Risk Factors Associated with Hepatitis C Subtypes and the Evolutionary History of Subtype 1a in Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Design
2.2. RNA Isolation and Reverse Transcription
2.3. HCV Genotyping/Subtyping
2.4. Bayesian Coalescent Analysis of HCV Subtype 1a
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Frequency of HCV Subtypes by Risk Factors
3.3. Risk Factors Associated with HCV Subtypes
3.4. HCV Subtype 1a Evolution in Mexico
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | HIV/HCV (N = 66) | HCV (N = 194) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 9 (13.6%) | 119 (61.3%) | |
Male | 57 (86.4%) | 75 (38.7%) | <0.001 1 | |
Age (year) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 40.5 (35.2, 46.0) | 53.0 (44.0, 59.0) | <0.001 2 |
Injection drug use | Absent | 38 (57.6%) | 158 (85.9%) | |
Present | 28 (42.4%) | 26 (14.1%) | <0.001 1 | |
Blood transfusion | Absent | 37 (56.1%) | 61 (33.3%) | |
Present | 29 (43.9%) | 122 (66.7%) | 0.001 1 | |
Surgery | Absent | 28 (42.4%) | 33 (17.9%) | |
Present | 38 (57.6%) | 151 (82.1%) | <0.001 1 | |
Tattooing | Absent | 27 (40.9%) | 134 (72.8%) | |
Present | 39 (59.1%) | 50 (27.2%) | <0.001 1 | |
Piercing | Absent | 46 (69.7%) | 180 (97.8%) | |
Present | 20 (30.3%) | 4 (2.2%) | <0.001 1 | |
Dental procedures | Absent | 43 (65.2%) | 134 (72.8%) | |
Present | 23 (34.8%) | 50 (27.2%) | 0.239 1 | |
Hemodialysis | Absent | 65 (98.5%) | 180 (97.8%) | |
Present | 1 (1.5%) | 4 (2.2%) | 0.743 1 | |
Acupuncture | Absent | 61 (92.4%) | 155 (84.2%) | |
Present | 5 (7.6%) | 29 (15.8%) | 0.096 1 | |
Imprisonment | Absent | 39 (59.1%) | NA | |
Present | 27 (40.9%) | NA | ||
Health worker | Absent | 65 (98.5%) | 179 (97.3%) | |
Present | 1 (1.5%) | 5 (2.7%) | 0.584 1 | |
Sexual worker | Absent | 57 (86.4%) | NA | |
Present | 9 (13.6%) | NA | ||
HCV viral load (IU/mL) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 4,480,000.0 (941,500.0, 15,625,000.0) | 2,925,000.0 (680,000.0, 10,300,000.0) | 0.331 2 |
HCV subtyping method | LiPA | 31 (47.0%) | 79 (40.7%) | |
Sanger sequencing | 35 (53.0%) | 115 (59.3%) | 0.375 1 | |
HCV subtype | 1a | 45 (68.2%) | 107 (55.2%) | 0.064 1 |
1b | 7 (10.6%) | 43 (22.2%) | 0.040 1 | |
2a | 1 (1.5%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.422 1 | |
2b | 2 (3.0%) | 12 (6.2%) | 0.327 1 | |
3a | 10 (15.2%) | 24 (12.4%) | 0.563 1 | |
4a | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.086 1 | |
2a/2c | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (3.6%) | 0.118 1 |
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Laguna-Meraz, S.; Jose-Abrego, A.; Roman, S.; Leal-Mercado, L.; Panduro, A. Risk Factors Associated with Hepatitis C Subtypes and the Evolutionary History of Subtype 1a in Mexico. Viruses 2024, 16, 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081259
Laguna-Meraz S, Jose-Abrego A, Roman S, Leal-Mercado L, Panduro A. Risk Factors Associated with Hepatitis C Subtypes and the Evolutionary History of Subtype 1a in Mexico. Viruses. 2024; 16(8):1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081259
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaguna-Meraz, Saul, Alexis Jose-Abrego, Sonia Roman, Leonardo Leal-Mercado, and Arturo Panduro. 2024. "Risk Factors Associated with Hepatitis C Subtypes and the Evolutionary History of Subtype 1a in Mexico" Viruses 16, no. 8: 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081259