Materials, Preparation Strategies, and Wearable Sensor Applications of Conductive Fibers: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conductive Fiber
2.1. Metal-Based Conductive Fiber
2.2. Carbon-Based Conductive Fiber
2.3. Polymer-Based Conductive Fiber
3. Preparation Strategies
3.1. Blended Yarn
3.2. Dip-Coating
3.3. Spray-Coating
3.4. Chemical Plating
3.5. Electroplating
3.6. In Situ Polymerization
3.7. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
3.8. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
3.9. Wet Spinning
3.10. Electrospinning
3.11. Other Ways
4. Conductive-Fiber-Based Sensors
4.1. Pressure Sensors
4.1.1. Resistive Pressure Sensors
4.1.2. Capacitive Pressure Sensors
4.1.3. Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors
4.2. Strain Sensors
4.3. Other Sensors
5. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Conductive Fiber Category | Principle Material | Indicators | Application | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electrical Conductivity (S cm−1) | Repeatability (Cycles) | Response Time (ms) | ||||
Metal-based conductive fibers | Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) | 6.99 | >104 | <340 | Capacitive pressure sensor | [36] |
Gallium-indium alloy (EGaIn) | 103 | 8 × 103 | 220 | Strain sensor | [37] | |
MXene | 50 | Piezoresistive pressure sensor | [38] | |||
Silver nanowires (AgNWs) | 3.1 | 2.5 × 103 | 49 | Resistive strain sensor | [39] | |
Barium titanate (BT) nanoparticle | 103 | 2000 | Resistive strain sensor | [40] | ||
Nickel (Ni) | 20 | 2 × 103 | Resistive strain sensor | [41] | ||
Carbon-based conductive fibers | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) | 104 | Resistive strain sensor | [42] | ||
Graphene nanoplates (GPs) | 280.8 | 2 × 103 | Resistive strain sensor, temperature sensor, humidity sensor | [43] | ||
Graphene (G) | 103 | 33 | Resistive strain sensor | [44] | ||
Carbon black (CB) | 5.8 | 103 | Resistive strain sensor | [45] | ||
Polymer-based conductive fibers | Polyaniline (PANI) | 3.72 × 10−4 | Gas sensor | [46] | ||
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT: PSS) | 120 | Piezoresistive pressure sensor | [47] | |||
Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) | 0.765 | 103 | Resistive strain sensor | [16] | ||
Polypyrrole (PPy) | 103 | 20 | Piezoresistive pressure sensor | [48] |
Category | Materials | Properties | Sensing Type | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metal-based | Metal NPs | High sensitivity, selective and flexible, low limit of detection | Gas | [135] |
Metal oxide | High sensitivity, good stability and low detection limit | Gas | [136] | |
MXene | Fast response and recovery, good flexibility and reliability | Gas | [137] | |
Wide sensing range, high sensitivity | Strain | [138] | ||
High sensitivity, fast response time, good stability | Pressure | [139] | ||
Flexible, self-powered | Humidity | [140] | ||
Carbon-based | Graphene | Flexible, highly sensitive | Pressure | [141] |
RGO | High sensitivity, short response time and good cycle stability | Gas | [142] | |
CNTs | Stretchable and multimodal | Strain/pressure | [143] | |
CB | High sensitivity, good stability and durability | Strain | [144] | |
Polymer-based | PANI | Highly sensitive, good sensing linearity, fast Response, small and good repeatability | Humidity | [145] |
Highly flexible, sensitive and stability | PH | [146] | ||
PPy | High sensitivity, fast response and recovery | Gas | [147] | |
PEDOT: PSS | Highly flexible, stretchable | Strain | [148] |
