Charm fragmentation fractions and $$\mathbf {c\overline{c}}$$ cross section in p–Pb collisions at $$\mathbf {\sqrt{s _{NN}}=5.02 TeV}$$

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13394-1

Charm fragmentation fractions and $\mathbf {c\overline{c}}$ cross section in p–Pb collisions at $\mathbf {\sqrt{s _{NN}}=5.02 TeV}$

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Published: 13 December 2024

Volume 84, article number 1286, (2024)
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Charm fragmentation fractions and $\mathbf {c\overline{c}}$ cross section in p–Pb collisions at $\mathbf {\sqrt{s _{NN}}=5.02 TeV}$

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Abstract

The total charm-quark production cross section per unit of rapidity $\textrm{d}\sigma ({{\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}}})/\textrm{d}y$, and the fragmentation fractions of charm quarks to different charm-hadron species $f(\textrm{c}\rightarrow {\textrm{h}}_{\textrm{c}})$, are measured for the first time in p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ at midrapidity ($-0.96<y<0.04$ in the centre-of-mass frame) using data collected by ALICE at the CERN LHC. The results are obtained based on all the available measurements of prompt production of ground-state charm-hadron species: $\textrm{D}^{0}$, $\textrm{D}^{+}$, $\textrm{D}_\textrm{s}^{+}$, and $\mathrm {J/\psi }$ mesons, and $\Lambda _\textrm{c}^{+}$ and $\Xi _\textrm{c}^{0}$ baryons. The resulting cross section is $ \textrm{d}\sigma ({{\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}}})/\textrm{d}y =219.6 \pm 6.3\;(\mathrm {stat.}) {\;}_{-11.8}^{+10.5}\;(\mathrm {syst.}) {\;}_{-2.9}^{+8.3}\;(\mathrm {extr.})\pm 5.4\;(\textrm{BR})\pm 4.6\;(\mathrm {lumi.}) \pm 19.5\;(\text {rapidity shape})+15.0\;(\Omega _\textrm{c}^{0})\;\textrm{mb} $, which is consistent with a binary scaling of pQCD calculations from pp collisions. The measured fragmentation fractions are compatible with those measured in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02$ and 13 TeV, showing an increase in the relative production rates of charm baryons with respect to charm mesons in pp and p–Pb collisions compared with $\mathrm {e^{+}e^{-}}$ and $\mathrm {e^{-}p}$ collisions. The $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated nuclear modification factor of charm quarks, $R_\textrm{pPb}({\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}})= 0.91 \pm 0.04\;\mathrm{(stat.)} ^{+0.08}_{-0.09}\;\mathrm{(syst.)} ^{+0.05}_{-0.03}\;\mathrm{(extr.)} \pm 0.03\;\mathrm{(lumi.)}$, is found to be consistent with unity and with theoretical predictions including nuclear modifications of the parton distribution functions.

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1 Introduction

The processes governing the production of heavy-flavour hadrons (those containing at least one charm or beauty quark) in hadronic collisions have recently become a focal point of study at the CERN LHC. Due to their large masses ($m_\textrm{c,b} \gg \Lambda _\textrm{QCD}$), heavy-flavour hadron production is calculable using perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD) under the assumption of factorisation [1, 2]. In this approach, the production cross section of a given hadron species is considered as a convolution of: (i) the parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the colliding hadrons; (ii) the partonic hard-scattering cross sections for a heavy quark to be produced; and (iii) the fragmentation functions, which describe the fraction of the heavy-quark momentum carried by the heavy-flavour hadron. The fragmentation term in the calculation also governs the relative abundances of each hadron species, which are often referred to as ‘fragmentation fractions’. Typically, in the factorisation approach, the hadronisation process is taken to be independent of the collision system. Therefore, the fragmentation functions measured in $\textrm{e}^{+}\textrm{e}^{-}$ collisions are applied equally to calculations in proton–proton (pp) collisions. The assumption of fragmentation as a universal hadronisation mechanism would also result in identical fragmentation fractions between $\textrm{e}^{+}\textrm{e}^{-}$ and pp collisions. This has been tested extensively by measuring the production cross section ratios of different charm-hadron species.

Measurements of the $\textrm{D}^+/\textrm{D}^\textrm{0} $ and $\textrm{D}_{\textrm{s}}^+/\textrm{D}^\textrm{0} $ meson-to-meson production ratios in pp collisions at different energies by the ALICE Collaboration [3, 4] have shown consistent production rates of charm mesons between hadronic collisions and earlier measurements from $\textrm{e}^{+}\textrm{e}^{-}$ and $\textrm{e}^-\textrm{p}$ collisions [5]. However, more recent measurements of the $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}/\textrm{D}^\textrm{0} $ and ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0,+}}/\textrm{D}^\textrm{0} $ production ratios in pp and heavy-ion collisions [4, 6,7,8,9,10,11] have shown a marked increase in charm-baryon production with respect to charm-meson production over the $\textrm{e}^{+}\textrm{e}^{-}$ baseline in hadronic collisions at LHC energies. This was further quantified by determining the charm-hadron fragmentation fractions in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ [3, 4] and $\sqrt{s} = 13~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ [4]. In both cases, a significant relative enhancement of charm-baryon production was observed, along with a corresponding depletion in the charm-meson fragmentation fractions. The results are also consistent within uncertainties between $\sqrt{s} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ and $\sqrt{s} = 13~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $, implying that the collision energy does not play a significant role in the relative abundances of charm-hadron species in hadronic collisions at the LHC. The increase in charm-baryon production is also reflected in an increase of the total charm production cross section in pp collisions over earlier determinations using only the measured D-meson cross sections with the fragmentation fractions from leptonic colliders [12,13,14]. More recently, efforts have also been made to extrapolate and combine the available measurements of charm hadrons in pp collisions from different LHC experiments in complementary regions of phase space in order to determine the total charm production cross section [15].

Measurements of the charm fragmentation fractions in p–Pb collisions are also of particular interest, as they reveal whether the observed changes in relative hadronisation rates for $\textrm{e}^{+}\textrm{e}^{-}$ and pp collisions are mainly due to the increase of the particle multiplicity between these collision systems. The mean charged-particle multiplicity per unit of pseudorapidity $\left. \left\langle \textrm{d}N_\textrm{ch}/\textrm{d}\eta \right\rangle \right| _{|\eta | < 1.0}$ in collisions at the LHC increases both as a function of energy and system size – for minimum-bias pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $, $\left. \left\langle \textrm{d}N_\textrm{ch}/\textrm{d}\eta \right\rangle \right| _{|\eta | < 1.0} = 5.48\pm 0.05\;(\text {uncorr.\,syst.})\pm 0.05\;(\text {corr.\,syst.})$ [16], and for minimum-bias p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $, $\left. \left\langle \textrm{d}N_\textrm{ch}/\textrm{d}\eta \right\rangle \right| _{|\eta | < 1.0}=16.81\pm 0.71\;(\mathrm{syst.})$ [17]. The ALICE Collaboration measured the $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}/\textrm{D}^\textrm{0} $ yield ratio in intervals of charged-particle multiplicity in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ [18], showing that in a hadronic collision, even at relatively small multiplicities, charm-quark hadronisation proceeds differently from $\textrm{e}^{+}\textrm{e}^{-}$ collisions. In the beauty sector, the measurements of ${\Lambda _{\text {b}}^{0}}$-baryon production relative to that of B mesons at forward rapidity in pp and p–Pb collisions by the LHCb Collaboration show a modification of the fragmentation fractions among collision systems similar to that observed for charm quarks at midrapidity [19,20,21,22]. The ALICE Collaboration measured production cross sections of $\textrm{D}^\textrm{0}$ and $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}$ hadrons originating from beauty-hadron decays at midrapidity in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV [23], and a baryon-to-meson enhancement similar to the one measured by LHCb at forward rapidity was observed.

The study of charm production in p–Pb collisions serves as an additional baseline to examine so-called cold nuclear matter (CNM) effects at the LHC. Due to different effects related to the presence of a nucleus in the colliding system, there may also be corresponding changes to the yield and transverse momentum ($p_\textrm{T}$) distribution of charm hadrons. These effects include modifications of the PDFs in nuclei (nPDFs) with respect to the proton PDFs [24, 25] or $k_\textrm{T}$-broadening due to multiple soft collisions before the heavy-quark pair is produced [26, 27]. The resulting modifications of the yields are typically examined using the nuclear modification factor $R_\textrm{pPb}$ [28]. The ALICE measurements of $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}$ production in pp and p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ [6] revealed a significant modification of the $p_\textrm{T}$ distribution of the charm baryon-to-meson ratio between p–Pb and pp collisions, which was not observed for the charm meson-to-meson ratios within the current measurement uncertainties. In addition, an increase of the mean transverse momentum of $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}$ baryons was observed in p–Pb collisions with respect to pp collisions, with no significant difference seen for $\textrm{D}^\textrm{0}$ mesons. This hardening of the $p_\textrm{T}$ spectrum of $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}$ baryons in p–Pb collisions indicates a possible influence of radial flow [29, 30] and/or hadronisation via coalescence [31,32,33]. These effects are consistent with observations from the light-flavour sector, such as measurements of the $\Lambda /\textrm{K}^0_\textrm{S} $ baryon-to-meson ratio in p–Pb collisions [34]. However, the $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated $R_\textrm{pPb}$ of $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}$ baryons was found to be consistent with that of $\textrm{D}^\textrm{0}$ mesons and with unity. With the recent addition of ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}}$ baryons to the available measurements [7], it has become possible to study potential nuclear modifications of the total ${\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}}$ production cross section to conclude whether nPDFs affect the overall creation of charm hadrons. A recent review with a more comprehensive overview of heavy-quark hadronisation can be found in Ref. [35].

