The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Development
2.1. The Concepts of Food Waste, Religiosity, and Food Consumption Culture
2.2. Religiosity and Food Waste Intention
2.3. Food Consumption Culture and Food Waste Intention
2.4. The Role of Attitude in the Relationship between Religiosity/Food Consumption Culture and Food Waste Intention
2.5. The Role of Subjective Norm in the Relationship Between Religiosity/Food Consumption Culture and Food Waste Intention
2.6. The Role of Perceived Behavioral Control in the Relationship between Religiosity/Food Consumption Culture and Food Waste Intention
3. Methodology
3.1. Instrument Measurement
3.2. Data Collection
4. The Results
4.1. Profile of Respondents
4.2. Descriptive Statistics
4.3. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
4.4. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
5. Discussion and Implications
6. Conclusions
7. Limitations and Opportunities for Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N = 1135 | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 885 | 78 |
Female | 250 | 22 | |
Marital Status | Single | 227 | 20 |
Married | 817 | 72 | |
Others (e.g., Divorced, Widowed) | 91 | 8 | |
Age | Less than 30 Years Old | 238 | 21 |
30 to 45 Years | 624 | 55 | |
46 to 60 Years | 216 | 19 | |
More than 60 Years | 57 | 5 | |
Education Level | High School Degree | 204 | 18 |
University Graduate | 738 | 65 | |
Post-Graduate | 193 | 17 |
Abbrevation | Items | N | Min. | Max. | M | S.D | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Religiosity [10]. | ||||||||
Religiosity _1 | My faith involves all of my life | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.82 | 1.254 | −0.982 | −0.055 |
Religiosity _2 | In my life, I experience the presence of God | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.74 | 1.273 | −0.879 | −0.306 |
Religiosity _3 | I am religious person and I let religious considerations influence my everyday affairs | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.77 | 1.252 | −0.917 | −0.146 |
Religiosity _4 | Nothing is as important to me as serving God as best as I know-how | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.77 | 1.259 | −0.953 | −0.112 |
Religiosity _5 | My religious beliefs are what really lie behind my whole approach to life | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.74 | 1.268 | −0.899 | −0.219 |
Religiosity _6 | I try hard to carry my religion over into all my other dealings in life | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.73 | 1.272 | −0.887 | −0.260 |
Religiosity _7 | One should seek God’s guidance when making every important decision | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.73 | 1.273 | −0.870 | −0.311 |
Food consumption culture [63]. | ||||||||
FCC_1 | It is my culture to serve a lot of food to show my hospitaliy | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.51 | 0.974 | −0.923 | 0.713 |
FCC_2 | I have a tendency to buy a few more food products than I need at the restaurant | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.51 | 0.950 | −0.861 | 0.629 |
FCC_3 | I serve more food than can be eaten to show my hospitality | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.53 | 0.937 | −0.891 | 0.824 |
Attitudes toward behaviors [63]. | ||||||||
ATB_1 | I feel bad when uneaten food is thrown away | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.62 | 1.274 | −0.506 | −0.875 |
ATB_2 | I was raised to believe that food should not be wasted | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.59 | 1.280 | −0.485 | −0.890 |
ATB_3 | I think food should not be wasted | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.60 | 1.272 | −0.485 | −0.881 |
ATB_4 | Throwing away food bothers me | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.58 | 1.300 | −0.485 | −0.918 |
Subjective norms [63]. | ||||||||
SN_1 | My friends think my efforts towards reducing food waste are necessary | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.55 | 1.268 | −0.449 | −0.913 |
SN_2 | My family thinks my efforts towards reducing food waste are necessary | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.57 | 1.230 | −0.452 | −0.857 |
SN_3 | My friends think my efforts towards preparing food from leftovers are necessary | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.59 | 1.213 | −0.414 | −0.881 |
SN_4 | My family thinks my efforts towards preparing food from leftovers are necessary | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.60 | 1.236 | −0.468 | −0.869 |
