Flexible Sensors Array Based on Frosted Microstructured Ecoflex Film and TPU Nanofibers for Epidermal Pulse Wave Monitoring
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fabrication of the Frosted Microstructured Ecoflex Film
2.2. Fabrication of the TPU Nanofibers by Electrospinning
2.3. Fabrication of the Sensor
2.4. Testing System for Characterize the Output Performance
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Design of the Sensor with Small Area and Sensors Array
3.2. The Characterization of Sensor Performance
3.3. Physiological Signals Monitoring including Respiration, BCG, and Body Movement
3.4. Pressure Sensors Array for Pulse Wave Monitoring
3.5. Pressure Sensors Array for Pulse Wave Monitoring
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Chung, C.-M.; Yang, T.-Y.; Lin, Y.-S.; Chang, S.-T.; Hsiao, J.-F.; Pan, K.-L.; Jang, S.-J.; Hsu, J.-T. Relation of arterial stiffness assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity to complexity of coronary artery disease. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2014, 348, 294–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pannier, B.M.; Avolio, A.P.; Hoeks, A.; Mancia, G.; Takazawa, K. Methods and devices for measuring arterial compliance in humans. Am. J. Hypertens 2002, 15, 743–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Z.; Zhao, L.; Chang, C.; Zhou, Y.; An, W.; Yu, S. A flexible, highly sensitive porous PDMS tactile sensor based on the physical foaming method. J. Electron. Mater. 2022, 51, 7173–7181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, D.; Ma, X.; Zhao, L.; An, W.; Yu, S. Piezoresistive flexible pressure sensor using vuggy clays as templates. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 2022, 33, 11487–11497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mu, J.; Xian, S.; Yu, J.; Zhao, J.; Song, J.; Li, Z.; Hou, X.; Chou, X.; He, J. Synergistic enhancement properties of a flexible integrated PAN/PVDF piezoelectric sensor for human posture recognition. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 1155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Si, S.; Sun, C.; Qiu, J.; Liu, J.; Yang, J. Knitting integral conformal all-textile strain sensor with commercial apparel characteristics for smart textiles. App. Mater. Today 2022, 27, 101508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.W.; Das, P.S.; Chhetry, A.; Park, J.Y. A flexible capacitive pressure sensor for wearable respiration monitoring system. IEEE Sens. J. 2017, 17, 6558–6564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kano, S.; Kim, K.; Fujii, M. Fast-response and flexible nanocrystal-based humidity sensor for monitoring human respiration and water evaporation on skin. ACS Sens. 2017, 2, 828–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, Z.; Padgett, S.; Cai, Z.; Conta, G.; Wu, Y.; He, Q.; Zhang, S.; Sun, C.; Liu, J.; Fan, E.; et al. Single-layered ultra-soft washable smart textiles for all-around ballistocardiograph, respiration, and posture monitoring during sleep. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2020, 155, 112064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Feng, Z.; Li, P.; Wang, L.; Chen, L.; Wu, Y.; Yang, J. A flexible pressure sensor with a mesh structure formed by lost hair for human epidermal pulse wave monitoring. Sensors 2023, 23, 45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Yang, J.; Meng, K.; He, Q.; Zhang, G.; Zhou, Z.; Tan, X.; Feng, Z.; Sun, C.; Yang, J.; et al. Enabling the unconstrained epidermal pulse wave monitoring via finger-touching. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2102378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Sun, K.; Zheng, R.; Sun, Y.; Yang, H.; Zhong, Y.; Li, X. Three-dimensional arterial pulse signal acquisition in time domain using flexible pressure-sensor dense arrays. Micromachines 2021, 12, 569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, P.-Y.; Lin, W.-C.; Chiu, B.Y.-C.; Chang, H.-H.; Lin, K.-P. Regression analysis of radial artery pulse palpation as a potential tool for traditional Chinese medicine training education. Complement. Ther. Med. 2013, 21, 649–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Velik, R. An objective review of the technological developments for radial pulse diagnosis in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2015, 7, 321–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pang, C.; Lee, G.-Y.; Kim, T.-i.; Kim, S.M.; Kim, H.N.; Ahn, S.-H.; Suh, K.-Y. A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres. Nat. Mater. 2012, 11, 795–801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, B.; Xie, H.; Zhao, J.; Zheng, J.; Xu, C. Flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor based on electrospun rough polyurethane nanofibers film for human motion monitoring. