UAV-Based Wildland Fire Air Toxics Data Collection and Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. UAV Platform
2.2. Microcontroller
2.3. Air Quality Sensor Package
2.4. VOC Air Sampler
2.5. Prescribed Fire Experiments
2.5.1. Pilot Hill
2.5.2. Angels Camp
2.5.3. Jack London
3. Results
3.1. Air Quality Sensor Package Results
3.2. VOC Air Sampler Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
UAV | Unmanned Aerial Vehicle |
CAL FIRE | California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection |
VOC | Volatile Organic Compound |
WUI | Wildland Urban Interface |
HAP | Hazardous Air Pollutants |
EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
PCB | Printed Circuit Board |
TD-GC-MS | Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
IMU | Inertial Measurement Unit |
RTC | Real Time Clock |
FAA | Federal Aviation Administration |
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Sensor | Measurement | Operating Range |
---|---|---|
BME680 | Temperature | −40 to 85 °C |
Barometric Pressure | 300 to 1100 hPa | |
Relative Humidity | 0 to 100% r.H. | |
SGP30 | eCO | 400–60,000 ppm |
Total VOC | 0–60,000 ppb | |
SCD41 | CO | 400–5000 ppm |
PMSA003I | Particulate Matter | 0–500 g/m |
SEN0231 | Formaldehyde (HCHO) | 0–5 ppm |
MiCS-4514 | CO | 1–1000 ppm |
NO | 0.05–10 ppm | |
NH | 1–500 ppm |
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Ragbir, P.; Kaduwela, A.; Passovoy, D.; Amin, P.; Ye, S.; Wallis, C.; Alaimo, C.; Young, T.; Kong, Z. UAV-Based Wildland Fire Air Toxics Data Collection and Analysis. Sensors 2023, 23, 3561. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073561
Ragbir P, Kaduwela A, Passovoy D, Amin P, Ye S, Wallis C, Alaimo C, Young T, Kong Z. UAV-Based Wildland Fire Air Toxics Data Collection and Analysis. Sensors. 2023; 23(7):3561. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073561
Chicago/Turabian StyleRagbir, Prabhash, Ajith Kaduwela, David Passovoy, Preet Amin, Shuchen Ye, Christopher Wallis, Christopher Alaimo, Thomas Young, and Zhaodan Kong. 2023. "UAV-Based Wildland Fire Air Toxics Data Collection and Analysis" Sensors 23, no. 7: 3561. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073561