Lessons from the Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis of HTLV-1-Infected Individuals: Biomarkers of Inflammation for HAM/TSP Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Quantification of Factors Associated with Neuroinflammation
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical and Laboratory Aspects of the Study Population
3.2. Analysis of Inflammatory Factors in the Serum of HTLV-1-Infected Individuals
3.3. CSF Analysis of Biomarkers of Inflammation
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | HTLV-1 AC (n = 13) | HAM/TSP (n = 20) | Control (n = 9) | p-Value f |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)a | 62.15 ± 10.21 | 54.75 ± 13.46 | 59.46 ± 20.65 | 0.345 |
Sexb | ||||
Male | 6 (14.3%) | 8 (19.0%) | 4 (9.5%) | 0.935 |
Female | 7 (16.7%) | 12 (28.6%) | 5 (11.9%) | |
Time of infection (years)c,d | 16.98 [IQR 16.47–21.71] | unknown | n.a. | n.a |
Time of disease (years)a,e | n.a. | 12.94 ± 8.07 | n.a. | n.a. |
Disability scale | ||||
Mild (1–10 points) | 0 | 13 (65.0%) | n.a. | n.a. |
Moderate (11–21 points) | 0 | 5 (25.0%) | n.a. | n.a. |
Severe (≥22 points) | 0 | 2 (10.0%) | n.a. | n.a. |
CSF analysis | ||||
Total proteins (mg/dL) a | 48.25 ± 13.06 | 44.08 ± 12.86 | 33.00 ± 8.57 | 0.020 |
Frequency of elevated total proteins b | 53.8% (7/13) | 30% (6/20) | 0% (0/9) | 0.027 |
Cell counts (cells/mm3) d | 1.0 [IQR 1–2] | 4.0 [IQR 1.5–7.5] | 1.0 [IQR 1–1] | <0.001 |
Proviral load in PBMCs (%)a | 4.50 ± 3.64 | 8.46 ± 6.37 | n.a. | 0.049 |
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Freitas, N.L.; Gomes, Y.C.P.; Souza, F.d.S.; Torres, R.C.; Echevarria-Lima, J.; Leite, A.C.C.B.; Lima, M.A.S.D.; Araújo, A.Q.C.; Silva, M.T.T.; Espíndola, O.d.M. Lessons from the Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis of HTLV-1-Infected Individuals: Biomarkers of Inflammation for HAM/TSP Development. Viruses 2022, 14, 2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102146
Freitas NL, Gomes YCP, Souza FdS, Torres RC, Echevarria-Lima J, Leite ACCB, Lima MASD, Araújo AQC, Silva MTT, Espíndola OdM. Lessons from the Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis of HTLV-1-Infected Individuals: Biomarkers of Inflammation for HAM/TSP Development. Viruses. 2022; 14(10):2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102146
Chicago/Turabian StyleFreitas, Nicole Lardini, Yago Côrtes Pinheiro Gomes, Flávia dos Santos Souza, Rafael Carvalho Torres, Juliana Echevarria-Lima, Ana Claudia Celestino Bezerra Leite, Marco Antonio Sales Dantas Lima, Abelardo Queiroz Campos Araújo, Marcus Tulius Teixeira Silva, and Otávio de Melo Espíndola. 2022. "Lessons from the Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis of HTLV-1-Infected Individuals: Biomarkers of Inflammation for HAM/TSP Development" Viruses 14, no. 10: 2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102146