Hearing Loss and Urinary trans,trans-Muconic Acid (t,t-MA) in 6- to 19-Year-Old Participants of NHANES 2017–March 2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Audiometric Measurements
2.3. Definition of Hearing Loss
2.4. Exposure Measurements
2.5. Sociodemographic and Hearing-Related Variables
2.6. Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | All % or GM (SE) | Normal Hearing % or GM (SE) | Any Slight Hearing Loss > 15 dB % or GM (SE) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 12.6 (0.18) | 12.5 (0.21) | 12.6 (0.55) |
Male | 50.0 (2.59) | 50.7 (2.65) | 42.0 (6.10) |
Female | 50.0 (2.59) | 49.3 (2.65) | 58.0 (6.10) |
trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) (ng/mL) | 66.07 (3.97) | 62.08 (4.81) | 111.51 (23.73) |
Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | 95.82 (3.94) | 93.99 (4.39) | 109.71 (7.79) |
Serum Cotinine † (ng/mL) | 0.07 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.22 (0.09) |
Underweight/normal (BMI < 85th percentile) | 62.0 (2.18) | 63.8 (2.40) | 45.9 (9.62) |
Overweight (BMI 85th < 95th percentile) | 19.9 (2.24) | 19.4 (2.06) | 24.5 (10.67) |
Obese (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) | 18.1 (1.97) | 16.8 (2.23) | 29.6 (7.59) |
Non-Hispanic White | 52.5 (3.60) | 53.7 (3.6) | 41.2 (6.84) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 12.9 (2.48) | 11.9 (2.27) | 21.2 (6.46) |
Hispanic | 22.8 (3.14) | 22.3 (3.23) | 27.6 (5.48) |
Others and Multi-race | 11.8 (1.58) | 12.1 (1.70) | 10.0 (3.23) |
Household income PIR < 1.3 | 27.7 (2.49) | 26.3 (2.49) | 38.6 (7.97) |
Household income PIR 1.3–4.99 | 52.6 (3.19) | 53.2 (3.16) | 49.2 (7.59) |
Household income PIR = 5 | 19.7 (2.49) | 20.6 92.67) | 12.2 (5.54) |
Had 3 or more ear infections | 59.3 (3.43) | 60.0 (3.34) | 53.4 (6.37) |
Exposed to loud noise, yes | 7.0 (1.09) | 6.8 (1.29) | 6.9 (6.37) |
Speech Frequency HL | High Frequency HL | Any SFHL or HFHL | |
---|---|---|---|
Slight HL > 15 dB | |||
n cases/n controls | 48/636 | 77/604 | 89/597 |
% (SE) | 5.8 (1.00) | 9.1 (1.49) | 10.5 (1.44) |
Mild HL > 20 dB | |||
n cases/n controls | 20/664 | 31/650 | 34/652 |
% (SE) | 2.6 (0.87) | 4.0 (0.87) | 4.2 (0.90) |
Slight Speech Frequency Hearing Loss > 15 dB (SFHL) | Slight High FrequencyHearing Loss >15 dB (HFHL) | Any Slight Hearing Loss > 15 dB | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Case/control, n | 48/636 | 41/548 | 77/604 | 64/521 | 89/597 | 74/516 |
t,t-MA (natural log) | 1.66 (1.12, 2.47) * | 1.66 (1.07, 2.57) * | 1.49 (1.10, 2.03) * | 1.47 (1.04, 2.09) * | 1.51 (1.10, 2.06) * | 1.49 (1.04, 2.12) * |
t,t-MA doubling | 1.42 (1.08, 1.87) * | 1.42 (1.05, 1.92) * | 1.32 (1.07, 1.63) * | 1.31 (1.03, 1.66) * | 1.33 (1.07, 1.65) * | 1.32 (1.03, 1.69) * |
t,t-MA Quartiles (ng/mL) | ||||||
Q1: ≤29.17 | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
Q2: 29.18-61.51 | 0.97 (0.24, 3.99) | 0.70 (0.10, 5.05) | 1.14 (0.31, 4.16) | 1.24 (0.25, 6.16) | 1.05 (0.35, 3.20) | 0.96 (0.22, 4.11) |
Q3: 61.52-156.50 | 0.78 (0.18, 3.44) | 0.55 (0.13, 2.32) | 1.81 (0.35, 9.22) | 1.45 (0.26,8.07) | 1.80 (0.48, 7.18) | 1.35 (0.32, 5.67) |
Q4: >156.50 | 4.11 (1.23, 13.73) * | 4.02 (1.04, 15.56) * | 3.94 (1.17, 13.21) * | 4.00 (1.02, 15.75) * | 3.74 (1.29, 10.87) * | 3.54 (1.03, 12.17) * |
p-trend | 0.0047 * | 0.0007 * | 0.0016 * | 0.0028 * | 0.002 * | 0.004 * |
Mild Speech Frequency Hearing Loss > 20 dB (SFHL) | Mild High Frequency Hearing Loss > 20 dB (HFHL) | Any Mild Hearing Loss > 20 dB | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Case/control, n | 20/664 | 17/572 | 31/650 | 28/557 | 34/652 | 31/559 |
t,t-MA (natural log) | 1.79 (1.03, 3.14) * | 1.97 (1.15, 3.37) * | 1.64 (1.00, 2.67) * | 1.71 (1.04, 2.81) * | 1.67 (1.04, 2.70) * | 1.75 (1.06, 2.87) * |
t,t-MA doubling | 1.50 (1.02, 2.21) * | 1.60 (1.10, 2.32) * | 1.41 (1.00, 1.97) * | 1.45 (1.03, 2.04) * | 1.43 (1.03, 1.99) * | 1.47 (1.04, 2.07) * |
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Benedict, R.T.; Scinicariello, F.; Abadin, H.G.; Zarus, G.M.; Attanasio, R. Hearing Loss and Urinary trans,trans-Muconic Acid (t,t-MA) in 6- to 19-Year-Old Participants of NHANES 2017–March 2020. Toxics 2024, 12, 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12030191
Benedict RT, Scinicariello F, Abadin HG, Zarus GM, Attanasio R. Hearing Loss and Urinary trans,trans-Muconic Acid (t,t-MA) in 6- to 19-Year-Old Participants of NHANES 2017–March 2020. Toxics. 2024; 12(3):191. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12030191
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenedict, Rae T., Franco Scinicariello, Henry G. Abadin, Gregory M. Zarus, and Roberta Attanasio. 2024. "Hearing Loss and Urinary trans,trans-Muconic Acid (t,t-MA) in 6- to 19-Year-Old Participants of NHANES 2017–March 2020" Toxics 12, no. 3: 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12030191