Review of Oral Rabies Vaccination of Dogs and Its Application in India
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Need of ORV of Dogs in India
2.1. Achieving Herd Immunity in an Inaccessible Population
2.2. Competing Priorities for Dog Population Management
3. Types of ORV
3.1. Modified Live Vaccines (MLVs)
3.2. Vector-Based Vaccines (VBVs)
4. Oral Rabies Vaccination of Dogs
5. Evaluation of Available ORVs for Use in Dogs
5.1. Safety Risk Analysis
5.2. Candidate ORV for India
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Vaccine Strain | Vaccine Name and Manufacturer | WILDLIFE | DOG | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Years In Use | Doses Distributed | Countries In Which Distribution Took Place | References | Year | Countries in Which Trials Have Taken Place | References | |||
Modified Live (1st generation) | SAD Bern | Lysvulpen, Bioveta, Czech Republic | Red Fox, racoon dog | 1979–1980 | 211,000,000 | Europe | [29] | 1994 | Tunisia | [75] |
SAD B19 | Fuchsoral, Ceva, France | Red fox | 1978–2014 | 268,000,000 | Europe | [29] | 2001 | Philippines | [72] | |
1998 | Turkey | [76] | ||||||||
RV-97 | Sinrab, FGBI ARRIAH, Russia | Racoon dogs | 2002–current | 4200,000 | Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia | [29,77] | - | - | - | |
VRC-RZ2 | Kazakhstan laboratory | Corsac fox, steppe wolf | 2017 | Laboratory | Kazakhstan | [78] | 2017 | Kazakhstan (laboratory) | [78] | |
KMIEV-94 | Institute of Experimental Veterinary, Belarus | Red fox | 2009 | 10,300,000 | Belarus | [29,79] | - | - | - | |
Modified Live (2nd generation) | SAG 2 | RABIGEN® Virbac, France | Red fox, raccoon dog | 199 –2012 | 28,000,000 | France, Switzerland, Finland, Estonia, Italy, Germany, Belgium | [29,80] | 2007 | India | [81] |
1998 | Tunisia | [82] | ||||||||
2012 | Morocco | [68] | ||||||||
Modified Live (3rd generation) | SPBN GASGAS | Rabitec® Ceva, France | Red fox, raccoon dog | 201 -2019 | Laboratory | Germany | [83] | 2017 | Haiti | [67] |
2020 | Thailand | [84] | ||||||||
ERA G333 | Prokov, Russia | Red fox, raccoon dog | 2017 | Laboratory | Russia | [85] | - | - | - | |
Vector–based (Vaccinia virus) | V-RG | Raboral V-RG® Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany | Raccoon, coyote, grey fox, red fox, golden jackal, raccoon dog | 1987–2017 | 250,000,000 | USA, Canada, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ukraine, Israel, South Korea | [35] | 2000 | Sri Lanka | [86] |
2005 | USA (laboratory) | [47] | ||||||||
Vector-based (Adenovirus) | AdRG1.3 | ONRAB® Artemis Technologies Inc., Canada | Striped skunk, red fox, raccoon | 2007–2017 | 28,500,000 | Canada, USA | [28,44] | 2016 | USA (laboratory) | [61] |
2007 | China (laboratory) | [87] |
No. | Major Categories for Assessment of an Oral Rabies Vaccine Candidate | Modified Live Vaccines | Vector-Based Vaccines | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAD Berne | SAD B19 | RV-97 | VRC-RZ2 | KMIEV-94 | SAG 2 | SPBN GASGAS | ERA G333 | V-RG | AdRG1.3 | ||
1 | Description of the manufacturer | [91] | [92] | [93] | - | - | [94] | [92] | - | [95] | - |
2 | Description of the vaccine construct | [96,97] | [98] | [77] | - | [79] | [99] | [100] | - | - | [101,102] |
3 | Is the vaccine safe for the target animal? | [75] | [103] | - | [78] | - | [82,104] | [67,105] | - | [47] | [106] |
4 | Has safety been assessed for potential non-target animals? | Jackals [107] | [103] | - | - | - | [108] | [83,109,110] | [85] | [35] | [106,111] |
5 | Has safety been assessed in nonhuman primates? | [112] | [113] | - | - | - | [114] | Conducted in parent vaccine SAD-B19 [113] | - | [115] | - |
