Toxins for Transgenic Resistance to Hemipteran Pests
Abstract
:1. Hemiptera of Agricultural Importance
1.1. Hemiptera as Primary Pests
1.2. Specialization for Ingestion of Plant Sap
1.3. Management of Hemipteran Pests
2. Insecticidal Toxins Derived from Bacillus thuringiensis
2.1. Hemipteran-Active Bt Toxins
Toxin | Toxicity | Specificity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Cry2, Cry3A, Cry4 | Some | Potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae | [48] |
Cry4Aa Cry11Aa Cry3A, | LC50: 70-100 μg/mL 100% mortality at 500 μg/mL 60% mortality at 500 μg/mL | Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum | [50] |
Vip1Ae-Vip2Ae | LC50: 0.576 μg/mL | Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii | [53] |
Patent | Toxin | Specificity | Investigators |
---|---|---|---|
US 2009/0,068,159 | TIC809, ET37, TIC810, TIC 812 | Lygus bugs and coleopteran pests | [54] |
US 2010/0,064,394 | TIC853 | Lygus bugs | [55] |
US 1993/5,262,159 | Bt isolates | Aphids | [47] |
2.2. Bases for Low Toxicity of Bt Toxins against Sap-Sucking Insects
2.3. Cry Toxin Modification for Enhanced Hemipteran Toxicity
3. Plant Defense Proteins: Lectins
3.1. Impact of Lectins on Herbivorous Insects
3.2. Hemipteran-Active Lectins
Lectin (carbohydrate specificity) | Target insect toxicity (feeding assay/transgenic plant resistance) | References |
---|---|---|
GNA: Galanthus nivalis | Aphids (−/+) | [95,96] |
agglutinin (Mannose) | Brown planthopper (+/+) | [100,111,112] |
Green peach aphid (+/−) | [85] | |
Pea aphid (−/+) | [113] | |
Mustard aphid (−/+) | [110] | |
ASA: Allium sativum agglutinin | Green peach aphid (+/−) | [85] |
(Mannose) | Brown planthopper (−/+) | [104,105] |
Mustard aphid(−/+) | [110] | |
Chickpea aphid (+/+) Tobacco aphid (−/+) | [106] [114] | |
ConA: Concanavalin A (Mannose, Galactose) | Green peach aphid (+/+) | [85,115] |
Pea aphid (+/−) | [116] | |
SNA-1: Sambucus nigra agglutinin(NeuAc(a-2,6)Gal/GalNAc) | Pea aphid (+/−) | [117] |
WGA: Wheat germ agglutinin | Mustard aphid (+/−) | [118] |
(N-Acetylglucosoamine) | Brown planthopper (+/+) | [111] |
NPA: Narcissus pseudonarcissus agglutinin (Mannose) | Green peach aphid (+/−) | [85] |
ATL: Arum maculatum tuber lectin (Mannose) | Chickpea aphid (+/−) | [106] |
ACA onion: Allium cepa agglutinin (Galactose) | Mustard aphid (−/+) | [110] |
Pea aphid (+/+) | [116,119] | |
DEA: Dieffenbachia sequina agglutinin (thyroglobulin and asialofetuin [120]; mannose and complex sugar moities) | Chickpea aphid (+/+) | [106] |
CEA: Colocasia esculenta agglutinin (thyroglobulin and asialofetuin [120]; mannose and complex sugar moities) | Chickpea aphid | [106] |
PHA Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin (Galactose, N-Acetylgalactosoamine) | Western tarnished plant bug; | [121] |
PTA: Pinellia ternata agglutinin (Mannose) | Pea aphid; planthopper | [107,108,109] |
4. Antimetabolic Plant Protease Inhibitors
4.1. The Digestive and Salivary Proteases of the Hemiptera
Hemipteran pest | Proteolytic activity | Plant Protease inhibitors | References |
---|---|---|---|
Pea aphid | Cysteine and aminopeptidase | OC-I, Barley cystatin, Bowman-Birk, Serpin | [49,132,133,134,137,138,139,140] |
Green peach aphid | Cysteine and aminopeptidase | OC-I | [116,138] |
Cotton aphid | Cathepsin-L like | OC-I | [57,138] |
Cereal aphid | Cysteine and chymotrypsin-like | [135,141] | |
Plant bug, Lygus hesperus | Aspartic and serine | [62] | |
Plant bug, Lygus lineolaris | Serine and cysteine trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like | [26] | |
Planthopper | Trypsin and cathepsin B-like | [142] |
4.2. Insecticidal Effects of PIs against Hemiptera
5. Other Approaches
6. Conclusions and Future Outlook
Conflict of Interest
References
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Chougule, N.P.; Bonning, B.C. Toxins for Transgenic Resistance to Hemipteran Pests. Toxins 2012, 4, 405-429. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4060405
Chougule NP, Bonning BC. Toxins for Transgenic Resistance to Hemipteran Pests. Toxins. 2012; 4(6):405-429. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4060405
Chicago/Turabian StyleChougule, Nanasaheb P., and Bryony C. Bonning. 2012. "Toxins for Transgenic Resistance to Hemipteran Pests" Toxins 4, no. 6: 405-429. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4060405