Vaccine Hesitancy: Contemporary Issues and Historical Background
Abstract
:1. Definition and Theoretical Framework
2. Early Vaccine Hesitancy
3. Vaccine Hesitancy and Anti-Vaccine Movement(s) in the Modern Era
3.1. Polio Vaccine: The Cutter Incident and Simian Virus 40 (SV40)
3.2. Swine Flu Vaccine and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
3.3. The Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTP) Vaccine Controversy
3.4. The Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine Controversy
3.5. Thiomersal Controversy
4. Drivers of Vaccine Hesitancy
4.1. Heuristics and Vaccine Hesitancy
4.2. Concerns Regarding Vaccine Safety and Efficacy
4.3. Internet and Social Media Influence
4.4. Mandatory Vaccination and Public Health Policies
4.5. Vaccine Hesitancy in the COVID-19 Era
5. Vaccine Hesitancy across Different Countries, Cultures, and Socio-Economic Groups
5.1. Vaccine Hesitancy in High-Income Countries (HICs)
5.2. Vaccine Hesitancy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)
6. Measures to Counteract Vaccine Hesitancy
6.1. Public Education and Communication—Multi-Cultural and Multi-Lingual
6.2. Behavioral Interventions and Catalysts for Change
6.3. Importance of Political Will and Leadership
6.4. Pivotal Input from Healthcare Providers/Clinicians
6.5. Mandatory Vaccinations
7. Conclusions and Future Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nuwarda, R.F.; Ramzan, I.; Weekes, L.; Kayser, V. Vaccine Hesitancy: Contemporary Issues and Historical Background. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1595. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101595
Nuwarda RF, Ramzan I, Weekes L, Kayser V. Vaccine Hesitancy: Contemporary Issues and Historical Background. Vaccines. 2022; 10(10):1595. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101595
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuwarda, Rina Fajri, Iqbal Ramzan, Lynn Weekes, and Veysel Kayser. 2022. "Vaccine Hesitancy: Contemporary Issues and Historical Background" Vaccines 10, no. 10: 1595. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101595