Canopy-Level Photochemical Reflectance Index from Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and Leaf-Level Non-Photochemical Quenching as Early Indicators of Water Stress in Maize
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- To establish the relationships among ΦP, ΦN, ΦF, and ΦD at different levels of the soil water stress.
- (2)
- To measure the ratio between chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment contents and to establish their relationships with NPQleaf and PRI at different levels of soil water stress.
- (3)
- To analyze the feasibility of detecting soil water stress in maize using leaf-level NPQ and canopy-level PRI.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Leaf Biochemistry and Leaf Area Index Measurements
2.2. Leaf-Level Fluorescence Measurements
2.3. Canopy Spectral Data Collection
3. Results
3.1. The Fate of Light Absorbed by a Leaf at Different Water Stress Levels
3.2. Relationships between Leaf-Level NPQ and Leaf Pigment Ratios under Water Stress
3.3. Canopy-Level PRI and NPQleaf for Detecting Water Stress in Crops
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (i)
- The quantum yield of fluorescence (ΦF) significantly decreased from well-watered to moderate water stress conditions and then increased toward severe water stress conditions with soil moisture at about 20–30% of the field capacity. At the threshold of soil moisture of about 40% of the field capacity, the ratio of ΦF to the quantum yield of photochemistry (ΦP) increased with increasing water stress, suggesting that severe drought affected ΦP in higher proportion than ΦF. This result means that the sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence would fail to indicate the photosynthetic rate when extreme drought occurs.
- (ii)
- Canopy-level PRI was better than NPQleaf as indicators of water stress at the early growing season of maize (R2 = 0.65 and p < 0.05; R2 = 0.63 and p < 0.05, respectively). This result encourages the use of remote sensing techniques to measure canopy-level PRI for drought-related research. However, the ability of PRI to detect water stress is confounded by many external factors (i.e., illumination and viewing geometry). Thus NPQleaf may be explored as a complementary parameter for detecting plant water stress.
- (iii)
- Significant relationships are established between NPQleaf and Chl/Car (R2 = 0.71; p < 0.01) and between PRI and Chl/Car (R2 = 0.58; p < 0.05) at the leaf level. When water stress increased, the carotenoid contents increased while chlorophyll content remained fairly stable, leading to the decrease in the Chl/Car ratio. In the meantime, PRI also decreased, confirming that carotenoids are closely related to non-photochemical quenching in leaves, and therefore these pigments deserve close attention in water stress assessment.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
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Chou, S.; Chen, J.M.; Yu, H.; Chen, B.; Zhang, X.; Croft, H.; Khalid, S.; Li, M.; Shi, Q. Canopy-Level Photochemical Reflectance Index from Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and Leaf-Level Non-Photochemical Quenching as Early Indicators of Water Stress in Maize. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 794. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9080794
Chou S, Chen JM, Yu H, Chen B, Zhang X, Croft H, Khalid S, Li M, Shi Q. Canopy-Level Photochemical Reflectance Index from Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and Leaf-Level Non-Photochemical Quenching as Early Indicators of Water Stress in Maize. Remote Sensing. 2017; 9(8):794. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9080794
Chicago/Turabian StyleChou, Shuren, Jing M. Chen, Hua Yu, Bin Chen, Xiuying Zhang, Holly Croft, Shoaib Khalid, Meng Li, and Qin Shi. 2017. "Canopy-Level Photochemical Reflectance Index from Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and Leaf-Level Non-Photochemical Quenching as Early Indicators of Water Stress in Maize" Remote Sensing 9, no. 8: 794. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9080794