Gait Variability as a Potential Motor Marker of Cerebellar Disease—Relationship between Variability of Stride, Arm Swing and Trunk Movements, and Walking Speed
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Cohorts and Dataset
2.2. Protocol for Gait Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Patients with Cerebellar Ataxia
3.2. Patients with Essential Tremor
3.3. Healthy Elderly
3.4. Group Comparison per Walking Speed Category
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(A) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gait Parameter ± STD | SCA | ET | HE | |||||||||||||
Slow | Comf | Fast | Slow | Comf | Fast | Comf | Fast | |||||||||
Trunk Horizontal RoM [degrees] | 6.12 | 6.05 | 6.90 | 5.83 | 5.23 | 5.99 | 5.20 | 5.44 | ||||||||
± | 2.08 | ± | 1.96 | ± | 1.76 | ± | 2.63 | ± | 2.73 | ± | 2.86 | ± | 2.33 | ± | 2.24 | |
Trunk Sagittal RoM [degrees] | 4.14 | 4.75 | 5.17 | 3.85 | 4.30 | 4.72 | 4.22 | 4.65 | ||||||||
± | 1.27 | ± | 1.35 | ± | 1.01 | ± | 1.05 | ± | 1.28 | ± | 1.62 | ± | 1.42 | ± | 1.59 | |
Trunk Frontal RoM [degrees] | 9.75 | 8.33 | 7.93 | 7.33 | 6.78 | 6.81 | 8.71 | 8.34 | ||||||||
± | 3.51 | ± | 1.99 | ± | 2.63 | ± | 2.55 | ± | 2.12 | ± | 2.21 | ± | 2.77 | ± | 2.74 | |
Arms RoM [degrees] | 14.69 | 20.59 | 27.15 | 20.15 | 25.94 | 36.32 | 31.99 | 35.24 | ||||||||
± | 7.89 | ± | 10.62 | ± | 15.29 | ± | 14.37 | ± | 16.59 | ± | 20.16 | ± | 13.92 | ± | 14.22 | |
Peak Arm Swing Velocity [degrees/s] | 122.47 | 173.59 | 253.82 | 149.96 | 188.37 | 289.84 | 233.48 | 289.18 | ||||||||
± | 56.37 | ± | 65.18 | ± | 100.10 | ± | 58.70 | ± | 69.34 | ± | 101.93 | ± | 75.14 | ± | 82.29 | |
Stride Velocity [%stature/s] | 45.72 | 65.83 | 79.73 | 61.26 | 75.80 | 87.99 | 83.96 | 95.46 | ||||||||
± | 12.30 | ± | 17.03 | ± | 20.46 | ± | 10.35 | ± | 9.13 | ± | 10.65 | ± | 8.48 | ± | 9.78 | |
Stride Velocity [m/s] | 0.76 | 1.10 | 1.34 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 1.50 | 1.43 | 1.63 | ||||||||
± | 0.18 | ± | 0.28 | ± | 0.35 | ± | 0.16 | ± | 0.16 | ± | 0.20 | ± | 0.14 | ± | 0.17 | |
Stride Length | 59.18 | 70.82 | 73.52 | 77.93 | 82.06 | 84.65 | 85.90 | 87.09 | ||||||||
[%stature] | ± | 12.58 | ± | 14.37 | ± | 12.61 | ± | 6.17 | ± | 6.31 | ± | 6.96 | ± | 5.21 | ± | 5.32 |
Stride Length | 0.99 | 1.19 | 1.24 | 1.32 | 1.39 | 1.44 | 1.47 | 1.50 | ||||||||
[m] | ± | 0.20 | ± | 0.25 | ± | 0.22 | ± | 0.14 | ± | 0.15 | ± | 0.17 | ± | 0.11 | ± | 0.11 |
(B) | ||||||||||||||||
CoV Gait Parameter ± STD | SCA | ET | HE | |||||||||||||
Slow | Comf | Fast | Slow | Comf | Fast | Comf | Fast | |||||||||
CoV Trunk Horizontal RoM | 0.199 | 0.207 | 0.204 | 0.240 | 0.212 | 0.186 | 0.194 | 0.186 | ||||||||
± | 0.066 | ± | 0.069 | ± | 0.085 | ± | 0.068 | ± | 0.076 | ± | 0.075 | ± | 0.062 | ± | 0.066 | |
CoV Trunk Sagittal RoM | 0.218 | 0.199 | 0.204 | 0.226 | 0.183 | 0.164 | 0.158 | 0.172 | ||||||||
± | 0.091 | ± | 0.061 | ± | 0.075 | ± | 0.070 | ± | 0.067 | ± | 0.066 | ± | 0.042 | ± | 0.051 | |
CoV Trunk Frontal RoM | 0.203 | 0.207 | 0.235 | 0.197 | 0.220 | 0.196 | 0.178 | 0.186 | ||||||||
± | 0.046 | ± | 0.042 | ± | 0.113 | ± | 0.070 | ± | 0.111 | ± | 0.088 | ± | 0.059 | ± | 0.063 | |
CoV Arms RoM | 0.193 | 0.144 | 0.141 | 0.133 | 0.130 | 0.114 | 0.136 | 0.162 | ||||||||
± | 0.081 | ± | 0.070 | ± | 0.093 | ± | 0.043 | ± | 0.052 | ± | 0.048 | ± | 0.057 | ± | 0.076 | |
CoV Peak Arm Swing Velocity | 0.142 | 0.109 | 0.111 | 0.129 | 0.114 | 0.097 | 0.120 | 0.118 | ||||||||
± | 0.031 | ± | 0.047 | ± | 0.041 | ± | 0.068 | ± | 0.047 | ± | 0.033 | ± | 0.052 | ± | 0.041 | |
