Deformation Prediction of Unstable Slopes Based on Real-Time Monitoring and DeepAR Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
2.1. Location and Geological Setting
2.2. Climate Setting
2.3. Field Survey
3. Monitoring System and Acquired Data
3.1. Monitoring System
- (1)
- Surface displacement measurement
- (2)
- Surface tilt measurement
- (3)
- Deep displacement measurement
- (4)
- Crack deformation measurement
- (5)
- Groundwater level monitoring
3.2. Acquired Data
3.2.1. GPS Data
3.2.2. Crack Meter Data
3.2.3. Tilt Sensor Data
3.2.4. Deep Inclinometer Data
3.3. Analysis of the Triggered Factors
4. Method of Deformation Prediction
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | M | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 26.1 | 140.3 | 216.7 | 124.3 | 315.8 | 553.1 | 203.8 | 313.5 | 58.0 | 14.6 | 133.2 | 14.3 |
2015 | 55.0 | 155.7 | 125.7 | 152.0 | 389.7 | 530.7 | 362.4 | 151.2 | 98.4 | 165.0 | 246.1 | 127.7 |
2016 | 111.3 | 45.3 | 111.3 | 357.6 | 349.7 | 478.8 | 27.1 | 34.3 | 191.1 | 130.9 | 95.7 | 34.4 |
2017 | 34.1 | 48.3 | 202.9 | 218.7 | 137.4 | 572.3 | 41.1 | 104.1 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 127.3 | 51.6 |
2018 | 93.1 | 47.5 | 187.3 | 252.6 | 150.8 | 181.8 | 51.2 | 113.8 | 58.5 | 47.0 | 118.6 | 128.7 |
2019 | 124.6 | 276.4 | 234.7 | 180.3 | 180.7 | 314.7 | 468.6 | 87.4 | 9.5 | 28.4 | 8.6 | 76.6 |
Inclinometer | Installed Depth (m) |
---|---|
JC 2 | 3.5, 17, 18.5, 20.5, 22.5, 30.5 |
JC 5 | 6, 18, 20, 22, 41, 43 |
JC 8 | 9.5, 14, 16.5, 22.5, 23.5, 27, 30.5 |
Crack Meter | Width Propagation (mm) |
---|---|
DISP 01 | 41.03 |
DISP 02 | 62.99 |
DISP 03 | 35.61 |
DISP 04 | 53.99 |
DISP 05 | 63.26 |
DISP 06 | 0 |
DISP 07 | 9.56 |
DISP 08 | 21.44 |
DISP 09 | 21.2 |
DISP 10 | 22.76 |
DISP 11 | 39.79 |
DISP 12 | 28.57 |
DISP 13 | 32.42 |
Equipment Type | Number of Testing Devices | Frequency of Data Acquisition | Training Dataset | Testing Dataset |
---|---|---|---|---|
GPS benchmarks | 4 | Every 2 h or 1 h | Since 1 January 2016 to 20 August 2019, 16,000 data in total | Since 21 August 2019 to 25 September 2019, 510 data in total |
Devices | MAE (mm) | RMSE (mm) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|
GPS04 | 0.0931384 | 0.346316 | 0.860973 |
GPS06 | 0.286219 | 0.37134 | 0.823638 |
GPS12 | 0.371732 | 0.494544 | 0.911876 |
GPS14 | 0.427168 | 0.559492 | 0.735154 |
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Dong, M.; Wu, H.; Hu, H.; Azzam, R.; Zhang, L.; Zheng, Z.; Gong, X. Deformation Prediction of Unstable Slopes Based on Real-Time Monitoring and DeepAR Model. Sensors 2021, 21, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010014
Dong M, Wu H, Hu H, Azzam R, Zhang L, Zheng Z, Gong X. Deformation Prediction of Unstable Slopes Based on Real-Time Monitoring and DeepAR Model. Sensors. 2021; 21(1):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010014
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Mei, Hongyu Wu, Hui Hu, Rafig Azzam, Liang Zhang, Zengrong Zheng, and Xiaonan Gong. 2021. "Deformation Prediction of Unstable Slopes Based on Real-Time Monitoring and DeepAR Model" Sensors 21, no. 1: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010014