Food Security and Dietary Quality in African Slums
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Household Survey
2.2. Food Security Indicators
2.3. Dietary Quality Indicators
2.4. Statistical Analyses
2.5. Regression Models
3. Results
3.1. Socioeconomic Characteristics
3.2. Food Security and Dietary Quality
3.3. Correlation between Indicators
3.4. Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Food Security and Dietary Quality
3.5. The Role of Employment Activities
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Description | Full Sample | Nairobi | Kampala | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Male head | =1 if household head is male, 0 otherwise | 0.67 | 0.47 | 0.85 | 0.36 | 0.49 | 0.50 |
Age | Age of the household head (years) | 35.72 | 10.71 | 35.84 | 8.63 | 35.60 | 12.46 |
Household size | Number of household members | 4.90 | 1.89 | 5.09 | 1.91 | 4.84 | 2.33 |
Dependency ratio | Dependency ratio | 1.38 | 0.98 | 1.11 | 0.64 | 1.64 | 1.18 |
Education | Education level of household head (years) | 8.68 | 3.54 | 9.63 | 2.64 | 7.70 | 4.12 |
Female education | Education level of female adult (years) | 8.17 | 3.08 | 8.84 | 2.32 | 7.48 | 3.58 |
Shock | =1 if household experienced any shock (theft, serious illness etc.) during last five years, 0 otherwise | 0.66 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.81 | 0.39 |
Income | Income per capita per day ($PPP) | 1.41 | 1.23 | 1.99 | 1.26 | 0.83 | 0.88 |
Poor | =1 if per capita income is below the international poverty line of 1.9$PPP | 0.73 | 0.44 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.90 | 0.30 |
Child age | Age of the reference child (months) | 26.58 | 14.91 | 28.11 | 14.51 | 25.06 | 15.17 |
Child gender | =1 if the reference child is male, 0 otherwise | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.50 |
Observations | 600 | 300 | 300 |
Indicator | Household (n = 600) | Children (n = 600) | Women (n = 581) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nairobi | Kampala | Nairobi | Kampala | Nairobi | Kampala | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Kampala | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Energy consumption (kcal/day/AE) | 2927 *** | 1035 | 2444 | 1135 | ||||||||
Prevalence of undernourishment (%) | 31.33 *** | 46.46 | 59.33 | 49.20 | ||||||||
HDDS (12FG) | 10.35 *** | 1.45 | 8.79 | 1.90 | ||||||||
HDDS range | 5–12 | - | 1–12 | - | ||||||||
HFIAS (score) | 10.22 *** | 6.98 | 14.77 | 7.59 | ||||||||
HFIAP category (%) | ||||||||||||
Food secure | 13.33 *** | 34.05 | 6.67 | 24.99 | ||||||||
Mildly food insecure | 33.67 *** | 47.33 | 17.67 | 38.20 | ||||||||
Moderately food insecure | 6.67 ** | 24.98 | 2.33 | 15.12 | ||||||||
Severely food insecure | 46.33 *** | 49.95 | 73.33 | 44.30 | ||||||||
CDD (7FG) | 4.33 *** | 1.27 | 3.96 | 1.24 | ||||||||
CDD range | 1–7 | 1–7 | ||||||||||
Children not achieving MDD (%) | 21.33 *** | 41.03 | 31.00 | 46.33 | ||||||||
MDD-W (10FG) | 4.67 *** | 1.27 | 4.21 | 1.50 | ||||||||
MDD-W range | 1–8 | 1–8 | ||||||||||
Women not achieving MDD (%) | 40.00 ** | 49.07 | 54.33 | 49.90 | ||||||||
Observations | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 299 | 282 |
Indicator | HDDS | Energy Consumption | PoU | HFIAS (Reversed) | CDD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full sample | Energy consumption | 0.468 *** | 1.000 | |||
PoU | −0.332 *** | −0.732 *** | 1.000 | |||