In this article, the first measurements of the total charm production cross section per unit of rapidity and the charm-hadron fragmentation fractions at midrapidity in p–Pb collisions at the LHC are presented. Section 2 outlines the previous measurements by the ALICE Collaboration that were used to compute the total charm-quark production cross section and the fragmentation fractions of charm quarks to different charm-hadron species. It also details the theoretical models that were used to extrapolate the measured charm-hadron production cross sections down to $p_\textrm{T} =0$, where necessary. Section 3 shows the results for the charm-hadron fragmentation fractions and ${\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}}$ production cross section in p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $, along with the $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated nuclear modification factor $R_\textrm{pPb}$. A summary is given in Sect. 4.

2 Dataset and analysis

The ALICE detector system is described in detail in Ref. [36]. The measured prompt charm-hadron production cross sections used in this article were obtained from a sample of minimum-bias p–Pb collisions collected in 2016 during Run 2 of the LHC with a total integrated luminosity of $\mathcal {L}_\textrm{int} =287\pm 11\;\mu \textrm{b} ^{-1}$ [37]. The measurements were performed at midrapidity (defined as $-0.96<y<0.04$ in the collision centre-of-mass frame). Prompt charm hadrons are those produced directly in the hadronisation of a charm quark or via the decay of a directly produced excited charm-hadron or charmonium state, while charm hadrons produced by the decays of beauty hadrons are denoted as ‘non-prompt’. D mesons were reconstructed in the decay channels $\textrm{D}^\textrm{0} \rightarrow \textrm{K}^-\pi ^+$, $\textrm{D}^+ \rightarrow \textrm{K}^-\pi ^+\pi ^+$, $\textrm{D}_{\textrm{s}}^+ \rightarrow \phi \pi ^+$, and $\textrm{D}^{*+} \rightarrow \textrm{D}^\textrm{0} \pi ^+$ (and respective charge conjugates) [28]. Charm baryons were reconstructed in the channels $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}\rightarrow \textrm{p} K^{0}_{\textrm{S}}$ [6, 38], $\Lambda _\textrm{c}^{+}\rightarrow \textrm{p} K^-\pi ^+$ [38], and ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}} \rightarrow \Xi ^-\pi ^+$ [7] (and respective charge conjugates). The ${\textrm{J}}/\psi $ mesons were reconstructed in the channel ${\textrm{J}}/\psi \rightarrow \textrm{e}^{+}\textrm{e}^{-} $ [39]. The details of the hadron reconstruction methods can be found in the corresponding citations.

In order to derive the total charm production cross section and the individual charm-hadron fragmentation fractions at midrapidity, the $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated rapidity-differential cross sections must be considered. For $\textrm{D}^\textrm{0}$ mesons [28] and $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}$ baryons [6], the $p_\textrm{T}$-differential yields were measured down to $p_\textrm{T} =0$ and the calculation of the $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated cross section did not require further extrapolation. For the remaining hadron species, where no measurement down to $p_\textrm{T} =0$ is available, an extrapolation was performed based on model calculations.

For $\textrm{D}^+$, $\textrm{D}_{\textrm{s}}^+$, and $\textrm{D}^{*+}$ mesons, POWHEG+PYTHIA 6 calculations were used to extrapolate the $p_\textrm{T}$ spectra, which were measured down to $p_\textrm{T} =1$ $\text {Ge}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V}/c$ for $\textrm{D}^+$ and $\textrm{D}^{*+}$, and $p_\textrm{T} =2$ $\text {Ge}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V}/c$ for $\textrm{D}_{\textrm{s}}^+$. POWHEG is an event generator with next-to-leading order (NLO) accuracy [40]. It is matched with PYTHIA 6 [41] to generate the parton shower and fragmentation. The CT14NLO parton distribution functions [42] with the EPPS16 parameterisation of the nPDFs [43] were used in the calculations. The POWHEG+PYTHIA 6 simulations describe the charm-meson production cross sections within uncertainties. The extrapolation factors were determined from the fraction of the theoretically calculated cross section in the visible region with respect to the $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated one, relying on the $p_\textrm{T}$ shape of the production spectra without directly using the magnitude from theory. This was performed by taking the integral of the calculated production cross section for $0<p_\textrm{T} <50\;\text {Ge}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V}/c $ and dividing it by the corresponding integral in the measured $p_\textrm{T}$ region for that species. The contribution to the total cross section for $p_\textrm{T} >50\;\text {Ge}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V}/c $ is negligible with respect to that for $p_\textrm{T} <50\;\text {Ge}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V}/c $, so any extrapolation to higher $p_\textrm{T}$ values than this would have no impact on the final result. An uncertainty on this extrapolation factor was then determined by separately performing the same procedure using the following standard variations on the POWHEG+PYTHIA 6 model: (i) varying the factorisation and renormalisation scales in the POWHEG simulation ($\mu _\textrm{r,f}$) within the range $0.5<\mu _{\textrm{r,f}}/\mu _0<2.0$ (where $\mu _0 = \sqrt{m^2+p_\textrm{T} ^2}$), with the additional constraint $0.5<\mu _\textrm{r}/\mu _\textrm{f}<2$; and (ii) considering differences due to the uncertainty sets on the EPPS16 nPDF parametrisations. The maximum relative upward and downward differences from the central extrapolation factor provided by (i) and (ii) were added in quadrature to give the overall extrapolation uncertainty on the cross sections, which amounted to $ ^{+7.7}_{-2.2}\%$ for $\textrm{D}^+$, $ ^{+18.8}_{-\phantom {0}7.3}\%$ for $\textrm{D}_{\textrm{s}}^+$, and $ ^{+27.0}_{-\phantom {0}2.3}\%$ for $\textrm{D}^{*+}$ mesons. In all cases, the contribution due to the values of $\mu _\textrm{r,f}$ was much larger than that from the nPDF uncertainty sets. The extrapolation factors were $1.27^{+0.10}_{-0.04}$ for $\textrm{D}^+$ mesons, $1.25^{+0.08}_{-0.04}$ for $\textrm{D}^{*+}$ mesons, and $2.08^{+0.40}_{-0.20}$ for $\textrm{D}_{\textrm{s}}^+$ mesons.

For ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}}$ baryons, the extrapolation was performed and reported in Ref. [7]. The POWHEG+PYTHIA 6 calculations were found to poorly describe the $p_\textrm{T}$ shape of the measured differential cross sections of charm baryons in p–Pb collisions. Instead, for the case of ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}}$, the quark (re)combination model (QCM) [44, 45] was chosen to perform the extrapolation, as it is tuned to reproduce previous measurements of $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}$-baryon production from ALICE and provides a reasonable description of the shape of the measured $\textrm{d}\sigma /\textrm{d}p_\textrm{T} $ of ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}}$ baryons [7]. As the QCM model does not provide any theoretical uncertainties, the extrapolation uncertainty was defined by adding in quadrature (i) the maximum difference between the central extrapolation factor determined using QCM and those calculated using PYTHIA 8 with the Angantyr generator [46] and POWHEG+PYTHIA 6 ($ ^{+20.6}_{-\phantom {0}0.0}\%$), and (ii) the envelope of the POWHEG+PYTHIA 6 variations for ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}}$ as described above for the D mesons ($ ^{+23.0}_{-\phantom {0}8.6}\%$). The resulting extrapolation uncertainty is $ ^{+30.9}_{-\phantom {0}8.6}\%$ of the total ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}}$ production cross section at midrapidity. The final extrapolation factor for ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}}$ baryons is $1.74^{+0.54}_{-0.15}$. As no measurement of the ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{+}}$ production cross section is available in p–Pb collisions at midrapidity, the contribution of ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{+}}$ to the total charm cross section was considered as equal to that of ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}}$ baryons, as also done in Refs. [3, 4]. This assumption was made based on isospin symmetry, and is further supported by the measurements of ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0,+}}$ in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ [4], which showed that the production cross sections are consistent between the two charge states.

