Identifying the Impact Factors on the Land Market in Nepal from Land Use Regulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
Land Use–Land Market Relationship in Nepal
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Description of the Research Approach
3.2. Desktop Review
3.3. Interview Data Collection in Nepal
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Identification of Land Market Impact Factors through Desktop Review
4.2. Impact Factors Based on Stakeholder’s Perspective
4.3. Refinement of Land Market Impact Factors
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SN | Articles | Initially Collected | Dropped | Selected Articles for in-Depth Study |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Journal based | 70 | 46 | 24 |
2 | Conference proceedings/conference paper | 27 | 21 | 6 |
3 | Report and guidelines from government authorities and global financial and welfare organizations | 17 | 12 | 5 |
4 | Books/book section | 8 | 5 | 3 |
5 | Others (magazine articles, guidelines, thesis, unpublished articles | 17 | 12 | 5 |
Total | 139 | 96 | 43 |
Authors | Impact Factors/Indicators |
---|---|
Reps and Smith [100] | Subdivision control, supply |
Ohls, Weibserg and White [65] | Price, value |
Courant [57] | Land price |
Shultz and Groy [101] | Subdivision control, supply |
Dowall [6] | Supply, price, affordability, sub-division standard, consideration of future requirements (adequacy or suitability of zoning), procedural delays |
Burby and Dalton [78] | Hazard, risk, land availability |
Dale and McLaughlin [102] | Laws and institutions, financial instruments and services, land recording and valuation agencies, land rights and records, participants |
Dale and Baldwin [48] | Credit accessibility, demand, supply, cultural acceptance, transparency, social, environmental and economic sustainability, value for money, tax, transaction cost, openness, accessibility, incentives, clarity, compensation |
Mayer and Somerville [71] | Delay, red tape, transaction cost |
Bertaud and Malpezzi [103] | Demand, supply, imposition of higher taxation on consumer |
Tuladhar and van der Molen [70] | Transaction cost, coordination, customer satisfaction |
Deininger [68] | Credit accessibility, transparency, productivity, desirability, subsidies, transaction cost |
Karki [77] | Quality of residential land, supply, open space |
UNECE [104] | Taxation, valuation, informal settlement, tenure security, conflict, satisfaction, information availability, transaction cost, transparency, affordability, environmental sustainability |
Potsiou [81] | Availability of land information, access to mortgage and credit, security, content, information quality and availability, tax |
Jaeger [4] | Value, compensation |
Wallace and Williamson [105] | Mortgage, lease, land information, securities, information management and availability, credit facility, ownership, cognitive capacity, land rights, coordination |
Dale, Mahoney and McLaren [21] | Credit accessibility, demand, supply, cultural acceptance, transparency, social, environmental, and economic sustainability, value, transaction cost, openness, accessibility, incentives, clarity, compensation |
Ihlanfeldt [7] | Competitiveness, land price, land value, self-interest, lot size, degree of restriction |
Wu [58] | Erosion, desertification, land degradation, conflict, affordability, productivity, pollution, fragmentation, incentives |
Cheshire and Vermeulen [106] | Price, cost, benefit |
Glaeser and Ward [107] | Demand, supply, price |
Williamson, Enemark, Wallace and Rajabifard [8] | Mortgage, lease, land information, securities, information management, credit facility, ownership, expectations, land rights, coordination, information availability, taxation, compensation |
Needham, Segeren and Buitelaar [5] | Transaction cost, expectations, prevalence laws, hope value |
Ciaian, Kancs, Swinnen, Van Herck and Vranken [59] | Land price, value |
Monkkonen and Ronconi [60] | Land price |
Loxton, Schirmer and Kanowski [75] | Distrust, injustice, stress, dissatisfaction |
Woestenburg [63] | Land value |
Alexander [61] | Land price |
Luca [62] | Land price, transaction volume |
El-Barmelgy, Shalaby, Nassar and Ali [55] | Proximity, social acceptance, price, demand, supply, land values, public interest, hazards |
Copenheaver, et al. [108] | Land price, value |
Mangioni [67] | Compensation |
Schirmer [74] | Employment, identity, land availability |
Lodin, Sonila and Onsrud [86] | Coordination, local ownership, information technology |
Government of Nepal [30] | Value, tax, subsidies, compensation, conflict, coordination, fragmentation, disaster, risk, lot size, subdivision control |
Dirgasova, Bandlerova and Lazikova [64] | Land price, lot size |
Lees [90] | Housing prices, affordability, supply, demand |
Cheshire [14] | Value, housing price, transaction delay |
Faust, et al. [109] | Quality plots, open space, relocation of informal settlements, value, price, inadequate planning, affordability, data sharing, compensation, ad hoc planning decisions |