Perceived behavioral control [63]. | ||||||||
PBC_1 | I find it difficult to store food at high temperatures | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.64 | 0.817 | −0.859 | 1.054 |
PBC_2 | I find it difficult to store food in its required conditions | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.60 | 0.846 | −0.843 | 0.689 |
PBC_3 | I find it difficult to store certain type of food products | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.69 | 0.740 | −0.553 | 0.160 |
PBC_4 | I find it difficult to shop for food products for one person | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.66 | 0.808 | −0.933 | 1.228 |
Food waste intention [63]. | ||||||||
FWI_1 | I have no intention to eat leftover food | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.34 | 0.996 | −0.481 | −0.190 |
FWI_2 | I throw away trimmings’ food | 1135 | 1 | 6 | 3.24 | 1.064 | −0.393 | −0.112 |
FWI_3 | I do not generate as little food waste as possible | 1135 | 1 | 5 | 3.09 | 1.129 | −0.224 | −0.515 |
FWI_4 | I have no intention to find a use for food trimmings | 1135 | 1 | 6 | 3.06 | 1.191 | −0.247 | −0.675 |
Factors and Variables | Loading | CR | AVE | MSV | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Religiosity (a = 0.986) | 0.986 | 0.909 | 0.113 | 0.954 | ||||||
Religiosity _1 | 0.953 | |||||||||
Religiosity _2 | 0.947 | |||||||||
Religiosity _3 | 0.976 | |||||||||
Religiosity _4 | 0.952 | |||||||||
Religiosity _5 | 0.957 | |||||||||
Religiosity _6 | 0.943 | |||||||||
Religiosity _7 | 0.947 | |||||||||
2-Food Consumption Culture (a = 0.954) | 0.955 | 0.876 | 0.151 | 0.213 | 0.936 | |||||
FCC_1 | 0.902 | |||||||||
FCC_2 | 0.937 | |||||||||
FCC_3 | 0.968 | |||||||||
3-Attitudes toward Behaviors (a = 0.981) | 0.981 | 0.927 | 0.178 | 0.324 | 0.499 | 0.963 | ||||
ATB_1 | 0.972 | |||||||||
ATB_2 | 0.958 | |||||||||
ATB_3 | 0.975 | |||||||||
ATB_4 | 0.947 | |||||||||
4-Subjective Norms (a = 0.982) | 0.982 | 0.933 | 0.178 | 0.354 | 0.372 | 0.279 | 0.966 | |||
SN_1 | 0.953 | |||||||||
SN_2 | 0.981 | |||||||||
SN_3 | 0.963 | |||||||||
SN_4 | 0.966 | |||||||||
5-Perceived Behavioral Control (a = 0.937) | 0.938 | 0.791 | 0.247 | 0.213 | 0.216 | 0.332 | 0.397 | 0.890 | ||
PBC_1 | 0.877 | |||||||||
PBC_2 | 0.875 | |||||||||
PBC_3 | 0.907 | |||||||||
PBC_4 | 0.899 | |||||||||
6-Food Waste Intention (a = 0.926) | 0.928 | 0.763 | 0.151 | 0.410 | 0.388 | 0.333 | 0.357 | 0.207 | 0.874 | |
FCC_1 | 0.823 | |||||||||
FCC_2 | 0.908 | |||||||||
FCC_3 | 0.864 | |||||||||
FCC_1 | 0.897 |
Hypotheses | Beta (β) | C-R (T-value) | R2 | Hypo. Result | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | Religiosity food waste intention | −0.11 | −1.910 | Not Supported | |
H2 | Food consumption culture | 0.54 *** | 9.989 | Supported | |
H3 | Religiosity attitude toward behavior Food waste intention | Path 1: β = 0.22 *** Path 2: β = −0.36 *** | Path 1: t-value = 3.421 Path 2: t-value = −5.123 | Supported | |
H4 | Religiosity subjective Norms Food waste intention | Path 1: β = 0.25 *** Path 2: β = −0.39 *** | Path 1: t-value = 3.160 Path 2: t- value = −5.966 | Supported | |
H5 | Religiosity Perceived behavior control Food waste intention | Path 1: β = −0.27 *** Path 2: β = 0.41 *** | Path 1: t-value = −3.461 Path 2: t-value = 7.233 | Supported | |
H6 | Food consumption culture attitude toward behavior Food waste intention | Path 1: β = −0.32 *** Path 2: β = −0.36 *** | Path 1: t-value = −4.560 Path 2: t-value = −5.199 | Supported | |
H7 | Food consumption culture subjective norms Food waste intention | Path 1: β = −0.32 *** Path 2: β = −0.39 *** | Path 1: t-value = −4.140 Path 2: t-value = −6.209 | Supported | |
H8 | Food consumption culture perceived behavior controlFood waste intention | Path 1: β = 0.44 *** Path 2: β = 0.41 *** | Path 1: t-value = 7.328 Path 2: t-value = 7.111 | Supported | |
Food waste intention | 0.75 |
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Elshaer, I.; Sobaih, A.E.E.; Alyahya, M.; Abu Elnasr, A. The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6473. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116473
Elshaer I, Sobaih AEE, Alyahya M, Abu Elnasr A. The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability. 2021; 13(11):6473. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116473
Chicago/Turabian StyleElshaer, Ibrahim, Abu Elnasr E. Sobaih, Mansour Alyahya, and Ahmed Abu Elnasr. 2021. "The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia" Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6473. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116473