Main Component Materials of Conductive Fibers | Working Range | Sensitivity (KPa−1) | Durability (Cycles) | Response Time (ms) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CNTs | 136.8, p < 200 Pa | [173] | |||
G | 1.0 Pa–32 kPa | 10.41, p < 2.5 kPa | >104 | <19 | [174] |
PANI foam | >4 pa | 0.055, 0 < p < 5.0 kPa | >5 × 102 | 60 | [175] |
AgNWs | 30–30,247 pa | 1.5, 0.03 < p < 30.2 kPa | 90 | [176] | |
5CNTs | 1150.9, p < 50 Pa | > 2 × 103 | 43 | [177] | |
Ink-modified plant fiber sponges (m-PFS) | 10–750 Pa | 133.3, 10 < p < 750 Pa | [178] | ||
Graphene, P(VDF-TrFE) | <45 mmHg | 0.76, p < 45 mmHg | <100 | [179] | |
MWCNTs | 66.7%−1, 160 mN < p < 300 mN | 103 | <200 | [180] | |
Wrinkled graphene foams | >105 | 150 | [181] | ||
MWCNTs, PDMS | 2.65 | 80 | [182] |
Main Component Materials of Conductive Fibers | Working Range (kPa) | Sensitivity (kPa−1) | Durability (Cycles) | Response Time (ms) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AgNPs, PDMS | 0–10 | 0.278 (p < 2 kPa) | 104 | <340 | [56] |
CNTs, Silver paste | 0–1000 | 2 × 104 | 7 | [189] | |
Graphite, carbon fiber | 0–40 | 0.045 | 103 | 135 | [190] |
MXene (Ti3C2Tx) | <400 | 0.51 | 104 | [191] | |
PVA, potassium hydroxide (KOH) | 20.83 | 1.6 × 103 | 50 | [192] | |
AgNWs, PDMS | <200 | 0.161 (p < 10 kPa) | 6 × 103 | [193] | |
CNTs, PDMS | 0.17 | 5 × 103 | 25 | [194] |
Main Component Materials of Conductive Fibers | Applied Force(N) | Sensitivity (V/N) | Output Voltage (V) | Durability (Cycles) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BT, PVDF, polydopamine (PDA) | 0.22–19.33 | 0.38 | 6.834 × 103 | [199] | |
BTO, PVDF, PDA | 3.95 | 7.4 × 103 | [200] | ||
Platinum (Pt) NPs, PVDF | <20 | 0.6 | 30 | 9 × 104 | [201] |
Poly (vinydene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)), Cu | 0.068 | 0.8 | 1.5 × 104 | [202] | |
PVDF, BaTiO3 | 0.1 | 1.75 × 103 | [203] | ||
PVDF, MOF | <5 | 0.118 | 0.568 | [204] | |
Lead zirconatetitanate (PZT) | >0.05 | 8.117 | [205] |
Main Component Materials of Conductive Fibers | Working Range | Gauge Factor (GF) | Response Time (ms) | Durability (Cycles) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | <15% | GF = 1.7 | [210] | ||
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibrous | <300% | 100%, GF = 428.5 100–220%, GF = 9268.8 220–300%, GF = 83,982.8 | 70 | >104 | [211] |
Carbonized crepe paper (CCP) | <5% | <115 | >104 | [212] | |
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), G | <98% | GF = 2.36 × 104 | 33 | >103 | [65] |
Overlapped carbon nanotubes | ≥145% | 125–145%, GF = 42,300 | [213] | ||
CNTs | >700% | 250–700%, GF = 3.39 | 300 | >300 | [214] |
Cotton fabrics, graphene nanosheets, PDMS | 90 | 104 | [215] | ||
AgNWs | 60% | GF = 1.5 | [216] | ||
Ti3C2TxMXene, CNTs | 130% | GF = 772.6 | >5 × 103 | [217] |
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Li, X.; Chen, S.; Peng, Y.; Zheng, Z.; Li, J.; Zhong, F. Materials, Preparation Strategies, and Wearable Sensor Applications of Conductive Fibers: A Review. Sensors 2022, 22, 3028. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22083028
Li X, Chen S, Peng Y, Zheng Z, Li J, Zhong F. Materials, Preparation Strategies, and Wearable Sensor Applications of Conductive Fibers: A Review. Sensors. 2022; 22(8):3028. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22083028
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Xiuhong, Shuang Chen, Yujie Peng, Zhong Zheng, Jing Li, and Fei Zhong. 2022. "Materials, Preparation Strategies, and Wearable Sensor Applications of Conductive Fibers: A Review" Sensors 22, no. 8: 3028. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22083028