Comparison of Laser-Engraved Hole Properties between Cold-Rolled and Laser Additive Manufactured Stainless Steel Sheets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Sample Materials and Manufacture of PBF Sheet
2.2. Differences in Physical Properties
2.3. Drilling Procedure and Parameters
2.4. Measured Properties
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hole Diameters
3.2. Material Removal Rate
3.3. Burning Effect Width
3.4. Hole Taper
3.5. Evaluation of the Microstructures
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | C | Cr | Ni | Mo | Mn | Cu | Si | P | S | N | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CR1 1 | <0.03 | 17.2 | 10.1 | 2.1 | <2 | <0.5 | <0.75 | <0.045 | <0.03 | <0.1 | bal. |
CR2 2 | - | 18.4 | 9.5 | 2.3 | 2.1 | - | 0.6 | - | - | - | 66.7 |
PBF1 3 | <0.03 | 17–19 | 13–15 | 2.25–3 | <2 | <0.5 | <0.75 | <0.025 | <0.01 | <0.1 | bal. |
PBF2 4 | - | 18.4 | 11.4 | 2.4 | 1.3 | - | 0.7 | - | - | - | 65.5 |
Material | Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa | Hardness, Rockwell B | Density, g/cm3 | Coef. of Thermal Exp., °C−1 | Thermal Conductivity, W/(m °C) | Heat Capacity, J/(g °C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
316L | 586 | 81 | 7.9 | 1.602 × 10−5 | 15.1 | 0.502 |
3D printed 316L | 640 ± 50 (horizontal) 540 ± 55 (vertical) | 85 | min. 7.9 | - | - | - |
# | Pulse Length, ns | Pulse Energy, mJ | PRR, kHz | Pulse Overlap, % | Beam Speed, mm/s | Waveform |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 8 | 0.100 | 200 | 75 | 2000 | |
2 | 14 | 0.160 | 125 | 60 | 2000 | |
3 | 20 | 0.190 | 105 | 52 | 2000 | |
4 | 30 | 0.235 | 85 | 50 | 1700 | |
5 | 50 | 0.333 | 60 | 50 | 1200 | |
6 | 100 | 0.500 | 40 | 50 | 800 | |
7 | 200 | 1.000 | 20 | 50 | 400 | |
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Manninen, M.; Hirvimäki, M.; Matilainen, V.-P.; Salminen, A. Comparison of Laser-Engraved Hole Properties between Cold-Rolled and Laser Additive Manufactured Stainless Steel Sheets. Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 913. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7090913
Manninen M, Hirvimäki M, Matilainen V-P, Salminen A. Comparison of Laser-Engraved Hole Properties between Cold-Rolled and Laser Additive Manufactured Stainless Steel Sheets. Applied Sciences. 2017; 7(9):913. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7090913
Chicago/Turabian StyleManninen, Matti, Marika Hirvimäki, Ville-Pekka Matilainen, and Antti Salminen. 2017. "Comparison of Laser-Engraved Hole Properties between Cold-Rolled and Laser Additive Manufactured Stainless Steel Sheets" Applied Sciences 7, no. 9: 913. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7090913