For ${\textrm{J}}/\psi $ mesons, the extrapolation was performed and reported in Ref. [39]. While the inclusive ${\textrm{J}}/\psi $-meson cross section (defined as the sum of prompt and non-prompt ${\textrm{J}}/\psi $ mesons) was measured for ${p_\textrm{T} >0}$, an extrapolation was required for the non-prompt ${\textrm{J}}/\psi $ cross section to account for the $p_\textrm{T}$ region ${0<p_\textrm{T} <1\;\text {Ge}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V}/c}$ in order to extract the prompt cross section. The extrapolation was performed using Fixed Order plus Next-to-Leading Logarithm (FONLL) pQCD calculations [47, 48], with the standard CTEQ6.6 PDFs [49] modified according to the EPPS16 nPDF parametrisation [43] to describe p–Pb collisions. The corresponding value for the prompt component is obtained as the difference between the inclusive ${\textrm{J}}/\psi $-meson cross section and the non-prompt one, as determined with the extrapolation procedure described above. The $\textrm{d}\sigma /\textrm{d}y$ value for prompt ${\textrm{J}}/\psi $-meson production from Ref. [39] was used directly in this work.

In the calculation of the total charm-hadron yield, the contribution from $\Omega _\textrm{c}^{0}$ baryons must also be considered. Currently, no measurements of the $\Omega _\textrm{c}^{0}$ are available in p–Pb collisions. In addition, as there is no measurement of the absolute branching ratios for any of the decay modes of the $\Omega _\textrm{c}^{0}$ baryon, it is not yet possible to directly measure its production cross section and so it is not included in the sum of the charm-hadron cross sections. The potential contribution from $\Omega _\textrm{c}^{0}$ baryons was instead taken into account by assuming an extreme upper limit of $\sigma (\Omega _\textrm{c}^{0}) = \sigma ({\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}})$, and assigning this as a fully asymmetric uncertainty bound on the total charm-hadron yield, as was previously done in Refs. [3, 4]. The uncertainty related to the estimated $\Omega _\textrm{c}^{0}$-baryon production cross section is added in quadrature to the upper extrapolation uncertainty on the total cross section. There are further contributions to the total charm cross section from doubly- and triply-charmed baryons such as $\Xi _\textrm{cc}^{+}$ and $\Omega _\textrm{ccc}^{++}$ as well as charmonium states that do not decay to ${\textrm{J}}/\psi $ mesons. However, these are considered to be negligible compared to the precision of the current measurement of the total cross section.

When calculating the total ${\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}}$ production cross section, additional correction factors were applied to account for the differing rapidity distributions between charm hadrons, individual charm quarks, and ${\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}}$ pairs. These were computed using the same procedure as in Refs. [3, 4]. The scaling factor between charm hadrons and single charm quarks was determined from FONLL calculations of pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ [50] and found to be unity, with a 2% uncertainty assigned based on the differences between FONLL and PYTHIA 8 calculations. The scaling between single charm quarks and charm-anticharm pairs was determined using POWHEG+PYTHIA 6 calculations. In the range $-0.96<y<0.04$, this correction factor was found to have a value of 1.03. An uncertainty was assigned by adding in quadrature the envelopes defined by (i) variations of the $\mu _\textrm{r,f}$ scale parameters in POWHEG and (ii) the uncertainty sets of the EPPS16 nPDFs, with a final value of $8.7\%$. Combining these two factors, the uncertainty on the total charm cross section due to the rapidity shape is 8.9%.

In calculating the fragmentation fractions and total ${\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}}$ production cross section at midrapidity, the systematic uncertainties related to tracking, feed-down from beauty-hadron decays, $p_\textrm{T}$ extrapolation, and luminosity were propagated as fully correlated among different charm-hadron species; all other uncertainties were propagated as uncorrelated.

3 Results

The $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated $\left. \textrm{d}\sigma (\textrm{h}_\textrm{c})/\textrm{d}y\right| _{-0.96<y<0.04}$ values for all of the considered charm-hadron species in p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ are listed in Table 1. For all species, the systematic uncertainties related to the extrapolation (extr.), luminosity determination (lumi.), and branching ratio (BR) are reported separately from the systematic uncertainties related to the data analysis, except where these values were combined or not applicable in their original publications.

Table 1 The $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated rapidity-differential cross sections for all measured charm-hadron species at midrapidity in p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $. For $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}$ (${\textrm{J}}/\psi $) hadrons, the published systematic uncertainties include the contributions from the BR (BR and luminosity) uncertainties

Full size table

The fragmentation fractions $f(\textrm{c}\rightarrow {\textrm{h}}_{\textrm{c}})$ were computed from the integrated production cross sections of the charm hadrons according to

$$\begin{aligned} f(\textrm{c}\rightarrow {\textrm{h}}_{\textrm{c}}) =\frac{\textrm{d}\sigma (\textrm{h}_\textrm{c})/\textrm{d} { y}|_{-0.96<{ y}<0.04}}{\sum \limits _{\mathrm {h_{c}}}{\textrm{d}\sigma ({\textrm{h}_\textrm{c}})/\textrm{d}{ y}|_{-0.96<{ y}<0.04}}}. \end{aligned}$$

(1)

In the denominator, only ground-state charm hadrons were considered. The production cross section of ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}}$ was considered twice to represent both of the ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}} $ charge states.The fragmentation fractions of all measured charm-hadron species in p–Pb collisions are reported in Fig. 1 (left panel) and summarised in Table 2. The results are compared with those measured previously in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ by the ALICE Collaboration. The original measurements in pp collisions published in Ref. [3] were updated in Ref. [4] by taking into account more recent measurements of the $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}$-baryon cross section down to $p_\textrm{T} =0$ and of the prompt ${\textrm{J}}/\psi $ cross section. No significant modification of the hadronisation between the two colliding systems is observed despite the larger system size and higher charged-particle multiplicity density in p–Pb collisions. The values are consistent with those measured in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ [4]. The measurements are also compared with those from $\textrm{e}^{+}\textrm{e}^{-}$ and $\textrm{e}^-\textrm{p}$ collisions [5]. As observed for pp collisions, the fragmentation fractions in p–Pb collisions also exhibit an overall enhancement in the relative production of charm baryons and a corresponding deficit in charm-meson production with respect to $\textrm{e}^{+}\textrm{e}^{-}$ and $\textrm{e}^-\textrm{p}$ collisions.

Table 2 Fragmentation fractions $f(\textrm{c}\rightarrow {\textrm{h}}_{\textrm{c}})$ of charm hadrons in pp [4] and p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $

Full size table

The total ${\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}}$ production cross section at midrapidity was computed as the sum of the measured $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated cross sections of the ground-state charm hadrons: $\textrm{D}^\textrm{0}$, $\textrm{D}^+$, $\textrm{D}_{\textrm{s}}^+$, $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}$, ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}}$, and ${\textrm{J}}/\psi $. The ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{0}}$ contribution was considered twice to account for the ${\Xi _{\textrm{c}}^{+}}$ cross section, as discussed above. The rapidity shift between the measured charm hadrons and the originating charm-quark pairs was accounted for by multiplying the sum of the hadron species by the aforementioned correction factor of 1.03. The correlations of the systematic uncertainties between charm-hadron species were treated in the same way as for the fragmentation fractions discussed above. The resulting charm cross section is

$$\begin{aligned}&\left. \frac{\textrm{d}\sigma ({\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}})}{\textrm{d}y}\right| ^{\text {p--Pb},\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} }_{-0.96<y<0.04} = 219.6 \pm 6.3\;(\mathrm {stat.}) _{-11.8}^{+10.5}\;\nonumber \\ &(\mathrm {syst.}) _{-2.9}^{+8.3}\;(\mathrm {extr.}) \pm 5.4\; (\textrm{BR}) \pm 4.6\;(\mathrm {lumi.}) \pm 19.5\;\nonumber \\ &(\text {rapidity shape})+15.0\;(\Omega _\textrm{c}^{0})~\textrm{mb}. \end{aligned}$$

(2)

The measured cross section is compared to results in pp collisions at other centre-of-mass energies from ALICE [3, 4], PHENIX [51], and STAR [52] in Fig. 1 (right). In order to be directly comparable with the pp results, the cross section measured in p–Pb collisions is scaled down by a factor 1/A with $A=208$, under the assumption that the charm production cross section in proton–nucleus collisions scales with the mass number of the larger nucleus due to the binary scaling of hard processes with the number of nucleon–nucleon collisions. The charm production cross section per nucleon in p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ is consistent with the one measured in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $, and is also in agreement with the general trend of results across different collision energies. The results are compared with pQCD calculations in the FONLL [47, 48] and Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order (NNLO) [53,54,55] approaches. As observed in previous works relating to the charm production cross section in pp collisions, while the experimental results tend to lie at the upper edge of the theoretical uncertainties, the pQCD approaches describe the evolution of the ${\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}}$ production cross section as a function of $\sqrt{s_{\textsc {NN}}}$.