6 | Does the vaccine elicit an immune response in target animals (dogs)? | [75] | [76] | - | [78] | - | [81,116] | [67,84,105] | - | [47] | [60,61,106] |
7 | Have virulent challenge studies been conducted to assess duration of immunity? | [117,118] | Foxes [119] | - | [78] | - | [116,120] | Foxes [121] | Foxes and raccoon dogs [85] | [35,122] | [106] |
8 | Does the vaccine replicate in host tissues and is replicating virus excreted from animals? | - | [103] | - | - | - | [104] | [36] | - | [123] | [106,124] |
9 | Is the bait composition attractive to the target animal, and does it convey delivery of the vaccine to the target host-anatomy? | - | - | - | - | - | [68] | [63,105] | - | - | - |
10 | Have bait contact rates been described for the bait distribution method you are considering? | - | - | - | - | - | - | [20,67,105] | - | - | - |
11 | Has the vaccine been evaluated under field conditions and are storage requirements known? | [125] | [126] | - | - | [127] | [128] | [67,105] | - | [129,130] | [131] |
12 | Has an economic cost-benefit assessment been conducted? | - | -- | - | - | - | - | [20] | - | - | - |
13 | Is the product currently acknowledged by an international public health agency for field use? | [132] | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | [67,105] | _ | [133] | _ |
14 | Is the product currently licensed in any countries for field use?* | Europe | Europe | Russia | Kazakhstan | Belarus | [99] Europe | [134] Europe | Russia | Europe, USA | [102] Canada |
Value | Total Exposures | Total Health Care Visits | Total Human Deaths | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Standard analysis | Mean (95% CI) per 40,000 baits | 5.06 (0, 14) | 3.98 (0, 11) | 0 (0, 0) |
Rate per 10 million baits | 1264 | 995 | 0 | |
Range per 40,000 baits | 0–20 | 0–16 | 0–0 | |
Sensitivity analysis | Mean (95% CI) per 40,000 baits | 4.9 (0, 14) | 3.4 (0, 12) | 0 (0, 0) |
Range per 40,000 baits | 0–24 | 0–22 | 0–0 |
Contact with Baits | Interaction with Recently Vaccinated Animals (Dogs) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Mucosal Contact | Transdermal Contact | Licks | Bites | Severe Bites | Bites from Rabid Animal | |
Standard analysis | Mean (95% CI) per 40,000 baits | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 1) | 5.05 (0, 14) | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 0) |
Rate per 10 million baits | 0 | 0 | 1.25 | 1262.5 | 0.25 | 0 | |
Range per 40,000 baits | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–20 | 0–1 | 0–0 | |
Sensitivity analysis | Mean (95% CI) per 40,000 baits | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.21 (0, 1) | 4.98 (0, 11) | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 0) |
Range per 40,000 baits | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–4 | 0–24 | 0–1 | 0–0 |
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Yale, G.; Lopes, M.; Isloor, S.; Head, J.R.; Mazeri, S.; Gamble, L.; Dukpa, K.; Gongal, G.; Gibson, A.D. Review of Oral Rabies Vaccination of Dogs and Its Application in India. Viruses 2022, 14, 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010155
Yale G, Lopes M, Isloor S, Head JR, Mazeri S, Gamble L, Dukpa K, Gongal G, Gibson AD. Review of Oral Rabies Vaccination of Dogs and Its Application in India. Viruses. 2022; 14(1):155. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010155
Chicago/Turabian StyleYale, Gowri, Marwin Lopes, Shrikrishna Isloor, Jennifer R. Head, Stella Mazeri, Luke Gamble, Kinzang Dukpa, Gyanendra Gongal, and Andrew D. Gibson. 2022. "Review of Oral Rabies Vaccination of Dogs and Its Application in India" Viruses 14, no. 1: 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010155