Oxygen Saturation Imaging Using LED-Based Photoacoustic System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Oxygen Saturation Imaging Using Linear Unmixing
2.2. Fluence Compensation
- 1.
- US and PA images were reconstructed offline using a Fourier based algorithm [40]
- 2.
- The US image was segmented to obtain a binary mask of the tissue boundary.
- 3.
- The binary mask and the optical properties of the tissue were used in the light propagation model to obtain fluence maps at the imaging plane for two wavelengths.
- 4.
- PA images at two wavelengths were normalized using the fluence maps.
- 5.
- Linear unmixing was used to obtain oxygen saturation images from the fluence normalized PA images.
2.2.1. Ultrasound Segmentation
2.2.2. Light Propagation Model
2.3. In Vitro Characterization in Phantoms
2.3.1. In Vitro Validation of Oxygen Saturation Imaging
2.3.2. Imaging a Homogeneous Phantom
2.3.3. Imaging a Two Slab Phantom
2.4. In Vivo Imaging
2.4.1. Small Animal Imaging
2.4.2. Human Imaging
3. Results
3.1. In Vitro Validation of PA sO
3.2. Fluence Compensated PA sO
3.3. In Vivo PA sO Imaging
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Medium | Wavelength [nm] | [cm] | [cm] |
---|---|---|---|
Soft tissue phantom [42] | 750 | 0.101 | 10.5 |
850 | 0.089 | 9 | |
Mice thigh muscle [43] | 850 | 0.76 | 5.3 |
850 | 0.64 | 4.8 | |
Human forearm [44] | 750 | 0.41 | 7.2 |
850 | 0.3 | 6.5 |
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Bulsink, R.; Kuniyil Ajith Singh, M.; Xavierselvan, M.; Mallidi, S.; Steenbergen, W.; Francis, K.J. Oxygen Saturation Imaging Using LED-Based Photoacoustic System. Sensors 2021, 21, 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010283
Bulsink R, Kuniyil Ajith Singh M, Xavierselvan M, Mallidi S, Steenbergen W, Francis KJ. Oxygen Saturation Imaging Using LED-Based Photoacoustic System. Sensors. 2021; 21(1):283. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010283
Chicago/Turabian StyleBulsink, Rianne, Mithun Kuniyil Ajith Singh, Marvin Xavierselvan, Srivalleesha Mallidi, Wiendelt Steenbergen, and Kalloor Joseph Francis. 2021. "Oxygen Saturation Imaging Using LED-Based Photoacoustic System" Sensors 21, no. 1: 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010283