CoV Stride Velocity | 0.101 | 0.069 | 0.066 | 0.048 | 0.029 | 0.025 | 0.028 | 0.034 | ||||||||
± | 0.046 | ± | 0.069 | ± | 0.061 | ± | 0.021 | ± | 0.015 | ± | 0.009 | ± | 0.008 | ± | 0.010 | |
CoV Stride Length | 0.076 | 0.046 | 0.039 | 0.027 | 0.022 | 0.017 | 0.019 | 0.023 | ||||||||
± | 0.034 | ± | 0.037 | ± | 0.032 | ± | 0.008 | ± | 0.008 | ± | 0.006 | ± | 0.006 | ± | 0.007 |
(A) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | SCA | ET | HE | ||||||
R2 | p | Regression Statistics | R2 | p | Regression Statistics | R2 | p | Regression Statistics | |
Trunk Horizontal RoM [degrees] | 0.005 | 0.72 | 0.009 | 0.58 | 0.0006 | 0.78 | |||
Trunk Sagittal RoM [degrees] | 0.008 | 0.63 | 0.003 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.021 | F(1,132) = 5.4 y = 1.9 + 0.028x | ||
Trunk Frontal RoM [degrees] | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.49 | 0.003 | 0.62 | |||
Arms RoM [degrees] | 0.28 | 0.003 | F(1,28) = 10.7 y = 1.32 + 0.30x | 0.36 | 0.0001 | F(1,34) = 19.3 y = −28.6 + 0.75x | 0.08 | 0.0007 | F(1,132) = 12.1 y = −0.41 + 0.38x |
Peak Arm Swing Velocity [degrees/s] | 0.55 | <0.0001 | F(1,28) = 34.8 y = −18.9 + 3.2x | 0.46 | <0.0001 | F(1,34) = 29.6 y = −129.9 + 4.5x | 0.44 | <0.0001 | F(1,132) = 103 y = −197 + 5.1x |
Stride Length [%stature] | 0.79 | <0.0001 | F(1,28) = 108 y = 30.0 + 0.59x | 0.57 | <0.0001 | F(1,34) = 45.8 y = 54.6 + 0.36x | 0.39 | <0.0001 | F(1,132) = 83.6 y = 59.2 + 0.30x |
(B) | |||||||||
COVs | SCA | ET | HE | ||||||
R2 | p | Regression Statistics | R2 | p | Regression Statistics | R2 | p | ||
Trunk Horizontal RoM [degrees] | 0.19 | 0.016 | F(1,28) = 6.6 y = 0.30 − 0.0015x | 0.18 | 0.010 | F(1,34) = 7.4 y = 0.37 − 0.0022x | 0.003 | 0.555 | |
Trunk Sagittal RoM [degrees] | 0.26 | 0.004 | F(1,28) = 10.0 y = 0.32 − 0.0018x | 0.17 | 0.014 | F(1,34) = 6.8 y = 0.34 − 0.002x | 0.02 | 0.129 | |
Trunk Frontal RoM [degrees] | 0.12 | 0.065 | 0.005 | 0.69 | 0.001 | 0.71 | |||
Arms RoM [degrees] | 0.14 | 0.04 | F(1,28) = 4.5 y = 0.25 − 0.0015x | 0.13 | 0.028 | F(1,34) = 5.3 y = 0.22 − 0.0012x | 0.03 | 0.55 | |
Peak Arm Swing Velocity [degrees/s] | 0.46 | <0.0001 | F(1,28) = 23.9 y = 0.20 − 0.0013x | 0.09 | 0.084 | 0.00001 | 0.86 | ||
Stride Length [%stature] | 0.64 | <0.0001 | F(1,28) = 50.7 y = 0.14 − 0.0014x | 0.33 | 0.00013 | F(1,34) = 18.6 y = 0.05 − 0.00033x | 0.00001 | 0.99 |
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Kroneberg, D.; Nümann, A.; Minnerop, M.; Rönnefarth, M.; Endres, M.; Kühn, A.A.; Paul, F.; Doss, S.; Solbrig, S.; Elshehabi, M.; et al. Gait Variability as a Potential Motor Marker of Cerebellar Disease—Relationship between Variability of Stride, Arm Swing and Trunk Movements, and Walking Speed. Sensors 2024, 24, 3476. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113476
Kroneberg D, Nümann A, Minnerop M, Rönnefarth M, Endres M, Kühn AA, Paul F, Doss S, Solbrig S, Elshehabi M, et al. Gait Variability as a Potential Motor Marker of Cerebellar Disease—Relationship between Variability of Stride, Arm Swing and Trunk Movements, and Walking Speed. Sensors. 2024; 24(11):3476. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113476
Chicago/Turabian StyleKroneberg, Daniel, Astrid Nümann, Martina Minnerop, Maria Rönnefarth, Matthias Endres, Andrea A. Kühn, Friedemann Paul, Sarah Doss, Susanne Solbrig, Morad Elshehabi, and et al. 2024. "Gait Variability as a Potential Motor Marker of Cerebellar Disease—Relationship between Variability of Stride, Arm Swing and Trunk Movements, and Walking Speed" Sensors 24, no. 11: 3476. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113476