GPVC: Graphics Pipeline-Based Visibility Classification for Texture Reconstruction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Graphics Pipeline-Based Visibility Classification
2.1. IVM Generation
2.1.1. Z-Buffer Precision Improvement
2.1.2. IVM Generation and Spatial Properties
- if the center of is to the left of one edge;
- if the center of is on one edge;
- if the center of is to the right of one edge.
2.2. Visibility Classification
2.2.1. Lazy-Projection Coverage Correction
Algorithm 1. LPCC |
Definition: Given a visible triangle ti (i represents the index value of ti), IPCi represents the initial projection coverage of ti, f is one fragment crossed by each edge of triangle ti, vf is the fragment value of fragment f, and di is the distance from the viewpoint to f’s center in the plane of triangle ti. Function LPCC(ti): project ti and get IPCi foreach f crossed by each edge of ti do if f belongs to ti and vf ≠ i then j ← vf project and get if does not belong to then modify the value of fragment as else if then modify the value of fragment as end if end if end foreach |
- Use LEF and TLR to judge whether a given fragment belongs to . If not, judge next fragment; otherwise, go to step 2
- Determine whether the value of fragment equals ’s index value . If yes, go to step 1; otherwise, go to step 3.
- Determine whether is an inner fragment of triangle . If not, is an exceptional fragment of triangle , then modify the value of fragment as (as shown in Figure 11a); otherwise, go to step 4.
- Determine whether triangle is in front of triangle at ’s center. If yes, is an exceptional fragment of triangle , then modify the value of fragment as (as shown in Figure 11b); otherwise, go to step 1.
2.2.2. Hierarchical Iterative Vertex-Edge-Region Sampling
Algorithm 2. HIVERS |
Definition: Given a visible triangle , is the barycenter of , fv represents is fully visible and pv represents is partially visible. Function : if does not satisfy VVC or EVC then return end if if all fragments within have been sampled then return else do subdivide into subregions {} acorrding to use to address {} recursively end if |
- Determine whether triangle satisfies VVC. If not, then is partially visible; otherwise, go to step 2.
- Determine whether satisfies EVC. If not, then is partially visible; otherwise, go to step 3.
- Check whether all fragments within have been sampled. If yes, is fully visible; otherwise, go to step 4.
- Subdivide into subregions {} according to ’s barycenter , and address each subregion from step 1 to step 3. If any of the subregions is partially visible, then is partially visible; if all of the subregions are fully visible, then is fully visible.
3. Implementation in Graphics Pipeline
3.1. IVM Generation in Fixed Graphics Pipeline
3.2. Visibility Classification in Parallel Computation Stage
4. Experiments
4.1. IVM Generation
4.1.1. Z-Buffer Precision Improvement
4.1.2. Shader-Based Rendering
4.2. Visibility Classification
4.2.1. Visibility Accuracy Statistics
4.2.2. Visibility Efficiency Statistics
4.3. Texturing Contrast
