Assessing Earthquake-Induced Tree Mortality in Temperate Forest Ecosystems: A Case Study from Wenchuan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Satellite Data Analysis
2.3. Extraction of Deciduous and Evergreen Forests
2.4. Quantifying the Total Impacted Area
2.5. Ground-Based Tree Mortality Estimations
2.6. Forest Mortality Model Development
2.7. Monte Carlo Simulation and Uncertainty Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Proxy for Forest Biomass Carbon Loss
3.2. Spatial Pattern of Forest Mortality
3.3. Quantification of Forest Biomass Loss
3.4. Factors Influencing Forest Damage Patterns
4. Discussion
4.1. Improvement of the Synthetic Approach in Earthquake Influence Assessment
4.2. Factors Impacting Tree Mortality Following Earthquake Events
4.3. Earthquakes Act as Major Carbon Dynamic Drivers
4.4. Uncertainties and Limitations of the Synthesis Approach
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Estimated (B) | Standard Error | t-Value | Pr (>|t|) | Df | Sum of Square | Mean of Square | F Value | Pr (>F) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | Deciduous | TM_ΔGV (900 m2) | 12,737.9 | 604.1 | 21.09 | <0.0001 | TM_ΔGV | 1 | 537,853,472 | 537,853,472 | 444.65 | <0.0001 |
Residuals | 14 | 13,343,914 | 1,213,083 | |||||||||
(b) | Evergreen | TM_ΔGV (900 m2) | 11,979.8 | 858.3 | 13.96 | <0.0001 | TM_ΔGV | 1 | 457,454,043 | 457,454,043 | 194.81 | <0.0001 |
Residuals | 14 | 32,875,103 | 2,348,222 | |||||||||
(c) | MODIS_ΔGV | 0.99171 | 0.02504 | 39.61 | <0.0001 | MODIS_ΔGV | 1 | 36.601 | 36.601 | 1568.8 | <0.0001 | |
Residuals | 249 | 5.809 | 0.023 |
Items | Nominal Value | +20% | −20% |
---|---|---|---|
Coefficient of deciduous mortality model (aLandsat_d) | 14.2 | ||
Coefficient of evergreen mortality model (aLandsat_e) | 13.3 | 26.1 | 17.4 |
Coefficient of scale model between MODIS and Landsat (aModis) | 0.99 | 26.2 | 17.4 |
Ideal points’ GVmin (deciduous) | 0.002 | ||
Ideal points’ GVmin (evergreen) | 0.69 | 22.0 | 21.5 |
Ideal points’ GVmax (deciduous) | 0.83 | ||
Ideal points’ GVmax (evergreen) | 0.75 | 21.4 | 21.9 |
Maximum forest distance (dfor) | 0.8247 | 21.8 | 21.7 |
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Zeng, H.; Lu, T.; Jenkins, H.; Negrón-Juárez, R.I.; Xu, J. Assessing Earthquake-Induced Tree Mortality in Temperate Forest Ecosystems: A Case Study from Wenchuan, China. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030252
Zeng H, Lu T, Jenkins H, Negrón-Juárez RI, Xu J. Assessing Earthquake-Induced Tree Mortality in Temperate Forest Ecosystems: A Case Study from Wenchuan, China. Remote Sensing. 2016; 8(3):252. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030252
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Hongcheng, Tao Lu, Hillary Jenkins, Robinson I. Negrón-Juárez, and Jiceng Xu. 2016. "Assessing Earthquake-Induced Tree Mortality in Temperate Forest Ecosystems: A Case Study from Wenchuan, China" Remote Sensing 8, no. 3: 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030252