadzɔdzɔdɔwɔƒe, 1993.
- Mumin, Nijla, kple ame bubuwo. "Caméras d'Afrique: Elvis Mitchell Le Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika Sinema Ŋu Kple Sinemame Ðeklemiɖeɖe Vovovowo ƒe Hiahiã (Gbebiame)" . IndieWire, Dzove 4, 2013. Eƒe dukɔ nye [United States of America].
- Murphy, David, kple ame bubuwo. Mɔnu Bubuwo Kpɔkpɔ le Sinima Kple Nyakpakpawo Me – Sembene . Oxford: Afrika Xexeame ƒe Nyadzɔdzɔdɔwɔƒe Inc., 2001.
- Niang, Sada, kple ame bubuwo. Agbalẽwo kple sinimawo le afrique francophone: Ousmane Sembène kple Assia Djebar . Paris: L’Harmattan, ƒe 1996.
- Niang, Sada, kple Samba Gadjigo ƒe ŋkɔwo. "Gbebiame kple Ousmane Sembene." Numekuku le Afrikatɔwo ƒe Agbalẽwo me 26:3 (Fall 1995): 174–178.
- Pfaff, Françoise, kple ame bubuwo. Ousmane Sembene ƒe Sinema: Afrikatɔwo ƒe Sinima ƒe Mɔɖela . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood ƒe Nyadzɔdzɔdɔwɔƒe, 1984.
- Rubaba, Protas Pius, kple ame bubuwo. "Nyɔnuwɔwɔ ƒe kadodo ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi le hadometɔtrɔ wɔwɔ me: numekuku le sinima siwo nye Moolaade (Ousmane Sembene) kple Tsi (Deepa Mehta) ŋu." Nelson Mandela Dugã me Yunivɛsiti: PhD diss., 2009.
- Vieyra, Paulin Soumanou, kple ame bubuwo. Ousmane Sembène ƒe sinimaɖeƒe: woɖee fia zi gbãtɔ, ƒe 1962–1971 . Paris: Présence Africaine, ƒe 1972.
Nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo
[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]- ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ousmane-Sembene
- ↑ https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jun-14-me-sembene14-story.html
- ↑ https://newsreel.org/articles/ousmanesembene.htm
- ↑ "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2023-05-27. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210609082847/https://codesria.org/spip.php?article1976
- ↑ https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs/vol11/iss1/3/