Retrieval of Ocean Surface Wind Speed Using Reflected BPSK/BOC Signals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Orbital and Instrumental Specifications of TRITON Mission
2.2. The Ground Truth Data: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Product
2.3. The Proposed GNSS-R Measurement: Composite Delay-Doppler Maps
2.4. The Observable and Wind Speed Retrieval Algorithm
2.5. Summary of the Proposed Method
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BOC | Binary Offset Carrier |
BPSK | Binary Phase Shift Keying |
cDDM | Composite Delay Doppler Map |
cDDMA | Composite Delay Doppler Map Average |
cDWA | Composite Delay Waveform Average |
cDP | Composite Delay Doppler Map Peak |
CYGNSS | Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System |
DDM | Delay Doppler Map |
DDMA | Delay Doppler Map Average |
DW | Delay Waveform |
ECMWF | European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts |
FDS | Fully Developed Sea |
GMF | Geophysical Model Function |
GNSS | Global Navigation Satellite System |
GPS | Global Positioning System |
LES | Leading Edge Slope |
LHCP | Left Hand Circular Polarized |
NDW | Normalized Delay Waveform |
NOAA | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
NSPO | National Space Organization |
PVT | Position, Velocity, Time |
QZSS | Quasi-Zenith Satellite System |
RO | Radio Occultation |
TDS | TechDemoSate |
Ocean Surface Wind Speed reference to a 10 m Height | |
YSLF | Young Sea/Limited Fetch |
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Orbit | Sun-synchronous |
Altitude | 550–650 km |
Period | 96 min |
Nadir antenna gain | 14.5 dBi |
Sampling rate | 16.368 MHz |
Frequency | 1575.42 MHz |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Incidence angle | 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 deg. |
Wind speed | 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 m/s |
Model | Equation | |
---|---|---|
Power model | (T 3.1) | |
Exponential model | (T 3.2) | |
Two-term exponential model | (T 3.3) | |
Polynomial model | (T 3.4) | |
Exp-power model (dual model) | (T 3.5) |
Observable | Bias | RMSE | R |
---|---|---|---|
cDDMA | −0.0057 | 1.0294 | 0.9603 |
cDWA | 0.0002 | 0.9811 | 0.9640 |
cDP | 0.0001 | 0.9657 | 0.9652 |
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Wang, H.-Y.; Juang, J.-C. Retrieval of Ocean Surface Wind Speed Using Reflected BPSK/BOC Signals. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172698
Wang H-Y, Juang J-C. Retrieval of Ocean Surface Wind Speed Using Reflected BPSK/BOC Signals. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(17):2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172698
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Hao-Yu, and Jyh-Ching Juang. 2020. "Retrieval of Ocean Surface Wind Speed Using Reflected BPSK/BOC Signals" Remote Sensing 12, no. 17: 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172698