Assessment of Ecological Benefits of Urban Green Spaces in Nanjing City, China, Based on the Entropy Method and the Coupling Harmonious Degree Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Method
2.1. General Description of the Study Area
2.2. Research Methods
2.2.1. Standardized Processing of Indicators
2.2.2. Entropy Method
- Calculation of the proportion of the ith year’s index value under the jth index:
- Determination of the entropy value () for the index denoted by j:
- Computation of the coefficient of variation () for the index represented by j:
- Computation of the weight () assigned to the index denoted by j:
- Computation of the comprehensive evaluation score () through weighted summation:
- Classification criteria:
2.2.3. Coupling Harmonious Model
- As there are two subsystems, the calculation formula is:
- Grade classification criteria:
2.2.4. Robust Regression Analysis
2.2.5. Correlation Analysis
2.3. Data Sources
3. Development of an Evaluation Index System for Assessing the Ecological Benefits of UGSs
3.1. Principles for Selecting Indicators
3.2. Indicator Selection
3.3. Index System Construction and Weight Calculation
4. Results
4.1. Comprehensive Scoring Results of Ecological Benefits of UGSs in Nanjing City
4.2. Assessing Coupling and Harmony Degrees to Evaluate the Ecological Benefits of UGSs
4.3. Test of Ecological Benefit of Urban Green Space in Nanjing
4.3.1. Stability Test of Evaluation Results
4.3.2. Correlation Analysis between Various Indicators
5. Discussion
5.1. Analysis of Ecological Benefit of UGSs in Nanjing from 2011 to 2020
5.2. Assessing Coupling and Harmony Degrees to Evaluate the Ecological Benefits of UGSs
5.3. Shortcomings and Prospects
6. Conclusions
- From 2011 to 2020, the comprehensive evaluation score of ecological benefits of UGSs in Nanjing City showed a clear upward trend, with a significant increase in development speed after 2013, and the best level in 2020 during the 13th Five-Year Plan. However, the score of the natural environment subsystem is relatively low, based on the comparisons of the scores of each subsystem. This finding indicates that the ecological benefits of UGSs in Nanjing City are greatly constrained by the natural environment. Therefore, efforts should be made to construct UGSs in Nanjing City in the future. This city should further increase the natural environment management of UGSs.
- From 2011 to 2020, the coupling degree between the UGS natural environment and the socioeconomic subsystems in Nanjing City was between 0.9212 and 0.9993, indicating a high coupling level. This suggests that the two systems exhibit a strong mutual influence and interaction. The harmony degree, which was as low as 0.4904 in 2013, showed a more obvious fluctuating upward trend, which was on the verge of imbalance. After 2018, the harmony degree value was higher than 0.8 and remained at the high-quality harmonious stage. The improvement in the harmony degree is mainly attributed to the comprehensive evaluation score of ecological benefits from UGSs.
- With the improvement in the coupling harmonious degree among the subsystems of UGSs, the ecological benefit of UGSs will be significantly improved. According to the correlation analysis of various indicators, overall indicators such as urban green-coverage area, green coverage in built-up areas, and per capita park green-space area have a highly significant positive correlation with resource allocation and economic development indicators, and have a significant negative correlation with air pollutant indicators. The quality of the ecological environment is indicative of the regional level of social and economic development and can influence pollutant emissions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Grade | Comprehensive Score of Ecological Benefits | Graded Evaluation |
---|---|---|
I | 0.80–1.00 | Excellent |
II | 0.60–0.80 | Good |
III | 0.40–0.60 | Average |
IV | 0.20–0.40 | Poor |
V | <0.20 | Very poor |
Coupling Degree | Coupling Stage | Reference | Harmony Degree | Harmony Level | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 ≤ C ≤ 0.30 | Low-level coupling stage | [48] | 0 < D ≤ 0.30 | Decline and maladjustment type | [49] |
0.30 < C ≤ 0.50 | Antagonistic stage | [50] | 0.30 < D ≤ 0.50 | Imminent maladjustment type | [51] |
0.50 < C ≤ 0.80 | Running-in stage | [52] | 0.50 < D ≤ 0.80 | Basic harmony type | [53] |
0.80 < C ≤ 10 | High-level coupling stage | [54] | 0.80 < D ≤10 | High-quality harmony type | [55] |
System | Primary Index | Secondary Index | Unit | Attribute | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural environment subsystem A1 | Air quality B1 | Number of days with good or better air quality C1 | Days | + | 0.0480 |