The $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated nuclear modification factor $R_\textrm{pPb}$ for ${\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}}$ production in p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ was computed from the total charm cross section discussed above. The $R_\textrm{pPb}$ is calculated from the measured cross sections in p–Pb and pp collisions at the same centre-of-mass energy as

$$\begin{aligned} R_\textrm{pPb} =\frac{1}{A}\frac{\left. \textrm{d}\sigma /\textrm{d}y\right| ^{\textrm{pPb}}_{-0.96<y<0.04}}{\left. \textrm{d}\sigma /\textrm{d}y\right| ^{\textrm{pp}}_{|y|<0.5} \times \alpha _y}, \end{aligned}$$

(3)

with $A=208$ as the Pb-nucleus mass number. A value of $R_\textrm{pPb} =1$ would imply that there is no modification of the total yield at midrapidity in p–Pb collisions with respect to pp collisions. The correction factor $\alpha _y=1.01$ accounts for the different y coverage of the measurements in pp and p–Pb collisions due to the centre-of-mass rapidity shift between the two collision systems. It was estimated from FONLL calculations of the $\textrm{d}\sigma /\textrm{d}y$ distribution of charm quarks. The uncertainties on the measured charm cross sections in pp and p–Pb collisions due to the branching ratios and the contribution from $\Omega _\textrm{c}^{0}$ baryons were treated as fully correlated in the ratio, and the rapidity shape uncertainties as partially correlated. All other sources of uncertainty were propagated as fully uncorrelated.

The $R_\textrm{pPb}$ for ${\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}}$ pair production at midrapidity at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $ is shown in Fig. 2 and is

$$\begin{aligned} & \left. R_\textrm{pPb} \right| ^{-0.96<y<0.04}_{p_\textrm{T} >0}({\textrm{c}}\overline{\textrm{c}}) = 0.91 \pm 0.04\;\mathrm{(stat.)} ^{+0.08}_{-0.09}\; \nonumber \\ & \qquad \quad \mathrm{(syst.)} ^{+0.05}_{-0.03}\;\mathrm{(extr.)} \pm 0.03\;\mathrm{(lumi.)}, \end{aligned}$$

(4)

which is consistent with unity within 1$\sigma $. This implies that the overall charm production rate in p–Pb collisions is consistent with a binary scaling of pp collisions without any significant modification from nuclear effects.

The result is also compared with those for $\textrm{D}^\textrm{0}$ mesons [28], $\Lambda _{\textrm{c}}^{+}$ baryons [6], and ${\textrm{J}}/\psi $ mesons [39]. The $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated $R_\textrm{pPb}$ values are consistent within uncertainties between all species, implying that the individual particle species’ production rates at midrapidity are similarly unaffected by nuclear effects. The results are compared with calculations of the $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated $\textrm{D}^\textrm{0}$ $R_\textrm{pPb}$ using both the EPPS16 [43] and nCTEQ15$_{\textrm{rwHF}}$ [56, 57] nPDF sets. In the latter case, the nCTEQ15 predictions are modified by a Bayesian reweighting, constrained to heavy-flavour hadron measurements from the LHC [57]. The predictions of the $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated $R_\textrm{pPb}$ are considered to be equivalent for all charm-hadron species, as only the parton distribution functions are varied between the pp and p–Pb calculations, and the $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated fragmentation functions cancel in the ratios. The calculation using EPPS16 is consistent with unity within large uncertainties, while the nCTEQ15 nPDFs predict a slight suppression of charm production. The experimental results are described by both of the calculations within uncertainties. In the case of calculations with nCTEQ15, the experimental results are on the upper edge of the model uncertainty.

4 Summary

The total charm production cross section per unit of rapidity and charm-hadron fragmentation fractions were measured for the first time at midrapidity in p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}} = 5.02~\text {Te}\hspace{-1.00006pt}\textrm{V} $. The fragmentation fractions for all charm-hadron species were found to be consistent for pp and p–Pb collisions at the same collision energy, indicating that there is no significant modification of the charm-quark hadronisation process due to the different hadronic collisions’ system sizes. The total charm production cross section per nucleon in p–Pb collisions was measured to be consistent with pp collisions at the same centre-of-mass energy within the uncertainties, meaning that the assumption of binary scaling holds for charm-quark production. This was further confirmed by examining the nuclear modification factor $R_\textrm{pPb}$, which has a value consistent with unity at midrapidity and compatible with both the individual $p_\textrm{T}$-integrated charm-hadron $R_\textrm{pPb}$ results and with model calculations including nuclear modification of the PDFs. Future measurements during Run 3 of the LHC will allow for a reduction of the uncertainties possibly reducing the reliance on model-dependent extrapolations. A particular focus in this field will be the determination of charm and beauty fragmentation fractions in Pb–Pb collisions, in order to precisely quantify modification of hadronisation driven by the formation and presence of a quark–gluon plasma, like modification of the abundance of different charm-hadron species [58,59,60,61] and quarkonium states [62, 63]. Future measurements in p–Pb collisions with higher precision will further allow significant constraints to be drawn on nuclear modifications of the PDFs.

Data Availability Statement

This manuscript has associated data in a data repository. [Author’s comment: This manuscript has associated data in a HEPData repository at https://www.hepdata.net/record/ins2789567.]

Code Availability Statement

This manuscript has no associated code/software. [Author’s comment: Code/software sharing is not applicable to this paper.]

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Acknowledgements

The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, within the National Roadmap for Research Infrastructures 2020-2027 (object CERN), Bulgaria; Ministry of Education of China (MOEC), Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China; Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the VILLUM FONDEN and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; National Research and Innovation Agency-BRIN, Indonesia; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, National Science Centre and WUT ID-UB, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics, Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics and Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti, Romania; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) and National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF via PMU-B B05F650021), Thailand; Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency (TENMAK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America. In addition, individual groups or members have received support from: Czech Science Foundation (grant no. 23-07499S), Czech Republic; European Research Council (grant no. 950692), European Union; ICSC-Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing, European Union-NextGenerationEU; Academy of Finland (Center of Excellence in Quark Matter) (Grant nos. 346327, 346328), Finland.

Author information

R.C. Lemmon, L. Malinina, V. Pozdniakov:Deceased.

