Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. A Severe Toxic Reaction Following Anemonia viridis Sting
2.2. First-Aid Protocols: Response of Anemonia viridis Cnidocysts to Topical Rinse Solutions
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Interview with the Patient
- Date, time, location
- Cnidarian species that caused the sting
- Patient activity at the time of the sting
- Water conditions and amount of sun exposure
- Clothing or sun cream protection
- Part of body stung
- Local symptoms: e.g., pain, redness, papules, swelling
- Systemic symptoms: e.g., fever, muscle spasms, nausea
- Past cnidarian sting
- Significant medical diseases
- Drugs taken at the time of the sting
- Allergy history: e.g., asthma, hay fever
- Any current medications
- Did you notice any remains of cnidarian tissue attached after the sting? How did you remove them?
- First-aid protocol for rinsing the sting area: e.g., use of seawater, vinegar
- First-aid protocol for relieving pain: e.g., hot or cold application
- Did you know the proper first-aid protocol for cnidarian stings? (“cnidarian” includes animals such as jellyfish, sea anemone, and coral)
- Had you previously received any information on how to act in case of a cnidarian sting during occupational risk training?
- Did you need medical assistance? e.g., time of arrival at health center, number of visits, treatment, outcome
- Any other information that you would like to provide?
5.2. First-Aid Protocol Experiments
5.2.1. Sea Anemone Collection
5.2.2. Tentacle Solution Assay
- 0: no discharge observed;
- +: low discharge of cnidocysts;
- ++: medium discharge of cnidocysts;
- +++: high discharge of cnidocysts.
- Activator effect solution: cnidocysts were activated after the application of the solution;
- Neutral effect solution: cnidocysts were not activated after the application of the solution.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Anemonia viridis | |||
---|---|---|---|
Rinse Solutions | n | Discharge 1 | Effect 2 |
Seawater | 20 | 0 | Neutral |
Vinegar | 20 | +++ | Activator |
Ammonia | 20 | +++ | Activator |
10% Baking soda mixed in seawater | 20 | ++ | Activator |
Freshwater | 20 | + | Activator |
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Ballesteros, A.; Salazar, J.; Marambio, M.; Tena, J.; García-March, J.R.; López, D.; Tellez, C.; Trullas, C.; Jourdan, E.; Granger, C.; et al. Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction. Toxins 2022, 14, 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14010027
Ballesteros A, Salazar J, Marambio M, Tena J, García-March JR, López D, Tellez C, Trullas C, Jourdan E, Granger C, et al. Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction. Toxins. 2022; 14(1):27. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14010027
Chicago/Turabian StyleBallesteros, Ainara, Janire Salazar, Macarena Marambio, José Tena, José Rafael García-March, Diana López, Clara Tellez, Carles Trullas, Eric Jourdan, Corinne Granger, and et al. 2022. "Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction" Toxins 14, no. 1: 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14010027