Performance Evaluation of Non-GPS Based Localization Techniques under Shadowing Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- review of the state-of-the art non-GPS localization techniques with the focus on RSSI and AOA methods;
- proposal of combined RSSI-AOA localization methods with different weights of the components RSSI and AOA;
- comprehensive summary on working concepts of these combined methods;
- introduction of the localization model under shadowing effects; and
- numerous simulations and in-depth discussions on the precision and accuracy of the proposed combined localization techniques under shadowing effects.
2. Related Works
2.1. Distance and Angle Estimation Concepts
2.1.1. RSSI
2.1.2. AOA
2.2. Existing Localization Methods
2.2.1. Triangulation (2AOA)
2.2.2. Trilateration with Two Anchors (2RSSI)
2.2.3. Trilateration with Three Anchors (3RSSI)
2.2.4. Weighted Centroid Method (weighted 3RSSI)
3. Localization Using Combinations of RSSI and AOA
3.1. 1AOA + 1RSSI
3.2. 1AOA + 2RSSI
3.3. 2AOA + 1RSSI
3.4. 2AOA + 2RSSI
4. Localization under Shadowing Effects
5. Simulation Results and Analyses
5.1. Precision
5.1.1. Localization with Ideal Covariance Matrix of Noise
5.1.2. Localization with Correlated Noises
5.2. Accuracy
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AOA | Angle of Arrival |
FDOA | Frequency Difference of Arrival |
GPS | Global Positioning System |
MSE | Mean Square Error |
MUSIC | Multiple Signal Classification |
OFDM | Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing |
PDOA | Power Difference of Arrival |
RDE | Relative Distance Error |
RF | Radio Frequency |
RSSI | Receive Signal Strength Indicator |
SNR | Signal to Noise Ratio |
TDOA | Time Difference of Arrival |
VANET | Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network |
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Method | Bearing Measurement | Advantages | Disadvantages | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|
Time of Arrival (TOA) | Distance | Simple to calculate | Require strict synchronization | [36,37,38,39,40] |
Time of Arrival (TOA) | Distance | Simple to calculate | Require strict synchronization | [36,37,38,39,40] |
Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) | Distance | Asynchronous process | Time delay can be large and require large bandwidth | [41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48] |
Frequency Difference of Arrival (FDOA) (i.e., Differential Doppler) | Distance | Robust for moving nodes | Hard to merely use FDOA to locate nodes because of its non-linear equation. FDOA is normally combined with TDOA | [43,44,49,50,51,52] |
Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) | Distance | Simplest method and do not require complicated hardware | Need preliminary knowledge on the propagation environment and subjective to noise | [12,13,14,15,23,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63] |
Angle of Arrival (AOA) | Angle | Robust to noise | More complex and expensive than other types | [3,4,5,16,26,28,29,64,65,66] |
Power Difference of Arrival (PDOA) | Distance | Do not need many anchors in the network | Affected by shadowing and noise effects | [67,68] |
Number of Anchors | Method | Measurements | Mathematical Formulas | Graphical Representation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1AOA + 1RSSI | , | | |
2 | 2AOA | | ||
2 | 2RSSI | | ||
2 | 1AOA + 2RSSI | , , | | |
2 | 2AOA + 1RSSI | , , | | |
2 | 2AOA + 2RSSI | , | | |
3 | 3RSSI | , | | |
3 | Weighted 3RSSI | , | |
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Nguyen, N.M.; Tran, L.C.; Safaei, F.; Phung, S.L.; Vial, P.; Huynh, N.; Cox, A.; Harada, T.; Barthelemy, J. Performance Evaluation of Non-GPS Based Localization Techniques under Shadowing Effects. Sensors 2019, 19, 2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112633
Nguyen NM, Tran LC, Safaei F, Phung SL, Vial P, Huynh N, Cox A, Harada T, Barthelemy J. Performance Evaluation of Non-GPS Based Localization Techniques under Shadowing Effects. Sensors. 2019; 19(11):2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112633
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Ngoc Mai, Le Chung Tran, Farzad Safaei, Son Lam Phung, Peter Vial, Nam Huynh, Anne Cox, Theresa Harada, and Johan Barthelemy. 2019. "Performance Evaluation of Non-GPS Based Localization Techniques under Shadowing Effects" Sensors 19, no. 11: 2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112633