Authors and Affiliations

A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia
S. Grigoryan
AGH University of Krakow, Cracow, Poland
B. Balis, M. Gorgon, A. Horzyk, M. Jablonski, J. P. Kitowski, S. D. Koryciak, T. M. Lelek, E. M. Majerz, R. W. Marcjan, D. K. Plociennik & P. G. Russek
Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
V. Trubnikov
Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India
D. Banerjee, S. Biswas, P. Das, S. Das, M. Haldar, A. Modak, S. K. Prasad, S. K. Saha & S. Thakur
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
J. L. Klay
Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
H. M. Alfanda, M. N. Anaam, M. Cai, T. Cheng, P. Cui, W. Deng, Y. Ding, F. Fan, W. Guo, Y. Hou, M. Li, D. H. Liu, Y. Mao, H. Pei, S. Tang, Y. Wang, R. Xu, Z. Yin, M. Zang, B. Zhang, M. Zhang, X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, D. Zhou, J. Zhu & Y. Zhu
Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba
R. A. Diaz, E. López Torres & G. M. Perez
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
G. Herrera Corral
Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
E. Garcia-Solis & A. Harton
China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
S. Jia, X. Li, M. Zhao & Y. Zhi
China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
X. Peng
Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
S. Noh, J. Shin & H. Yu
Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
N. Dzalaiova, M. Ivanov, M. Meres, M. Pikna, B. Sitar & I. Szarka
Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
S. Ragoni & J. E. Seger
Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
S. Ahmad, B. Ali, M. D. Azmi, S. Khan, M. Mohisin Khan & S. Singh
Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
J. Bok, S. Ji, C. Kim, S. H. Lim, J. Ryu, J. Song & I.-K. Yoo
Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
S. Kim, A. F. Nassirpour & S. Oh
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
K. C. Devereaux, P. Dhankher, M. C. Hwang, B. Jacak, M. Kim, E. D. Lesser, B. E. Liang-gilman, A. I. Nambrath & E. R. Yeats
Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
I. C. Arsene, Q. W. Malik, A. Neagu, S. Nese, K. Røed, T. B. Skaali, E. H. Solheim, I. Storehaug, C. Tsolanta, T. S. Tveter & J. Wikne
Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
J. Alme, T. Bodova, A. Bylinkin, Ø.. Djuvsland, I. M. Lofnes, J. Nystrand, M. P. Rauch, A. Rehman, M. Richter, D. Röhrich, J. Saetre, K. Ullaland, S. Yang & S. Yuan
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
G. Boca & S. Costanza
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
M. Aresti, A. De Falco, A. Mulliri, B. Paul, V. Sarritzu & G. L. Usai
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
M. D. Buckland, P. Camerini, S. Cattaruzzi, G. Contin, C. De Martin, M. Faggin, G. V. Margagliotti, R. Rui, A. Villani & V. Zaccolo
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
L. Aglietta, S. Beole, L. Bianchi, E. Botta, R. Cerri, A. Ferretti, M. Gagliardi, B. Lim, M. Masera, F. Mazzaschi, M. Pennisi, S. Perciballi, S. Pucillo, L. Quaglia, A. G. Riffero, L. Terlizzi & E. Vercellin
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
N. Agrawal, A. Alici, S. Arcelli, F. Bellini, M. Colocci, F. Ercolessi, N. Jacazio, G. Malfattore, G. Romanenko, N. Rubini, G. Scioli, S. Strazzi & S. Tomassini
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
P. La Rocca & M. Rasa
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padua, Italy
P. Giubilato, M. Lunardon, S. Mattiazzo, C. Pantouvakis, M. Rignanese & F. Soramel
Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
A. Caliva, A. De Caro, D. De Gruttola, S. De Pasquale, N. Funicello, R. Ricci, C. Ripoli & T. Virgili
Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
M. Agnello, A. Balbino, S. Bufalino, M. Ciacco, G. Gioachin & S. Politano
Dipartimento di Scienze MIFT, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
G. Mandaglio, A. Sturniolo, A. Trifiró & A. S. Triolo
Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
F. Barile, G. E. Bruno, D. Colella, D. Di Bari, S. Kumar, S. Sadhu, G. F. Tassielli, A. G. Torres Ramos & G. Volpe
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
G. Aglieri Rinella, A. Augustinus, K. Barth, L. Betev, P. M. Bond, A. A. Carballo, F. Carnesecchi, M. Castoldi, F. Catalano, S. Chapeland, V. Chibante Barroso, P. Chochula, M. Concas, F. Costa, L. Dello Stritto, A. Di Mauro, R. Divià, G. Eulisse, M. B. Ferrer, E. Flatland, U. Fuchs, C. Gargiulo, C. Grigoras, F. Grosa, J. F. Grosse-Oetringhaus, H. Hillemanns, P. Hristov, G. M. Innocenti, J. M. Jowett , A. Junique, A. Kalweit, M. J. Karwowska, M. Keil, J. Kim, J. Klein, A. Kluge, P. J. Konopka, L. Krcal, K. Krizkova Gajdosova, S. Kundu, M. Lamanna, P. Larionov, E. Laudi, L. Lautner, M. Mager, P. Martinengo, A. L. Mazuecos, F. Mazzaschi, M. W. Menzel, L. Micheletti, A. Morsch, T. Mrnjavac, L. Musa, J. E. Parkkila, O. Pinazza, M. Puccio, I. Ravasenga, F. Reidt, W. Riegler, M. V. Rodriguez, D. Rohr, I. Sanna, M. H. P. Sas, M. O. Schmidt, J. Schukraft, R. Shahoyan, C. Sonnabend, M. Suljic, A. Tauro, A. Telesca, N. Tiltmann, A. S. Triolo, S. Tripathy, P. Vande Vyvre, B. Volkel, B. von Haller, I. Vorobyev, A. Wegrzynek, S. C. Wenzel, C. Zampolli & N. Zardoshti
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
S. Gotovac & L. Vickovic
Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
H. Helstrup, K. F. Hetland, B. Kileng & H. A. Reme-Ness
Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
J. Bielčík, M. Broz, J. G. Contreras, V. Filova, D. Grund, S. Haidlova, T. Herman, A. Khuntia, D. M. Krupova, A. M. Lejeune, S. Rojas Torres & K. Šafařík
Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
V. D. Buchakchiev, A. Kirkova, V. Kozhuharov, M. V. Makariev, M. N. Naydenov & R. Simeonov
Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
I. Ahuja, V. Barbasova, M. Bombara, A. Kravčáková, Z. Rescakova, K. Sajdakova, M. Vala & J. Vrláková
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
V. Akishina, N. Bluhme, G. Dange, J. de Cuveland, H. M. Gaur, D. Hutter, I. Kisel, L. Krcal, S. L. La Pointe, J. Lehrbach, V. Lindenstruth, G. Neskovic, A. R. Redelbach, A. Schröter & F. T. Weiglhofer
Fudan University, Shanghai, China
M. Chen, Y. G. Ma, Q. Shou, R. Tu, J. Wan, C. Wang, D. Wang, Y. Wang, W. Wu, L. Zhang & S. Zhang
Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
Y. W. Baek
Department of Physics, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
B. Barman, B. Bhattacharjee, D. Choudhury & P. Sarma
Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
P. Hauer, B. Ketzer & A. Yadav
Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland
Y. Melikyan, M. A. Molander & S. S. Räsänen
High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
J. R. Alvarado, C. O. R. Alvarez, Y. A. V. Beltran, A. Fernández Téllez, J. M. Garcia, T. García Chávez, M. I. Martínez, S. Paisano-Guzmán, I. Y. Pozos, H. D. Regules-Medel, M. Rodríguez Cahuantzi, S. A. Rodríguez Ramírez, G. Tejeda Muñoz & S. Vergara Limón
Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
C. Andrei, I. Legrand, A. Lindner, M. Petrovici, A. Pop, C. Schiaua & M. G. Tarzila
HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
G. G. Barnaföldi, G. Bencedi, G. Biro, L. Boldizsár, E. Frajna, L. Gyulai, P. Lévai, D. Varga, Z. Varga & R. Vértesi
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
D. Bauri, P. Chakraborty, S. Dash, T. Gahlaut, B. K. Nandi, S. Padhan, Y. Patley, S. Roy, D. Sharma, T. Tripathy & R. Verma
Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
Y. Bailung, D. Behera, K. Goswami, R. Gupta, S. S. Khade, N. Mallick, K. K. Pradhan, S. Prasad, A. Roy, B. Sahoo, R. Sahoo, D. Sahu & K. Singh
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
N. Bianchi, A. Fantoni, V. Muccifora, S. Pisano, F. Ronchetti, M. Toppi & O. Vázquez Doce
INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
A. R. Altamura, F. Colamaria, G. de Cataldo, D. Elia, V. Manzari, A. Mastroserio, E. Nappi, N. Nicassio, A. Palasciano, R. N. Patra & C. Terrevoli
INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
P. Antonioli, G. Clai, M. Giacalone, D. Hatzifotiadou, A. Margotti, R. Nania, F. Noferini, O. Pinazza, R. Preghenella, R. Rath, N. Rubini & E. Scapparone
INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
G. Alocco, C. Cicalo, F. M. Fionda, A. Masoni & S. Siddhanta
INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
A. Badalà, G. Mandaglio, A. Sturniolo, A. Trifiró & A. S. Triolo
INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy
F. Antinori, A. Dainese, A. Rossi, H. Sharma, R. Turrisi & J. Zhu
INFN, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
G. Boca, G. Bonomi, S. Costanza, R. Lea, D. Pagano, N. Valle & N. Zurlo
INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
B. Alessandro, R. Arnaldi, L. Barioglio, P. Cortese, N. De Marco, A. Feliciello, C. Ferrero, U. Follo, P. Giubellino, C. Oppedisano, F. Prino, L. Ramello, E. Scomparin, M. Sitta & S. C. Zugravel
INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
E. Fragiacomo, G. Luparello & S. Piano
Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
J. Cho, S. Cho, J. Kim, V. Kučera, M. J. Kweon & J. H. Yoon
Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht, Netherlands
A. Grelli, B. Hofman, J. Lömker, O. Massen, T. Peitzmann, R. J. M. Snellings, L. V. R. van Doremalen & M. Verweij
Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
P. Kalinak, I. Králik, M. Krivda & J. Musinsky
Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
S. Sahoo & P. K. Sahu
Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
P. Závada
Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
M. G. Besoiu, A. Danu, A. Dobrin, A. Manea, C. Ristea, A. Sevcenco & I. Stan
Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
T. Alt, H. Appelshäuser, R. Bailhache, E. Bartsch, C. Blume, Y. E. M. Bouziani, L. Bratrud, H. Buesching, J. Ditzel, B. Dönigus, F. Eisenhut, T. Gündem, M. V. Hartung, M. Hemmer, B. Heybeck, P. Huhn, J. Jung, M. Jung, Z. Khuranova, S. Kirsch, M. Kleiner, J. Konig, M. Krüger, R. H. Munzer, F. Pliquett, T. S. Rogoschinski, H. S. Scheid, N. J. Strangmann, A. Toia & J. Wiechula
Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
A. A. P. Jimenez, J. E. M. Mendez, L. Nellen, A. Ortiz Velasquez, G. Paić, E. D. Rosas, L. Serkin & P. Vargas Torres
Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
M. B. Gay Ducati & C. Krug
Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
R. Alfaro Molina, V. Grabski, F. V. Lugo & A. Menchaca-Rocha
iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
Z. Buthelezi, S. Foertsch & T. J. Shaba
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
E. J. Kim & J. Kim
Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik, Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, Germany
F. W. Hoffmann, T. Janson & U. Kebschull
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
S. U. Ahn
KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
A. Karasu Uysal
Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France
C. Arata, G. Conesa Balbastre, J. Faivre, C. Furget, R. Guernane & A. R. Landou
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
N. Apadula, I. Chakaberia, R. Cruz-Torres, R. J. Ehlers, W. Fan, A. Hamdi, B. Jacak, P. M. Jacobs, F. Jonas, S. Klein, J. D. Mulligan & M. Płoskoń
Division of Particle Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
S. Basu, P. Christiansen, J. Hansen, K. E. Iversen, O. Matonoha, R. Nepeivoda, A. Ohlson, D. Silvermyr & J. Staa
Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan
D. J. Q. Goh, H. Hamagaki, K. Oyama & S. Sharma
Nara Women’s University (NWU), Nara, Japan
M. Shimomura
Department of Physics, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
M. Barlou, P. Ganoti & M. Vasileiou
National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
P. Kurashvili, S. K. Mandal, K. Redlich, T. Siemiarczuk & G. Wilk
National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, India
P. Das, B. Mohanty, S. Saha, S. Sawan, R. Singh & G. J. Tambave
National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
A. Rustamov
National Research and Innovation Agency - BRIN, Jakarta, Indonesia
S. Jaelani & S. Sumowidagdo
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
I. G. Bearden, C. H. Christensen, J. J. Gaardhøje, K. Gulbrandsen, B. S. Nielsen, E. G. Nielsen, M. T. Petersen, D. Sarkar & Y. Zhou
Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
P. Christakoglou, A. Isakov, C. Koster, P. G. Kuijer, S. Qiu, J. A. Rudolph, R. Russo, M. Selina, J. M. Sonneveld, R. Spijkers, C. P. Stylianidis, M. van Leeuwen & R. J. G. van Weelden
Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, UK
R. C. Lemmon
Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
D. Adamová, J. Bielčíková, E. Grecka, A. Kotliarov, F. Krizek & S. Kushpil
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
F. Bock, M. Fasel, C. Loizides, N. Novitzky, M. G. Poghosyan, K. F. Read, J. Schambach & N. V. Schmidt
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
T. J. Humanic & A. B. Soto-hernandez
Physics Department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
D. Karatovic, N. Kovacic, M. Planinic & N. Poljak
Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
L. Kumar & N. Kumar
Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
R. Bala, Z. Banoo, A. Bhasin, A. Gupta, R. Gupta, F. U. Haider, N. M. Malik, S. K. Malik, S. Sambyal, B. Sharma, M. Sharma, S. Sharma, U. Sharma, B. Singh, R. Singh & V. Sumberia
Physics Program and International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (SKCM2), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
R. Ejima, K. Kimura, M. Oya, K. Shigaki, R. Tokumoto, K. Tomohiro, Y. Yamaguchi & S. Yano
Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
H. R. Schmidt & M. Schmidt
Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
V. Anguelov, A. Berdnikova, L. Bergmann, A. G. Borquez Carcamo, J. Crkovská, M. C. Danisch, V. J. G. Feuillard, I. Fokin, P. Glässel, N. A. Grunwald, M. W. Menzel, A. Nath, Y. Pachmayer, K. Reygers, R. Schicker, F. Schlepper, J. J. Seo, G. Skorodumovs, J. Stachel, S. F. Stiefelmaier, C. A. van Veen, M. A. Völkl, B. Windelband, A. Yuncu & F. Zanone
Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
I. Altsybeev, D. Battistini, A. Bilandzic, E. S. Chizzali, R. Del Grande, L. Fabbietti, M. Horst, T. Klemenz, S. A. Konigstorfer, M. Korwieser, L. Lautner, M. M. Lesch, D. L. Mihaylov, C. Pinto, A. A. Riedel, I. Sanna, V. M. Sarti, L. Šerkšnytė, B. Singh, S. F. Taghavi & B. Ulukutlu
Politecnico di Bari and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
G. E. Bruno & T. Triloki
Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
M. Al-Turany, R. Averbeck, P. Becht, M. B. Blidaru, P. Braun-Munzinger, T. Cheng, M. R. Ciupek, A. Dubla, C. Garabatos, P. Gasik, P. Giubellino, R. Grosso, M. R. Haque, E. Hellbär, M. Ivanov, J. M. Jowett , T. Kollegger, C. Lippmann, P. Lu, A. Marín, S. Masciocchi, D. Miśkowiec, C. A. Reetz, M. P. Salvan, A. Schmah, C. Schmidt, K. Schweda, I. Selyuzhenkov, R. Singh, C. Sonnabend, G. Taillepied, L. Vermunt & J. Wilkinson
Saga University, Saga, Japan
T. Fusayasu
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
S. Chattopadhyay, M. S. Islam & T. Sinha
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
J. S. Colburn, D. Evans, A. Jusko, N. Karatzenis, M. Krivda, R. Lietava & O. Villalobos Baillie
Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
J. L. Bazo Alba, E. Calvo Villar & A. M. Gago
Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria
P. Buhler, J. J. W. K. Gumprecht, R. Lavicka, E. Meninno & D. Samitz
SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Nantes Université, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
L. Aphecetche, E. Barreau, G. Batigne, N. Bize, M. L. Coquet, B. Erazmus, M. Germain, M. Guilbaud, G. Martínez García, P. Pillot, A. Shabetai, D. Stocco & V. V. Torres
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Republic of Korea
A. Alkin, J. Bae, B. Kim, H. Lee & H. Park
Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
J. Kaewjai, C. Kobdaj, A. Lakrathok & T. Simantathammakul
Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
S. Jadlovska, J. Jadlovsky, M. Tkacik & T. Tkacik
The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
S. A. Bysiak, M. Kowalski, S. Lokos, A. Matyja, J. Otwinowski, A. Rybicki & I. Sputowska
The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
J. T. Blair, A. N. Flores, R. Hannigan, C. Markert, D. Thomas & J. R. Wright
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
L. G. E. Beltran, J. C. Cabanillas Noris, J. M. M. Camacho, C. D. Galvan, R. A. N. Laveaga & I. León Monzón
Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
J. G. M. C. A. Arneiro, L. Barreto, M. Bregant, F. D. M. Canedo, L. A. D. Carvalho, L. Ferrandi, C. Jahnke, M. P. P. Martins, M. Melo, M. G. Munhoz, T. B. Saramela, T. F. Silva & A. A. P. Suaide
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
D. D. Chinellato, G. G. Guardiano, G. S. S. Liveraro & J. Takahashi
Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
M. R. Cosentino & C. Reckziegel
Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti, Bucharest, Romania
M. Carabas, A. Negru & N. Tapus
University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
T. Dietel & S. Murray
University of Derby, Derby, UK
N. Andreou & L. S. Barnby
University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
N. Alizadehvandchali, R. Bellwied, A. Bensaoula, M. F. T. Cabrera, F. Flor, D. R. Gangadharan, S. G. Hernandez, A. Hutson, I. Likmeta, M. Mazzilli, A. S. Menon, L. Pinsky, O. Sheibani, A. R. Timmins & O. Vazquez Rueda
University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
H. Hassan, L. M. Huhta, D. J. Kim, C. Mordasini, A. Onnerstad, W. H. Trzaska & M. M. O. Virta
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
A. Gautam, T. Isidori, A. Khatun, N. Minafra & J. D. Tapia Takaki
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
C. Bartels, M. Chartier, D. M. Jones, J. Liu & J. Norman
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
X. Bai, A. M. Khan, P. Lu, Z. Tang, Y. Wu, Z. Xiong, Y. Zhang & S. Zhu
University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
R. Langoy & J. Lien
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
E. Glimos, C. Nattrass, K. F. Read, A. R. Schmier & P. J. Steffanic
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Z. Buthelezi, J. E. Mdhluli, B. Naik & Z. Vilakazi
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
H. Baba, T. Gunji, R. Kohara, H. Murakami, Y. Sekiguchi & D. Sekihata
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
T. Chujo, M. Inaba, T. Kumaoka, Y. Miake, H. Park, J. Park & S. Sakai
Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, Germany
A. Andronic, A. D. C. Bell Hechavarria, A. R. Dash, T. M. Eder, C. Klein-Bösing, G. Legras, J. R. Luhder, D. A. Moreira De Godoy, P. Stratmann, L. A. Tarasovicova, N. Tiltmann, J. P. Wessels & G. A. Willems
Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
S. Acharya, V. Barret, N. Bastid, P. Crochet, P. Dupieux, X. Lopez, F. Manso, S. Porteboeuf-Houssais & M. Zhang
Université de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Lyon, France
R. Caron, C. Cheshkov, S. Herrmann, C. Lotteau & A. Uras
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France, Strasbourg, France
I. Belikov, A. P. Bigot, B. Hippolyte, C. Kuhn, A. Maire, F. Rami, R. Schotter & S. Senyukov
Université Paris-Saclay, Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Saclay, France
A. Baldisseri, H. Borel, J. Castillo Castellanos, M. L. Coquet, B. Diab, A. Ferrero, A. M. C. Glaenzer, S. Panebianco, A. Rakotozafindrabe, M. Winn & C. Zhang
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
Z. Conesa del Valle, C. Cot, B. Espagnon, C. Hadjidakis, D. Mallick, L. Massacrier, A. Shatat, C. Suire & A. Tavira García
Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
A. Mastroserio
Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
P. Cortese, L. Ramello & M. Sitta
Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
G. Bonomi, R. Deb, R. Lea, A. Modak, D. Pagano, M. Urioni & N. Zurlo
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
A. Agarwal, Z. Ahammed, P.P. Bhaduri, S. Chandra, S. Chattopadhay, S. Chattopadhyay, C. Ghosh, D. Kumar, S. Muhuri, J. Saini, V. K. Singh, V. Singhal & A. K. Yadav
Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
P. Chakraborty, Z. A. Chochulska, M. M. Czarnynoga, J. M. Dubinski, L. K. Graczykowski, K. Gwizdziel, M. J. Jakubowska, M. A. Janik, M. J. Karwowska, A. Kisiel, G. Kornakov, M. Kutyla, S. Monira, J. W. Myrcha, P. Nowakowski, J. Oleniacz, P. S. Rokita, K. Roslon, D. Ruggiano, W. Rzesa, M. Szymkowski & T. P. Trzcinski
Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
V. Gonzalez, B. G. Hanley, C. A. Pruneau & S. A. Voloshin
Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
M. Arslandok, C. Beattie, H. Bossi, H. Caines, S. L. Cantway, F. Flor, J. W. Harris, L. B. Havener, A. Rai & N. Smirnov
Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Y. Han, G. H. Hong, J. Kim, T. Kim & Y. Kwon
Zentrum für Technologie und Transfer (ZTT), Worms, Germany
R. Keidel
Affiliated with an Institute Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A. Akindinov, D. Aleksandrov, E. Andronov, D. Averyanov, S. Belokurova, Y. Berdnikov, D. Blau, A. Borissov, D. Budnikov, N. Burmasov, U. Dmitrieva, S. Evdokimov, G. Feofilov, D. Finogeev, S. Fokin, A. Furs, P. Gordeev, V. Grigoriev, R. Ilkaev, M. Ippolitov, S. Iurchenko, V. Ivanov, O. Karavichev, T. Karavicheva, E. Karpechev, A. Khanzadeev, Y. Kharlov, S. Kiselev, N. Kondratyeva, V. Kovalenko, E. Kryshen, A. Kurepin, A. B. Kurepin, A. Kuryakin, V. Kuskov, M. Malaev, V. Manko, K. Mikhaylov, I. Morozov, E. Nekrasova, S. Nikolaev, S. Nikulin, V. Nikulin, A. Nyanin, V. A. Okorokov, D. Peresunko, Y. Pestov, V. Petrov, B. Polichtchouk, I. Pshenichnov, A. Riabov, V. Riabov, R. Rogalev, E. Ryabinkin, Y. Ryabov, S. Sadovsky, D. Serebryakov, A. Shangaraev, S. Shirinkin, Y. Sibiriak, M. Sukhanov, R. Sultanov, A. Tikhonov, N. Topilskaya, A. Tumkin, A. Vasiliev, V. Vechernin, A. Vinogradov, N. Vozniuk, A. Zarochentsev, N. Zaviyalov, M. Zhalov & V. Zherebchevskii
Affiliated with an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
B. Batyunya, C. Ceballos Sanchez, R. A. Diaz, S. Grigoryan, A. Kondratyev, A. Kuznetsov, L. Malinina, K. Mikhaylov, P. Nomokonov, V. Pozdniakov, E. Rogochaya & A. Vodopyanov
Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, Munich, Germany
E. S. Chizzali
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Bologna, Italy
G. Clai
Dipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
C. Ferrero & U. Follo
Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
A. Karasu Uysal
Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
M. Mohisin Khan
Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
K. Redlich
An Institution Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
L. Malinina