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.; Liu, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, T.; Jiang, Y.; Hu, J.; Liu, Z.; Chen, X.; Yu, J. Bioinspired, microstructured silk fibroin adhesives for flexible skin sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 5601–5609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, N.; Dai, W.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.; Lu, L.; Poon, C.C.Y.; Chen, S.-C.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, N. Flexible piezoresistive sensor patch enabling ultralow power cuffless blood pressure measurement. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 1178–1187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.-m.; Tao, L.-q.; Yuan, M.; Wang, Z.-p.; Yu, J.; Xie, D.; Luo, F.; Chen, X.; Wong, C. Sea urchin-like microstructure pressure sensors with an ultra-broad range and high sensitivity. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choong, C.-L.; Shim, M.-B.; Lee, B.-S.; Jeon, S.; Ko, D.-S.; Kang, T.-H.; Bae, J.; Lee, S.H.; Byun, K.-E.; Im, J.; et al. Highly stretchable resistive pressure sensors using a conductive elastomeric composite on a micropyramid array. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 3451–3458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, T.; Deng, W.; Chu, X.; Wang, X.; Hu, Y.; Fan, X.; Song, J.; Gao, Y.; Zhang, B.; Tian, G.; et al. Hierarchically microstructure-bioinspired flexible piezoresistive bioelectronics. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 11555–11563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yao, H.; Yang, W.; Cheng, W.; Tan, Y.J.; See, H.H.; Li, S.; Ali, H.P.A.; Lim, B.Z.H.; Liu, Z.; Tee, B.C.K. Near-hysteresis-free soft tactile electronic skins for wearables and reliable machine learning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 25352–25359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duan, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Huang, Q.; Yuan, Z.; Zhao, Q.; Wang, S.; Zhang, Y.; Tai, H. A do-it-yourself approach to achieving a flexible pressure sensor using daily use materials. J. Mater. Chem. C 2021, 9, 13659–13667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pang, C.; Koo, J.H.; Amanda, N.; Caves, J.M.; Kim, M.-G.; Chortos, A.; Kim, K.; Wang, P.J.; Tok, J.B.H.; Bao, Z. Highly skin-conformal microhairy sensor for pulse signal amplification. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 634–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, J.C.; Kim, J.-O.; Oh, J.; Kwon, S.Y.; Sim, J.Y.; Kim, D.W.; Choi, H.B.; Park, S. Microstructured porous pyramid-based ultrahigh sensitive pressure sensor insensitive to strain and temperature. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 19472–19480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, Q.; Zou, Q.; Li, Y.; Chen, Y.; Teng, S.-Y.; Kelleher, J.T.; Nith, R.; Cheng, P.; Li, N.; Liu, W.; et al. A stretchable and strain-unperturbed pressure sensor for motion interference-free tactile monitoring on skins. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabi4563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Q.; Huang, J.; Yang, J.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Y.; Yuan, L.; Cai, M.; et al. Highly sensitive flexible iontronic pressure sensor for fingertip pulse monitoring. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2020, 9, 2001023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, S.H.; Lee, S.W.; Yu, S.; Kim, H.; Chang, S.; Kang, D.; Hwang, I.; Kang, H.S.; Jeong, B.; Kim, E.H.; et al. Micropatterned pyramidal ionic gels for sensing broad-range pressures with high sensitivity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 10128–10135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, S.; Chhetry, A.; Zhang, S.; Yoon, H.; Park, C.; Kim, H.; Sharifuzzaman, M.; Hui, X.; Park, J.Y. Hydrogen-bond-triggered hybrid nanofibrous membrane-based wearable pressure sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity over a broad pressure range. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 4380–4393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.-W.; Oh, G.-Y.; Lee, K.-I.; Yang, Y.-J.; Ko, J.-B.; Kim, Y.-W.; Hong, Y.-S. A highly sensitive and flexible capacitive pressure sensor based on alignment airgap dielectric. Sensors 2022, 22, 7390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, D.Y.; Joe, D.J.; Kim, D.H.; Park, H.; Han, J.H.; Jeong, C.K.; Park, H.; Park, J.G.; Joung, B.; Lee, K.J. Self-powered real-time arterial pulse monitoring using ultrathin epidermal piezoelectric sensors. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dagdeviren, C.; Su, Y.; Joe, P.; Yona, R.; Liu, Y.; Kim, Y.-S.; Huang, Y.; Damadoran, A.R.; Xia, J.; Martin, L.W.; et al. Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chu, Y.; Zhong, J.; Liu, H.; Ma, Y.; Liu, N.; Song, Y.; Liang, J.; Shao, Z.; Sun, Y.; Dong, Y.; et al. Human pulse diagnosis for medical assessments using a wearable piezoelectret sensing system. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1803413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, Y.; Park, J.; Cho, S.; Shin, Y.-E.; Lee, H.; Kim, J.; Myoung, J.; Cho, S.; Kang, S.; Baig, C.; et al. Flexible ferroelectric sensors with ultrahigh pressure sensitivity and linear response over exceptionally broad pressure range. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 4045–4054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.; Park, J.-W. Fingerprint-inspired triboelectric nanogenerator with a geometrically asymmetric electrode design for a self-powered dynamic pressure sensor. Nano Energy 2022, 101, 107546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jia, Y.; Zhang, K. Piezoelectric potential-enhanced output and nonlinear response range for self-powered sensor on curved surface. Nano Energy 2022, 96, 107103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, S.; Wu, N.; Lin, S.; Duan, J.; Xu, Z.; Pan, Y.; Zhang, H.; Xu, Z.; Huang, L.; Hu, B.; et al. Hierarchical elastomer tuned self-powered pressure sensor for wearable multifunctional cardiovascular electronics. Nano Energy 2020, 70, 104460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, K.; Chen, J.; Li, X.; Wu, Y.; Fan, W.; Zhou, Z.; He, Q.; Wang, X.; Fan, X.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Flexible weaving constructed self-powered pressure sensor enabling continuous diagnosis of cardiovascular disease and measurement of cuffless blood pressure. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1806388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouyang, H.; Tian, J.; Sun, G.; Zou, Y.; Liu, Z.; Li, H.; Zhao, L.; Shi, B.; Fan, Y.; Fan, Y.; et al. Self-powered pulse sensor for antidiastole of cardiovascular disease. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1703456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, L.; Zhang, Z.; Gao, F.; Zhao, X.; Xun, X.; Kang, Z.; Liao, Q.; Zhang, Y. Self-powered ultrasensitive pulse sensors for noninvasive multi-indicators cardiovascular monitoring. Nano Energy 2021, 81, 105614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roh, D.; Han, S.; Park, J.; Shin, H. Development of a multi-array pressure sensor module for radial artery pulse wave measurement. Sensors 2020, 20, 33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Huang, K.-H.; Tan, F.; Wang, T.-D.; Yang, Y.-J. A highly sensitive pressure-sensing array for blood pressure estimation assisted by machine-learning techniques. Sensors 2019, 19, 848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Venugopal, K.; Panchatcharam, P.; Chandrasekhar, A.; Shanmugasundaram, V. Comprehensive review on triboelectric nanogenerator based wrist pulse measurement: Sensor fabrication and diagnosis of arterial pressure. Acs Sens. 2021, 6, 1681–1694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ding, Y.; Xu, W.; Wang, W.; Fong, H.; Zhe, Z. Scalable and facile preparation of highly stretchable electrospun PEDOT:PSS@PU fibrous nonwovens toward wearable conductive textile applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 30014–30023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- He, J.H.; Liu, Y.; Xu, L. Apparatus for preparing electrospun nanofibres: A comparative review. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2010, 26, 1275–1287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niu, S.; Wang, S.; Lin, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, Y.S.; Hu, Y.; Wang, Z.L. Theoretical study of contact-mode triboelectric nanogenerators as an effective power source. Energy Environ. 2013, 6, 3576–3583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, Y.; Zou, Y.; Xu, J.; Chen, G.; Zhou, Y.; Deng, W.; Zhao, X.; Roustaei, M.; Hsiai, T.K.; Chen, J. Ambulatory cardiovascular monitoring via a machine-learning-assisted textile triboelectric sensor. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2104178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, X.; Feng, Z.; Zhang, G.; Wang, L.; Chen, L.; Yang, J.; Wang, Z. Flexible Sensors Array Based on Frosted Microstructured Ecoflex Film and TPU Nanofibers for Epidermal Pulse Wave Monitoring. Sensors 2023, 23, 3717. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073717
Wang X, Feng Z, Zhang G, Wang L, Chen L, Yang J, Wang Z. Flexible Sensors Array Based on Frosted Microstructured Ecoflex Film and TPU Nanofibers for Epidermal Pulse Wave Monitoring. Sensors. 2023; 23(7):3717. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073717
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xue, Zhiping Feng, Gaoqiang Zhang, Luna Wang, Liang Chen, Jin Yang, and Zhonglin Wang. 2023. "Flexible Sensors Array Based on Frosted Microstructured Ecoflex Film and TPU Nanofibers for Epidermal Pulse Wave Monitoring" Sensors 23, no. 7: 3717. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073717