A combinatorial Hopf algebra for the boson normal ordering problem

Abstract

In the aim of understand the generalization of Stirling numbers occurring in the bosonic normal ordering problem, several combinatorial models have been proposed. In particular, Blasiak \emph{et al.} defined combinatorial objects allowing to interpret the number of $S_{\mathbf{r},\mathbf{s}}(k)$ appearing in the identity $(a^{†}{)}^{r_n}{a}^{s_n}\cdots (a^{†}{)}^{r_1}{a}^{s_1}=(a^{†}{)}^{\alpha }\sum S_{\mathbf{r},\mathbf{s}}(k)(a^{†}{)}^k{a}^k$, where $\alpha$ is assumed to be non-negative. These objects are used to define a combinatorial Hopf algebra which projects to the enveloping algebra of the Heisenberg Lie algebra. Here, we propose a new variant this construction which admits a realization with variables. This means that we construct our algebra from a free algebra $\mathbb{C}⟨A⟩$ using quotient and shifted product. The combinatorial objects (B-diagrams) are slightly different from those proposed by Blasiak \emph{et al.}, but give also a combinatorial interpretation of the generalized Stirling numbers together with a combinatorial Hopf algebra related to Heisenberg Lie algebra. the main difference comes the fact that the B-diagrams have the same number of inputs and outputs. After studying the combinatorics and the enumeration of B-diagrams, we propose two constructions of algebras called. The Fusion algebra $\mathcal{F}$ defined using formal variables and another algebra $\mathcal{B}$ constructed directly from the B-diagrams. We show the connection between these two algebras and that $\mathcal{B}$ can be endowed with Hopf structure. We recognise two already known combinatorial Hopf subalgebras of $\mathcal{B}$: WSym the algebra of word symmetric functions indexed by set partitions and BWSym the algebra of biword symmetric functions indexed by set partitions into lists.