Consortia

ALICE Collaboration

S. Acharya
, D. Adamová
, A. Agarwal
, G. Aglieri Rinella
, L. Aglietta
, M. Agnello
, N. Agrawal
, Z. Ahammed
, S. Ahmad
, S. U. Ahn
, I. Ahuja
, A. Akindinov
, V. Akishina
, M. Al-Turany
, D. Aleksandrov
, B. Alessandro
, H. M. Alfanda
, R. Alfaro Molina
, B. Ali
, A. Alici
, N. Alizadehvandchali
, A. Alkin
, J. Alme
, G. Alocco
, T. Alt
, A. R. Altamura
, I. Altsybeev
, J. R. Alvarado
, C. O. R. Alvarez
, M. N. Anaam
, C. Andrei
, N. Andreou
, A. Andronic
, E. Andronov
, V. Anguelov
, F. Antinori
, P. Antonioli
, N. Apadula
, L. Aphecetche
, H. Appelshäuser
, C. Arata
, S. Arcelli
, M. Aresti
, R. Arnaldi
, J. G. M. C. A. Arneiro
, I. C. Arsene
, M. Arslandok
, A. Augustinus
, R. Averbeck
, D. Averyanov
, M. D. Azmi
, H. Baba
, A. Badalà
, J. Bae
, Y. W. Baek
, X. Bai
, R. Bailhache
, Y. Bailung
, R. Bala
, A. Balbino
, A. Baldisseri
, B. Balis
, D. Banerjee
, Z. Banoo
, V. Barbasova
, F. Barile
, L. Barioglio
, M. Barlou
, B. Barman
, G. G. Barnaföldi
, L. S. Barnby
, E. Barreau
, V. Barret
, L. Barreto
, C. Bartels
, K. Barth
, E. Bartsch
, N. Bastid
, S. Basu
, G. Batigne
, D. Battistini
, B. Batyunya
, D. Bauri
, J. L. Bazo Alba
, I. G. Bearden
, C. Beattie
, P. Becht
, D. Behera
, I. Belikov
, A. D. C. Bell Hechavarria
, F. Bellini
, R. Bellwied
, S. Belokurova
, L. G. E. Beltran
, Y. A. V. Beltran
, G. Bencedi
, A. Bensaoula
, S. Beole
, Y. Berdnikov
, A. Berdnikova
, L. Bergmann
, M. G. Besoiu
, L. Betev
, P.P. Bhaduri
, A. Bhasin
, B. Bhattacharjee
, L. Bianchi
, N. Bianchi
, J. Bielčík
, J. Bielčíková
, A. P. Bigot
, A. Bilandzic
, G. Biro
, S. Biswas
, N. Bize
, J. T. Blair
, D. Blau
, M. B. Blidaru
, N. Bluhme
, C. Blume
, G. Boca
, F. Bock
, T. Bodova
, J. Bok
, L. Boldizsár
, M. Bombara
, P. M. Bond
, G. Bonomi
, H. Borel
, A. Borissov
, A. G. Borquez Carcamo
, H. Bossi
, E. Botta
, Y. E. M. Bouziani
, L. Bratrud
, P. Braun-Munzinger
, M. Bregant
, M. Broz
, G. E. Bruno
, V. D. Buchakchiev
, M. D. Buckland
, D. Budnikov
, H. Buesching
, S. Bufalino
, P. Buhler
, N. Burmasov
, Z. Buthelezi
, A. Bylinkin
, S. A. Bysiak
, J. C. Cabanillas Noris
, M. F. T. Cabrera
, M. Cai
, H. Caines
, A. Caliva
, E. Calvo Villar
, J. M. M. Camacho
, P. Camerini
, F. D. M. Canedo
, S. L. Cantway
, M. Carabas
, A. A. Carballo
, F. Carnesecchi
, R. Caron
, L. A. D. Carvalho
, J. Castillo Castellanos
, M. Castoldi
, F. Catalano
, S. Cattaruzzi
, C. Ceballos Sanchez
, R. Cerri
, I. Chakaberia
, P. Chakraborty
, S. Chandra
, S. Chapeland
, M. Chartier
, S. Chattopadhay
, S. Chattopadhyay
, S. Chattopadhyay
, M. Chen
, T. Cheng
, C. Cheshkov
, V. Chibante Barroso
, D. D. Chinellato
, E. S. Chizzali
, J. Cho
, S. Cho
, P. Chochula
, Z. A. Chochulska
, D. Choudhury
, P. Christakoglou
, C. H. Christensen
, P. Christiansen
, T. Chujo
, M. Ciacco
, C. Cicalo
, M. R. Ciupek
, G. Clai
, F. Colamaria
, J. S. Colburn
, D. Colella
, M. Colocci
, M. Concas
, G. Conesa Balbastre
, Z. Conesa del Valle
, G. Contin
, J. G. Contreras
, M. L. Coquet
, P. Cortese
, M. R. Cosentino
, F. Costa
, S. Costanza
, C. Cot
, J. Crkovská
, P. Crochet
, R. Cruz-Torres
, P. Cui
, M. M. Czarnynoga
, A. Dainese
, G. Dange
, M. C. Danisch
, A. Danu
, P. Das
, P. Das
, S. Das
, A. R. Dash
, S. Dash
, A. De Caro
, G. de Cataldo
, J. de Cuveland
, A. De Falco
, D. De Gruttola
, N. De Marco
, C. De Martin
, S. De Pasquale
, R. Deb
, R. Del Grande
, L. Dello Stritto
, W. Deng
, K. C. Devereaux
, P. Dhankher
, D. Di Bari
, A. Di Mauro
, B. Diab
, R. A. Diaz
, T. Dietel
, Y. Ding
, J. Ditzel
, R. Divià
, Ø.. Djuvsland
, U. Dmitrieva
, A. Dobrin
, B. Dönigus
, J. M. Dubinski
, A. Dubla
, P. Dupieux
, N. Dzalaiova
, T. M. Eder
, R. J. Ehlers
, F. Eisenhut
, R. Ejima
, D. Elia
, B. Erazmus
, F. Ercolessi
, B. Espagnon
, G. Eulisse
, D. Evans
, S. Evdokimov
, L. Fabbietti
, M. Faggin
, J. Faivre
, F. Fan
, W. Fan
, A. Fantoni
, M. Fasel
, A. Feliciello
, G. Feofilov
, A. Fernández Téllez
, L. Ferrandi
, M. B. Ferrer
, A. Ferrero
, C. Ferrero
, A. Ferretti
, V. J. G. Feuillard
, V. Filova
, D. Finogeev
, F. M. Fionda
, E. Flatland
, F. Flor
, A. N. Flores
, S. Foertsch
, I. Fokin
, S. Fokin
, U. Follo
, E. Fragiacomo
, E. Frajna
, U. Fuchs
, N. Funicello
, C. Furget
, A. Furs
, T. Fusayasu
, J. J. Gaardhøje
, M. Gagliardi
, A. M. Gago
, T. Gahlaut
, C. D. Galvan
, D. R. Gangadharan
, P. Ganoti
, C. Garabatos
, J. M. Garcia
, T. García Chávez
, E. Garcia-Solis
, C. Gargiulo
, P. Gasik
, H. M. Gaur
, A. Gautam
, M. B. Gay Ducati
, M. Germain
, C. Ghosh
, M. Giacalone
, G. Gioachin
, P. Giubellino
, P. Giubilato
, A. M. C. Glaenzer
, P. Glässel
, E. Glimos
, D. J. Q. Goh
, V. Gonzalez
, P. Gordeev
, M. Gorgon
, K. Goswami
, S. Gotovac
, V. Grabski
, L. K. Graczykowski
, E. Grecka
, A. Grelli
, C. Grigoras
, V. Grigoriev
, S. Grigoryan
, F. Grosa
, J. F. Grosse-Oetringhaus
, R. Grosso
, D. Grund
, N. A. Grunwald
, G. G. Guardiano
, R. Guernane
, M. Guilbaud
, K. Gulbrandsen
, J. J. W. K. Gumprecht
, T. Gündem
, T. Gunji
, W. Guo
, A. Gupta
, R. Gupta
, R. Gupta
, K. Gwizdziel
, L. Gyulai
, C. Hadjidakis
, F. U. Haider
, S. Haidlova
, M. Haldar
, H. Hamagaki
, A. Hamdi
, Y. Han
, B. G. Hanley
, R. Hannigan
, J. Hansen
, M. R. Haque
, J. W. Harris