Jalali, MacDonald, Fini and Shi [10] | Price, lot size, building density, urban growth boundary |
Nakajima and Takano [16] | Price, building heights |
Wen, et al. [110] | Price, supply, demand |
Dimension | Preliminary Impact Factors from Desktop Review | Key Theme from the Interview | Refined Impact Factor | Impact Indicators Relevant to the Nepalese Land Market Based on the Interview Responses |
---|---|---|---|---|
Economic | Transaction cost | Changes in the transaction cost occurred | Transaction cost | Changes in the cost of the transaction |
Changes in the time of transaction | ||||
Valuation | Changes in land value or price occurred differently | Valuation | Changes in the price of residential land | |
Changes in the price of agricultural land | ||||
Price speculation due to land categorization or subdivision restriction | ||||
Mortgage availability | Mortgage availability reduced by land use regulation | Mortgage availability | Accessibility of land property as collateral | |
Number of blacklisted landowners | ||||
Changes in the financial strength of the financial institutions | ||||
Number of landowners who received loans from financial institutions | ||||
Taxation | Changes in taxation occurred | Taxation | Changes in land tax | |
Penalties for no use of land | ||||
Compensation | There was inadequate compensation to landowners for loss due to land use regulation | Compensation | Sufficiency of compensation paid for loss due to subdivision restriction | |
Sufficiency of compensation for loss due to road expansion | ||||
Time required for payment of compensation | ||||
Social | Willingness & Acceptance | Low level of awareness of land use regulation created conflict between stakeholders | Awareness | Conflict between sellers and buyers due to lack of awareness of land use regulation |
Dispute between clients and staff over failure of parcel subdivision | ||||
Expectation | Social expectations not met, as revealed by court cases for subdivision approval | Expectation | Ease of subdivision approval process | |
Number of court order cases for subdivision approval | ||||
Proximity | Landowners dissatisfied with allocation of resettlement | Proximity | Satisfaction of landowners due to distance to workplace | |
Satisfaction of landowners due to travel time to workplace | ||||
Changes in number of landowners/buyers in the land market | ||||
Environmental | Risk reduction | Risk considerations in land use planning changed supply and value in the land market | Risk reduction | Changes in the area at risk of flooding in Kathmandu Valley |
Changes in the supply of flood-safe plots in Kathmandu Valley | ||||
Quality of residential land | Changes in quality of residential land made a difference to the land market by changing value and supply of such land | Quality of residential land | Supply of residential land with added open space in land pooling areas | |
Change in supply of residential land with added enhanced road and utility infrastructure | ||||
Change in land value of quality residential plots compared to surrounding unplanned areas | ||||
Suitability of zoning classification | Inadequate classification did not address the land requirement and promoted haphazard use | Suitability of zoning classification | Sufficiency of land allocated for non-agricultural purpose | |
Changes in the amount of housing construction in agricultural land of Kathmandu Valley | ||||
Institutional | Lot size | Lot size affected the availability of land and accessibility to land rights | Lot size | Number of available parcels qualified for the market transaction |
Changes in number of transactions of parcels bigger than the threshold size | ||||
Changes in accessibility to land rights | ||||
Rights on land/subdivision restrictions | Subdivision restriction affected availability of land and accessibility to land rights | Subdivision restrictions | Changes in amount (count) of parcels subdivided | |
Access to adjoining parcel to use for road purposes (ease of the use of land) | ||||
Number of informal transactions | ||||
Coordination | Poor coordination mechanism affected property rights | Coordination | Number of private lots partly taken by road expansion | |
Number of court cases registered against KVDA to secure property rights |
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Subedi, N.R.; McDougall, K.; Paudyal, D.R. Identifying the Impact Factors on the Land Market in Nepal from Land Use Regulation. Urban Sci. 2024, 8, 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8020058
Subedi NR, McDougall K, Paudyal DR. Identifying the Impact Factors on the Land Market in Nepal from Land Use Regulation. Urban Science. 2024; 8(2):58. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8020058
Chicago/Turabian StyleSubedi, Nab Raj, Kevin McDougall, and Dev Raj Paudyal. 2024. "Identifying the Impact Factors on the Land Market in Nepal from Land Use Regulation" Urban Science 8, no. 2: 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8020058