Analysis of the Influence of Different Settings of Scan Sequence Parameters on Vibration and Noise Generated in the Open-Air MRI Scanning Area †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subject and Methods
- The standard root mean square (RMS) is calculated from a signal x(n) in a defined frame (window) with the length of M samples:
- The third approach uses the short-term NFFT-point fast Fourier transform (FFT) to compute the power spectrum |S(k)|2, and in each frame, the energy is assessed from the first cepstral coefficient c0 or from the autocorrelation coefficient r0:
3. Performed Experiments and Results
3.1. Automatic Measurement of Relative Sensitivity and Frequency Response of Vibration Sensors Suitable for Working in the Low Magnetic Field Environment
- RFT heart microphone device HM 692 with a 20-mm disc transducer comprising a piezoelectric element integrated in the aluminum metal cover with a 30-mm diameter; and
- SDT1-028K sensor (by Sensor Solutions—TE Connectivity) consisting of a rectangular piezo film element (with dimensions of 28.6 × 11.2 × 0.13 mm), together with a molded plastic housing, typically used in safety and industrial applications.
- Relative sensitivity at the reference frequency fref = 125 Hz; and
- Frequency response in the range of 20 Hz to 2 kHz at a chosen AP S1 output voltage for the vibration exciter (UBa0 = 360 mVef = 1 V p-p).
3.2. Description of Main Measurement and Auxiliary Experiments
- SE sequences (11 sub-types);
- GE sequences (9 sub-types);
- Turbo (multi echo) sequences (4 sub-types);
- 3D sequences (5 sub-types); and
- Hi-Res sequences (8 sub-types).
- High-resolution SE/GE pulse sequences (Hi-Res); and
- 3D sequences to create 3D models of various biological objects.
- Scan slice orientation TORIENT = {Coronal, Sagittal, Transversal}—results for energetic and basic spectral features are visualized in Figure 6;
- Mass of the object/subject TMASS = {Phantom/Male/Female} placed in the MRI scanning area (the testing phantom with the total weight of 0.75 kg or a head and a neck of a lying male/female person weighing approximately 80/55 kg was placed in the RF scan coil between the upper and lower gradient coils of the MRI device)—numerical comparison can be found in Table 2.
3.3. Parameters Determinig the Scan Sequence Duration and the MR Image Quality Factor
3.4. Subjective Evaluation by the Listening Test Method
4. Discussion of Obtained Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Name of Sequence | TE (ms) | TR (ms) | FOV | Matrix Size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hi-Res | SE 18 HF | 18 | 500 | 250 × 250 × 200 | 256 × 256 |
Hi-Res | SE 26 HF | 26 | 500 | 250 × 250 × 200 | 256 × 256 |
Hi-Res | GE T2 | 22 | 60 | 250 × 250 × 200 | 256 × 256 |
3D | SS 3D balanced | 5 | 10 | 200 × 200 × 192 | 200 × 200 |
3D | 3D-CE | 30 | 40 | 150 × 150 × 192 | 192 × 192 |
Subject Type 1 | Vibrations (SB-1) | Noise (B2-Pro) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMS | EnTK | Enc0 | Enr0 | RMS | EnTK | Enc0 | Enr0 | |
Water phantom | 34.6 | 4.69 | 0.0380 | 24.0 | 20.1 | 4.05 | 0.0255 | 8.5 |
Female | 28.7 | 4.93 | 0.0402 | 16.6 | 23.2 | 4.19 | 0.0286 | 10.6 |
Male | 26.8 | 4.96 | 0.0404 | 14.4 | 25.5 | 4.51 | 0.0328 | 15.9 |
NACC [–] | Parameters | TR [ms] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | ||
1 | QF [–] | 6 | 12 | 23 | 32 | 38 | 42 |
TDUR [min:sec] | 0:09 | 0:14 | 0:25 | 0:36 | 0:48 | 0:59 | |
8 | QF [–] | 16 | 33 | 66 | 90 | 107 | 500 |
TDUR [min:sec] | 0:57 | 1:33 | 3:04 | 4:34 | 6:04 | 7:35 | |
16 | QF [–] | 23 | 47 | 93 | 127 | 151 | 168 |
TDUR [min:sec] | 1:51 | 3:03 | 6:04 | 9:05 | 12:06 | 15:07 |
NACC [–] | Parameters | TR [ms] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | ||
1 | QF [–] | 15 | 18 | 24 | 26 | 27 | 28 |
TDUR [min:sec] | 0:14 | 0:24 | 0:42 | 1:00 | 1:20 | 1:39 | |
8 | QF [–] | 42 | 52 | 67 | 74 | 77 | 79 |
TDUR [min:sec] | 1:35 | 2:37 | 5:12 | 7:46 | 10:20 | 12:55 | |
16 | QF [–] | 59 | 74 | 95 | 104 | 109 | 112 |
TDUR [min:sec] | 3:08 | 5:11 | 10:20 | 15:29 | 20:38 | 25:47 |
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Přibil, J.; Přibilová, A.; Frollo, I. Analysis of the Influence of Different Settings of Scan Sequence Parameters on Vibration and Noise Generated in the Open-Air MRI Scanning Area. Sensors 2019, 19, 4198. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194198
Přibil J, Přibilová A, Frollo I. Analysis of the Influence of Different Settings of Scan Sequence Parameters on Vibration and Noise Generated in the Open-Air MRI Scanning Area. Sensors. 2019; 19(19):4198. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194198
Chicago/Turabian StylePřibil, Jiří, Anna Přibilová, and Ivan Frollo. 2019. "Analysis of the Influence of Different Settings of Scan Sequence Parameters on Vibration and Noise Generated in the Open-Air MRI Scanning Area" Sensors 19, no. 19: 4198. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194198