Annual mean sulfur dioxide concentration C2 | mg per m3 | − | 0.0532 | ||
Annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentration C3 | mg per m3 | − | 0.0580 | ||
Annual mean inhalable particulate matter concentration C4 | mg per m3 | − | 0.0367 | ||
Water environment quality B2 | Total water resources C5 | Billion cubic meters | + | 0.0378 | |
Annual precipitation C6 | Millimeters | + | 0.0525 | ||
Noise environment quality B3 | Average value noise in the region C7 | Decibels | − | 0.0229 | |
Biological environment quality B4 | Green coverage area C8 | Hectares | + | 0.0408 | |
Public green space area per capita C9 | Square meters | + | 0.0470 | ||
Green coverage rate of built-up areas C10 | % | + | 0.0642 | ||
Social and economic subsystem A2 | Population factors B5 | Urban population density C11 | People per square kilometer | + | 0.0721 |
Population growth rate C12 | % | − | 0.0415 | ||
Pollution control B6 | Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste C13 | % | + | 0.0224 | |
Sewage treatment rate C14 | % | + | 0.0506 | ||
Harmless treatment rate of household garbage and excrement C15 | % | + | 0.0397 | ||
Resource allocation B7 | Number of personal cars owned per 10,000 people C16 | 10,000 vehicles | − | 0.1202 | |
Per capita road area C17 | Square meters | + | 0.0440 | ||
Economic development B8 | Per capita GDP C18 | CNY | + | 0.0447 | |
Proportion of secondary industry in GDP C19 | % | − | 0.0521 | ||
Proportion of tertiary industry in GDP C20 | % | + | 0.0515 |
Year | Classification Index | Comprehensive Score | Ranking | Status Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural Environment | Social Economy | ||||
2011 | 0.1673 | 0.2289 | 0.3963 | 7 | Poor |
2012 | 0.1093 | 0.1828 | 0.2921 | 9 | Poor |
2013 | 0.0735 | 0.1954 | 0.2689 | 10 | Poor |
2014 | 0.1347 | 0.2129 | 0.3476 | 8 | Poor |
2015 | 0.2550 | 0.2607 | 0.5157 | 6 | Average |
2016 | 0.3302 | 0.2390 | 0.5692 | 5 | Average |
2017 | 0.3091 | 0.2725 | 0.5816 | 4 | Average |
2018 | 0.3208 | 0.3236 | 0.6444 | 3 | Good |
2019 | 0.3066 | 0.3757 | 0.6823 | 2 | Good |
2020 | 0.3854 | 0.4178 | 0.8032 | 1 | Excellent |
Year | Coupling Degree | Coupling Stage | Harmony Degree | Harmony Level |
---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 0.9969 | High-level coupling stage | 0.6266 | Basic harmony type |
2012 | 0.9842 | High-level coupling stage | 0.5325 | Basic harmony type |
2013 | 0.9212 | High-level coupling stage | 0.4904 | Imminent imbalance type |
2014 | 0.9887 | High-level coupling stage | 0.5829 | Basic harmony type |
2015 | 0.9978 | High-level coupling stage | 0.7192 | Basic harmony type |
2016 | 0.9719 | High-level coupling stage | 0.7507 | Basic harmony type |
2017 | 0.9901 | High-level coupling stage | 0.7630 | Basic harmony type |
2018 | 0.9973 | High-level coupling stage | 0.8040 | High-quality harmony type |
2019 | 0.9997 | High-level coupling stage | 0.8252 | High-quality harmony type |
2020 | 0.9993 | High-level coupling stage | 0.8972 | High-quality harmony type |
Variable | Regression Coefficient | Standard Error | t | p | 95% CI | Adjusted R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X: Year Y: Comprehensive scoring of ecological benefit of UGSs | 0.059 | 0.007 | 8.202 | 0.000 ** | 0.045~0.073 | 0.834 |
X: Year Y: Coupling harmonious degree among the subsystems | 0.042 | 0.006 | 7.647 | 0.000 ** | 0.032~0.053 | 0.788 |
X: Coupling harmonious degree among the subsystems Y: Comprehensive scoring of ecological benefit of UGSs | 1.326 | 0.043 | 30.698 | 0.000 ** | 1.241~1.411 | 0.986 |
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Ji, Y.; Sheng, Q.; Zhu, Z. Assessment of Ecological Benefits of Urban Green Spaces in Nanjing City, China, Based on the Entropy Method and the Coupling Harmonious Degree Model. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10516. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310516
Ji Y, Sheng Q, Zhu Z. Assessment of Ecological Benefits of Urban Green Spaces in Nanjing City, China, Based on the Entropy Method and the Coupling Harmonious Degree Model. Sustainability. 2023; 15(13):10516. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310516
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi, Yaou, Qianqian Sheng, and Zunling Zhu. 2023. "Assessment of Ecological Benefits of Urban Green Spaces in Nanjing City, China, Based on the Entropy Method and the Coupling Harmonious Degree Model" Sustainability 15, no. 13: 10516. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310516