Detecting Sulfuric and Nitric Acid Rain Stresses on Quercus glauca through Hyperspectral Responses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Design
2.2. Spectral Measurement
2.3. Sensitive Bands Detection
2.4. Hyperspectral Index Construction
3. Results
3.1. Sensitive Hyperspectral Bands Detection and Hyperspectral Index Construction
3.2. Indicator of GPAI on the Responses of Q. glauca under SAR Treatment
3.3. Indicator of GPAI on the Responses of Q. glauca under NAR Treatment
4. Discussion
4.1. The Influence of Acid Rain on Spectral Reflectance and the Indicator of GPAI
4.2. Responses of GPAI to SAR and NAR Stresses
4.3. GPAI as an Indicator for Assessing the Stress of SAR and NAR on Q. glauca at pH 4.5 Level
4.4. GPAI as an Indicator for Assessing the Stress of SAR and NAR on Q. glauca at pH 3.0 Level
4.5. GPAI as an Indicator for Assessing the Stress of SAR and NAR on Q. glauca at pH 2.0 Level
4.6. Limitations and Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | 12 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
Rainfall | 51 | 72 | 85 | 125 | 127 | 157 | 211 | 147 | 148 | 150 | 78 | 61 |
Max T | 11 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 21 | 25 | 29 | 33 | 33 | 28 | 23 | 17 |
Min T | 3 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 17 | 21 | 25 | 25 | 21 | 15 | 9 |
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Wang, S.; Zhang, X.; Ma, Y.; Li, X.; Cheng, M.; Zhang, X.; Liu, L. Detecting Sulfuric and Nitric Acid Rain Stresses on Quercus glauca through Hyperspectral Responses. Sensors 2018, 18, 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030830
Wang S, Zhang X, Ma Y, Li X, Cheng M, Zhang X, Liu L. Detecting Sulfuric and Nitric Acid Rain Stresses on Quercus glauca through Hyperspectral Responses. Sensors. 2018; 18(3):830. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030830
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Shanqian, Xiuying Zhang, Yuandan Ma, Xinhui Li, Min Cheng, Xiaomin Zhang, and Lei Liu. 2018. "Detecting Sulfuric and Nitric Acid Rain Stresses on Quercus glauca through Hyperspectral Responses" Sensors 18, no. 3: 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030830