Land Use/Land Cover Changes in a Mediterranean Summer Tourism Destination in Turkey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. LULC Retrieval
2.3. LST Retrieval
- 1.
- Conversion Digital Number (DN) to TOA Radiance
- 2.
- Convert radiance into Brightness Temperature (BT) (ln Kelvin)
- 3.
- Convert Degree Kelvin into degree Celsius
2.4. NDVI Retrieval
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MUGLA Measurement Period (1928–2022) | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December | Annual |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean temperature (°C) | 5.3 | 6.1 | 8.5 | 12.8 | 17.8 | 22.8 | 26.4 | 26.3 | 21.9 | 16.2 | 10.8 | 7.0 | 15.2 |
Mean maximum temperature (°C) | 9.8 | 11.0 | 14.1 | 18.9 | 24.3 | 29.6 | 33.4 | 33.6 | 29.3 | 23.1 | 16.7 | 11.5 | 21.3 |
Mean minimum temperature (°C) | 1.6 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 7.0 | 11.4 | 16.1 | 19.7 | 19.6 | 15.3 | 10.3 | 5.9 | 3.2 | 9.6 |
Mean sun shine duration (hour) | 3.5 | 4.4 | 5.7 | 7.3 | 8.7 | 10.5 | 11.4 | 10.9 | 9.5 | 6.8 | 4.7 | 3.3 | 7.2 |
Mean number of rainy days | 14.95 | 12.32 | 10.47 | 8.61 | 7.37 | 3.72 | 1.52 | 1.41 | 2.62 | 6.32 | 9.67 | 14.53 | 93.5 |
Monthly total rainfall (mm) | 245.7 | 178.3 | 122.4 | 63.7 | 49.9 | 24.6 | 11.7 | 14.6 | 23.1 | 72.8 | 135.6 | 265.0 | 1207.4 |
Extreme maximum temperature (°C) | 20.9 | 25.5 | 28.8 | 31.6 | 39.4 | 40.8 | 42.1 | 41.2 | 39.2 | 36.8 | 29.0 | 23.8 | 42.1 |
Extreme minimum temperature (°C) | −12.6 | −9.9 | −8.5 | −3.6 | 1.0 | 6.7 | 10.5 | 9.0 | 5.6 | 0.1 | −7.0 | −9.0 | −12.6 |
Years | Fethiye (F) | Muğla (M) | Turkey (T) | F/M (%) | M/T (%) | F/T (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 1.4 | 5.5 | 67.9 | 26.3 | 8.1 | 2.1 |
2016 | 0.9 | 4.6 | 59.4 | 19.9 | 7.8 | 1.6 |
2017 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 61.9 | 8.3 | 5.0 | 0.4 |
2018 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 71.9 | 9.5 | 5.5 | 0.5 |
2019 | 0.4 | 4.5 | 80.9 | 8.4 | 5.6 | 0.5 |
2020 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 41.9 | 11.7 | 5.5 | 0.6 |
LULC Types | Changes for the Years (ha) | Changes for the Periods (ha) | Trend | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 2003 | 2020 | 1995–2003 | 2003–2020 | 1995–2020 | ||
Water (Sea, lake, river wetland) | 34,561 | 34,230 | 34,224 | 331 | 6 | 337 | Decrease |
Forest (Coniferous, broad leaved) | 27,895 | 27,566 | 27,181 | 329 | 385 | 714 | Decrease |
Maquis | 12,289 | 12,982 | 11,927 | −693 | 1055 | 362 | Decrease |
Farm (Planted, greenhouses) | 1840 | 1511 | 930 | 329 | 581 | 910 | Decrease |
Building (Urban fabric) | 1159 | 4078 | 5834 | −2919 | −1756 | −4675 | Increase |
Others (Bare lands, coastal sands | 3858 | 1235 | 1506 | 2623 | −271 | 2352 | Decrease |
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Cinar, I.; Ardahanlıoğlu, Z.R.; Toy, S. Land Use/Land Cover Changes in a Mediterranean Summer Tourism Destination in Turkey. Sustainability 2024, 16, 1480. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041480
Cinar I, Ardahanlıoğlu ZR, Toy S. Land Use/Land Cover Changes in a Mediterranean Summer Tourism Destination in Turkey. Sustainability. 2024; 16(4):1480. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041480
Chicago/Turabian StyleCinar, Ismail, Zeynep R. Ardahanlıoğlu, and Süleyman Toy. 2024. "Land Use/Land Cover Changes in a Mediterranean Summer Tourism Destination in Turkey" Sustainability 16, no. 4: 1480. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041480