Structures and Functions of Pestivirus Glycoproteins: Not Simply Surface Matters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structures of the Pestivirus Glycoproteins
2.1. Crystal Structures of the Glycoproteins
2.2. Intramolecular Disulfide Linkage and Dimerization of Glycoproteins
2.3. N- and O-Linked Glycosylation of Glycoproteins
2.4. Antigenic Structure and Epitopes of Glycoproteins
3. Functions of Glycoproteins during the Pestivirus Life Cycle
Category | Functions | References |
---|---|---|
Interactions with cells | Attachment: Erns and E2 | [72] |
Entry: E1 and E2 | [36,72,73] | |
Cultured cell tropism and host specificity: E2 | [74,75,76] | |
Interactions with cellular receptors: Erns (heparan sulfate, laminin receptor) and E2 (CD46, heparan sulfate) | [77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84] | |
Interactions with cellular proteins: E2 | [85,86,87,88] | |
Fusion: E2 (CSFV) and E1 (BVDV) | [22,29,30,89,90,91,92,93,94] | |
Endocytosis: Erns | [91,92,95] | |
Autophagy: Erns and E2 | [96,97,98] | |
Interactions with other viral proteins | Dimerization: E1-E2 heterodimer (major), Erns homodimer, and E2 homodimer | [5] |
Virion packaging and assembly: E2 homodimer early and then E1-E2 heterodimer later | [99] | |
Functions in pathogenesis | Interactions with receptors to determine cell tropism and pathogenicity | [74,75] |
Eliciting host humoral immunity: E2 induces the major neutralization antibody, and Erns induces the second neutralization antibody | [8,9,10] | |
Eliciting host cellular immunity: E2 is the target of CTL, and Erns and E1 also have roles | [100,101,102] | |
Evasion from immunity: RNase activity of Erns induces apoptosis and inhibits IFN synthesis; Erns and E2 are responsible for positive selection | [43,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111] | |
Virulence: Erns, E1 and E2 | [21,33,35,39,40,41,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121] |
3.1. Interactions with Cells
3.2. Interactions with Other Proteins within Virions
3.3. Interactions with the Host
4. The Roles of Viral Glycoproteins in Pathogenicity in Animals or Cells
4.1. Genetic Basis of Pestivirus Virulence
4.2. Antigenic Differences Influence the Efficacy of E2 Subunit Vaccines
4.3. Selection Pressure-Driven Mutations Determine the Appropriateness of Vaccines
5. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wang, F.-I.; Deng, M.-C.; Huang, Y.-L.; Chang, C.-Y. Structures and Functions of Pestivirus Glycoproteins: Not Simply Surface Matters. Viruses 2015, 7, 3506-3529. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7072783
Wang F-I, Deng M-C, Huang Y-L, Chang C-Y. Structures and Functions of Pestivirus Glycoproteins: Not Simply Surface Matters. Viruses. 2015; 7(7):3506-3529. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7072783
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Fun-In, Ming-Chung Deng, Yu-Liang Huang, and Chia-Yi Chang. 2015. "Structures and Functions of Pestivirus Glycoproteins: Not Simply Surface Matters" Viruses 7, no. 7: 3506-3529. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7072783