Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Sialic Acids and Their Biological Significance
3. Sialic Acid Receptors of Emerging and Zoonotic Viruses
4. Distribution of Sialic Acid Receptors among Multiple Host Species
4.1. Humans
4.2. Non-Human Primates
4.3. Livestock Species and Farm Animals
4.3.1. Swine (Pigs)
4.3.2. Equines (Horses)
4.3.3. Bovines (Cattle)
4.3.4. Camelidae (Camels)
4.4. Companion Animals
4.4.1. Canines (Dogs)
4.4.2. Felines (Cats)
4.5. Wild Animals
4.5.1. Bats (Order: Chiroptera)
4.5.2. Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae)
4.5.3. Raccoon (Procyon lotor)
4.6. Laboratory Animals
4.6.1. Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
4.6.2. Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)
4.6.3. Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
4.6.4. Mice (Mus musculus)
4.7. Terrestrial Birds
4.7.1. Galliformes
4.7.2. Passeriformes
4.7.3. Columbiformes
4.8. Aquatic Birds
4.8.1. Anseriformes
4.8.2. Charadriiformes
4.8.3. Gruiformes, Pelecaniformes, Gaviiformes, Ciconiiformes
5. SAs as Receptor Determinants for Mammalian Viruses
5.1. RNA Viruses
5.1.1. Orthomyxoviridae
5.1.2. Coronaviridae
5.1.3. Paramyxoviridae
5.1.4. Flaviviridae
5.1.5. Picornaviridae
5.1.6. Reoviridae
5.2. DNA viruses
5.2.1. Adenoviridae
5.2.2. Parvoviridae
5.2.3. Polyomaviridae
6. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host | Distribution of SA α2,6-Gal | Distribution of SA α2,3-Gal | References |
---|---|---|---|
Humans | Ciliated and non-ciliated cells in respiratory tract; ileal epithelium | Ciliated cells in bronchioles and alveoli; colon epithelium; endothelial cells of blood vessels and inflammatory cells | [22,30,36,38,39,40,41,56] |
Non-human primates | Goblet cells of submucosal glands and submucosal connective tissue; ciliated cells on epithelium in URT | Goblet cells of submucosal glands and submucosal connective tissue; Type II pneumocytes in lungs | [22,37,41,42] |
Swine | Ciliated epithelia and goblet cells in trachea and bronchus; alveolar epithelium; duodenum; colon | Alveolar epithelium; duodenum; colon | [31,43,44,45] |
Equines | Along nasal mucosa to bronchus; goblet cells | Ciliated nasal mucosa; trachea; bronchus; goblet cells | [49] |
Bovines | Deficient in trachea; | Trachea | [45,47,48,49] |
Camelidae | Not reported | Nasal respiratory epithelium; alveolar epithelial cells | [50] |
Canines | Goblet cells and sub-epithelial regions of nasal mucosa and trachea; lamina propria; large intestine | Nasal mucosa; trachea; bronchi; alveoli; goblet cells and sub-epithelial regions of nasal mucosa and trachea; large intestine | [51,52] |
Felines | Ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells; goblet cells; alveolar epithelial cells | Ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells; goblet cells; sub-epithelial connective tissue; alveolar epithelial cells | [51,53] |
Bats | Lamina propria; submucosa of trachea and bronchi; alveoli; goblet cells; serosa of intestine | Epithelial cells of trachea; mucosal lining of intestinal villi | [54,55] |
Plateau Pika | Lamina propria and mucous glands of trachea; alveolar epithelial cells; duodenum; ileum; rectum | Lamina propria and mucous glands of trachea; alveolar epithelial cells; duodenum; ileum; rectum. | [57] |
Raccoon | Epithelium and sub-epithelial regions in URT | Epithelial and sub-epithelial regions of trachea and bronchi. | [58] |
Guinea pig | Epithelial cells of nasal and tracheal mucosa | Alveolar cells and vascular endothelial cells. | [59] |
Ferrets | Ciliated cells and submucosal glands in trachea and bronchus; alveoli | Lamina propria and sub-mucosal areas; alveoli | [53,60,61] |
Hamsters | Distal end of the nasal cavity; pharynx; trachea; bronchus | Proximal end of the nasal cavity; pharynx; trachea; bronchus; lungs | [62,63] |
Mice | Sub-epithelial locations; trachea; bronchi; bronchioles; alveolar cells; intestines; lymphoid nodules of cecum | Sub-epithelial locations; trachea; bronchi; bronchioles; alveolar cells; intestines | [64] |
Galliformes | Nasal cavity to lungs; tracheal epithelium of chickens and quails | Nasal cavity to lungs; trachea of ducks; intestines | [29,65,66] |
Passeriformes | Epithelial cells of respiratory tract; sub-epithelial regions and glands | Epithelial cells of respiratory tract (predominant); sub-epithelial regions and glands; intestines | [21,66] |
Columbiformes | Respiratory tract | Respiratory tract | |
Anseriformes | Respiratory and intestinal tracts; lungs; ileal and cecal enterocytes; duodenum; jejunum | Respiratory and intestinal tracts; respiratory epithelial cells; ciliated cells; goblet cells; sub-epithelial regions of trachea and bronchi; goblet cells of small and large intestines | [21,66] |
Charadriiformes | Respiratory tract epithelium; marginal in intestines | Respiratory tract epithelium | [21] |
Gruiformes, Pelecaniformes, Gaviiformes, Ciconiiformes | Respiratory epithelium | Respiratory and intestinal epithelium | [21] |
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Kuchipudi, S.V.; Nelli, R.K.; Gontu, A.; Satyakumar, R.; Surendran Nair, M.; Subbiah, M. Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover. Viruses 2021, 13, 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020262
Kuchipudi SV, Nelli RK, Gontu A, Satyakumar R, Surendran Nair M, Subbiah M. Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover. Viruses. 2021; 13(2):262. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020262
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuchipudi, Suresh V, Rahul K Nelli, Abhinay Gontu, Rashmi Satyakumar, Meera Surendran Nair, and Murugan Subbiah. 2021. "Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover" Viruses 13, no. 2: 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020262