, A. Harton
, M. V. Hartung
, H. Hassan
, D. Hatzifotiadou
, P. Hauer
, L. B. Havener
, E. Hellbär
, H. Helstrup
, M. Hemmer
, T. Herman
, S. G. Hernandez
, G. Herrera Corral
, S. Herrmann
, K. F. Hetland
, B. Heybeck
, H. Hillemanns
, B. Hippolyte
, F. W. Hoffmann
, B. Hofman
, G. H. Hong
, M. Horst
, A. Horzyk
, Y. Hou
, P. Hristov
, P. Huhn
, L. M. Huhta
, T. J. Humanic
, A. Hutson
, D. Hutter
, M. C. Hwang
, R. Ilkaev
, M. Inaba
, G. M. Innocenti
, M. Ippolitov
, A. Isakov
, T. Isidori
, M. S. Islam
, S. Iurchenko
, M. Ivanov
, M. Ivanov
, V. Ivanov
, K. E. Iversen
, M. Jablonski
, B. Jacak
, N. Jacazio
, P. M. Jacobs
, S. Jadlovska
, J. Jadlovsky
, S. Jaelani
, C. Jahnke
, M. J. Jakubowska
, M. A. Janik
, T. Janson
, S. Ji
, S. Jia
, A. A. P. Jimenez
, F. Jonas
, D. M. Jones
, J. M. Jowett
, J. Jung
, M. Jung
, A. Junique
, A. Jusko
, J. Kaewjai
, P. Kalinak
, A. Kalweit
, A. Karasu Uysal
, D. Karatovic
, N. Karatzenis
, O. Karavichev
, T. Karavicheva
, E. Karpechev
, M. J. Karwowska
, U. Kebschull
, R. Keidel
, M. Keil
, B. Ketzer
, S. S. Khade
, A. M. Khan
, S. Khan
, A. Khanzadeev
, Y. Kharlov
, A. Khatun
, A. Khuntia
, Z. Khuranova
, B. Kileng
, B. Kim
, C. Kim
, D. J. Kim
, E. J. Kim
, J. Kim
, J. Kim
, J. Kim
, M. Kim
, S. Kim
, T. Kim
, K. Kimura
, A. Kirkova
, S. Kirsch
, I. Kisel
, S. Kiselev
, A. Kisiel
, J. P. Kitowski
, J. L. Klay
, J. Klein
, S. Klein
, C. Klein-Bösing
, M. Kleiner
, T. Klemenz
, A. Kluge
, C. Kobdaj
, R. Kohara
, T. Kollegger
, A. Kondratyev
, N. Kondratyeva
, J. Konig
, S. A. Konigstorfer
, P. J. Konopka
, G. Kornakov
, M. Korwieser
, S. D. Koryciak
, C. Koster
, A. Kotliarov
, N. Kovacic
, V. Kovalenko
, M. Kowalski
, V. Kozhuharov
, I. Králik
, A. Kravčáková
, L. Krcal
, M. Krivda
, F. Krizek
, K. Krizkova Gajdosova
, C. Krug
, M. Krüger
, D. M. Krupova
, E. Kryshen
, V. Kučera
, C. Kuhn
, P. G. Kuijer
, T. Kumaoka
, D. Kumar
, L. Kumar
, N. Kumar
, S. Kumar
, S. Kundu
, P. Kurashvili
, A. Kurepin
, A. B. Kurepin
, A. Kuryakin
, S. Kushpil
, V. Kuskov
, M. Kutyla
, A. Kuznetsov
, M. J. Kweon
, Y. Kwon
, S. L. La Pointe
, P. La Rocca
, A. Lakrathok
, M. Lamanna
, A. R. Landou
, R. Langoy
, P. Larionov
, E. Laudi
, L. Lautner
, R. A. N. Laveaga
, R. Lavicka
, R. Lea
, H. Lee
, I. Legrand
, G. Legras
, J. Lehrbach
, A. M. Lejeune
, T. M. Lelek
, R. C. Lemmon
, I. León Monzón
, M. M. Lesch
, E. D. Lesser
, P. Lévai
, M. Li
, X. Li
, B. E. Liang-gilman
, J. Lien
, R. Lietava
, I. Likmeta
, B. Lim
, S. H. Lim
, V. Lindenstruth
, A. Lindner
, C. Lippmann
, D. H. Liu
, J. Liu
, G. S. S. Liveraro
, I. M. Lofnes
, C. Loizides
, S. Lokos
, J. Lömker
, X. Lopez
, E. López Torres
, C. Lotteau
, P. Lu
, F. V. Lugo
, J. R. Luhder
, M. Lunardon
, G. Luparello
, Y. G. Ma
, M. Mager
, A. Maire
, E. M. Majerz
, M. V. Makariev
, M. Malaev
, G. Malfattore
, N. M. Malik
, Q. W. Malik
, S. K. Malik
, L. Malinina
, D. Mallick
, N. Mallick
, G. Mandaglio
, S. K. Mandal
, A. Manea
, V. Manko
, F. Manso
, V. Manzari
, Y. Mao
, R. W. Marcjan
, G. V. Margagliotti
, A. Margotti
, A. Marín
, C. Markert
, P. Martinengo
, M. I. Martínez
, G. Martínez García
, M. P. P. Martins
, S. Masciocchi
, M. Masera
, A. Masoni
, L. Massacrier
, O. Massen
, A. Mastroserio
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ALICE Collaboration. Charm fragmentation fractions and $\mathbf {c\overline{c}}$ cross section in p–Pb collisions at $\mathbf {\sqrt{s _{NN}}=5.02 TeV}$. Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 1286 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13394-1

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Charm fragmentation fractions and \(\mathbf {c\overline{c}}\) cross section in p–Pb collisions at \(\mathbf {\sqrt{s _{NN}}=5.02 TeV}\)

Abstract

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New feature of low \(p_{T}\) charm quark hadronization in pp collisions at \(\sqrt{s}=7\) TeV

Fragmentation of charm to charmonium in \({{\varvec{e}}}^+{{\varvec{e}}}^-\) and \({{\varvec{pp}}}\) collisions

Open charm production cross section from combined LHC experiments in pp collisions at \(\sqrt{s} = 5.02\) TeV

1 Introduction

2 Dataset and analysis

3 Results

4 Summary

Data Availability Statement

Code Availability Statement

References

Acknowledgements

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Consortia

ALICE Collaboration

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Charm fragmentation fractions and \(\mathbf {c\overline{c}}\) cross section in p–Pb collisions at \(\mathbf {\sqrt{s _{NN}}=5.02 TeV}\)

Abstract

Similar content being viewed by others

New feature of low \(p_{T}\) charm quark hadronization in pp collisions at \(\sqrt{s}=7\) TeV

Fragmentation of charm to charmonium in \({{\varvec{e}}}^+{{\varvec{e}}}^-\) and \({{\varvec{pp}}}\) collisions

Open charm production cross section from combined LHC experiments in pp collisions at \(\sqrt{s} = 5.02\) TeV

1 Introduction

2 Dataset and analysis

3 Results

4 Summary

Data Availability Statement

Code Availability Statement

References

Acknowledgements

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Consortia

ALICE Collaboration

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