HFIAS (reversed) | 0.537 *** | 0.399 *** | −0.299 *** | 1.000 | ||
CDD | 0.284 *** | 0.210 *** | −0.142 *** | 0.330 *** | 1.000 | |
MDD-W | 0.331 *** | 0.249 *** | −0.169 *** | 0.364 *** | 0.531 *** | |
Nairobi | Energy consumption | 0.467 *** | 1.000 | |||
PoU | −0.307 *** | −0.692 *** | 1.000 | |||
HFIAS (reversed) | 0.431 *** | 0.344 *** | −0.248 *** | 1.000 | ||
CDD | 0.222 *** | 0.171 ** | −0.116 * | 0.260 *** | 1.000 | |
MDD-W | 0.322 *** | 0.262 *** | −0.153 ** | 0.274 *** | 0.511 *** | |
Kampala | Energy consumption | 0.331 *** | 1.000 | |||
PoU | −0.225 *** | −0.743 *** | 1.000 | |||
HFIAS (reversed) | 0.491 *** | 0.340 *** | −0.243 *** | 1.000 | ||
CDD | 0.290 *** | 0.166 ** | −0.091 | 0.354 *** | 1.000 | |
MDD-W | 0.255 *** | 0.166 ** | −0.125 * | 0.387 *** | 0.527 *** |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HDDS | SE | Energy Consumption (log) | SE | HFIAS (Reversed) | SE | CDD | SE | MDD-W | SE | |
Male household head | 0.593 *** | 0.198 | 0.018 | 0.049 | 1.323 * | 0.740 | −0.001 | 0.138 | 0.253 * | 0.153 |
Age of the household head (years) | −0.004 | 0.008 | 0.003 * | 0.002 | 0.029 | 0.030 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.006 |
Household size | 0.082 * | 0.045 | −0.057 *** | 0.010 | 0.058 | 0.195 | −0.007 | 0.032 | −0.002 | 0.036 |
Dependency ratio | −0.119 | 0.097 | 0.018 | 0.019 | −0.536 * | 0.298 | −0.038 | 0.064 | −0.087 | 0.072 |
Education of household head (years) | 0.073 *** | 0.025 | 0.017 *** | 0.006 | 0.275 ** | 0.113 | −0.006 | 0.018 | 0.006 | 0.021 |
Female education (years) | 0.046 * | 0.026 | −0.002 | 0.007 | 0.214 * | 0.118 | 0.035 * | 0.021 | 0.041 * | 0.024 |
Income (per capita per day) | 0.241 *** | 0.054 | 0.035 ** | 0.014 | 1.760 *** | 0.299 | 0.151 *** | 0.046 | 0.111 ** | 0.050 |
Transfers | 0.171 | 0.243 | −0.050 | 0.070 | 0.436 | 1.066 | 0.058 | 0.201 | 0.586 *** | 0.185 |
Shock | −0.215 | 0.140 | −0.032 | 0.036 | −1.874 *** | 0.619 | −0.061 | 0.110 | −0.112 | 0.128 |
Age of reference child (months) | 0.016 *** | 0.003 | ||||||||
Gender of the child (Male=1) | 0.054 | 0.100 | ||||||||
Kampala (reference: Nairobi) | −0.751 *** | 0.159 | −0.162 *** | 0.043 | −0.357 | 0.720 | −0.070 | 0.121 | −0.116 | 0.144 |
Observations | 600 | 600 | 600 | 600 | 581 |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HDDS | SE | Energy Consumption (log) | SE | HFIAS (Reversed) | SE | CDD | SE | MDD-W | SE | |
Salaried employment | 1.141 *** | 0.217 | 0.143 *** | 0.052 | 5.431 *** | 1.060 | 0.263 | 0.167 | 0.382 ** | 0.186 |
Self-employment | 0.137 | 0.214 | 0.059 | 0.050 | 2.451 *** | 0.837 | 0.407 *** | 0.134 | 0.289 * | 0.161 |
Multiple sources | 1.322 *** | 0.166 | 0.098 ** | 0.044 | 4.968 *** | 0.716 | 0.480 *** | 0.131 | 0.670 *** | 0.144 |
Observations | 587 | 587 | 587 | 587 | 569 |
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Wanyama, R.; Gödecke, T.; Qaim, M. Food Security and Dietary Quality in African Slums. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11215999
Wanyama R, Gödecke T, Qaim M. Food Security and Dietary Quality in African Slums. Sustainability. 2019; 11(21):5999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11215999
Chicago/Turabian StyleWanyama, Rosina, Theda Gödecke, and Matin Qaim. 2019. "Food Security and Dietary Quality in African Slums" Sustainability 11, no. 21: 5999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11215999