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Epsilon | V | O | Ac (%) | Epsilon | V | O | Ac (%) | Epsilon | V | O | Ac (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00156~0.1 | 9603 | 1 | 50.01 | 0.003~0.1 | 9603 | 1 | 50.01 | 7.81 × 10−4~0.1 | 4735 | 4869 | 99.30 |
7.81 × 10−4 | 9592 | 12 | 50.00 | 0.00156 | 4718 | 4886 | 99.13 | 3.91 × 10-4 | 4324 | 5280 | 95.02 |
3.91 × 10−4 | 8331 | 1273 | 50.26 | 7.81 × 10−4 | 4711 | 4893 | 99.05 | 1.95 × 10−4 | 3585 | 6019 | 87.33 |
1.95 × 10−4 | 7051 | 2553 | 49.86 | 3.91 × 10−4 | 4140 | 5464 | 93.11 | 9.77 × 10−5 | 3175 | 6429 | 83.06 |
9.77 × 10−5 | 6272 | 3332 | 49.98 | 1.95 × 10−4 | 3512 | 6092 | 86.57 | 4.88 × 10−5 | 2934 | 6670 | 80.55 |
4.88 × 10−5 | 5915 | 3689 | 50.11 | 9.77 × 10−5 | 3136 | 6468 | 82.65 | 2.44 × 10−5 | 2812 | 6792 | 79.28 |
2.44 × 10−5 | 5750 | 3854 | 50.10 | 4.88 × 10−5 | 2916 | 6688 | 80.36 | 1.22 × 10−5 | 2747 | 6857 | 78.60 |
1.22 × 10−5 | 2789 | 6815 | 79.04 | 2.44 × 10−5 | 2813 | 6791 | 79.29 | 6.10 × 10−6 | 2713 | 6891 | 78.25 |
6.10 × 10−6 | 2765 | 6839 | 78.79 | 1.22 × 10−5 | 2768 | 6836 | 78.82 | 3.05 × 10−6 | 2682 | 6922 | 77.93 |
3.05 × 10−6 | 2712 | 6892 | 78.24 | 6.10 × 10−6 | 2746 | 6858 | 78.59 | 1.53 × 10−6 | 1382 | 8222 | 64.39 |
1.53 × 10−6 | 1374 | 8230 | 64.31 | 3.05 × 10−6 | 2695 | 6909 | 78.06 | 7.63 × 10−7 | 278 | 9326 | 52.89 |
7.63 × 10−7 | 304 | 9300 | 53.17 | 1.53 × 10−6 | 1285 | 8319 | 63.38 | 3.81 × 10−7 | 37 | 9567 | 50.39 |
3.81 × 10−7 | 45 | 9559 | 50.47 | 7.63 × 10−7 | 287 | 9317 | 52.99 | 1.91 × 10−7 | 7 | 9597 | 50.07 |
1.91 × 10−7 | 10 | 9594 | 50.10 | 3.81 × 10−7 | 49 | 9555 | 50.51 | 9.54 × 10−8 | 2 | 9602 | 50.02 |
1 × 10−13~9.54 × 10−8 | 0 | 9604 | 50.00 | 1.91 × 10−7 | 8 | 9596 | 50.08 | 1 × 10−13~4.77 × 10−8 | 0 | 9604 | 50.00 |
1×10−13~9.54 × 10−8 | 0 | 9604 | 50.00 |
Epsilon | V | O | Ac (%) | Epsilon | V | O | Ac (%) | Epsilon | V | O | Ac (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.16 × 10−11~0.1 | 9604 | 0 | 50.00 | 1.16 × 10−11~0.1 | 9604 | 0 | 50.00 | 1.16 × 10−11~0.1 | 9604 | 0 | 50.00 |
1.82 × 10−13~5.82 × 10−12 | 9603 | 1 | 50.01 | 1.82× 10−13~5.82 × 10−12 | 9603 | 1 | 50.01 | 5.82 × 10−12 | 9603 | 1 | 50.01 |
2.91 × 10−12 | 9602 | 2 | 50.02 | ||||||||
1.82 × 10−13~1.46 × 10−12 | 4735 | 4869 | 99.30 |
Epsilon | V | O | Ac (%) | Epsilon | V | O | Ac (%) | Epsilon | V | O | Ac (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9.77 × 10−5~0.1 | 9604 | 0 | 50.00 | 1.95 × 10−4~0.1 | 9604 | 0 | 50.00 | 1.95 × 10−4~0.1 | 7514 | 2090 | 71.76 |
4.88 × 10−5 | 9352 | 252 | 51.90 | 9.77 × 10−5 | 9603 | 1 | 49.99 | 9.77 × 10−5 | 7512 | 2092 | 71.74 |
2.44 × 10−5 | 8261 | 1343 | 59.34 | 4.88 × 10−5 | 9343 | 261 | 51.80 | 4.88 × 10−5 | 7393 | 2211 | 72.14 |
1.22 × 10−5 | 6813 | 2791 | 68.04 | 2.44 × 10−5 | 8264 | 1340 | 59.37 | 2.44 × 10−5 | 6742 | 2862 | 75.57 |
6.10 × 10−6 | 5142 | 4462 | 76.36 | 1.22 × 10−5 | 6816 | 2788 | 68.08 | 1.22 × 10−5 | 5724 | 3880 | 79.97 |
3.05 × 10−6 | 3971 | 5633 | 79.08 | 6.10 × 10−6 | 5122 | 4482 | 76.16 | 6.10 × 10−6 | 4379 | 5225 | 82.26 |
1.53 × 10−6 | 3583 | 6021 | 79.79 | 3.05 × 10−6 | 3981 | 5623 | 79.19 | 3.05 × 10−6 | 3636 | 5968 | 82.03 |
7.63 × 10−7 | 3439 | 6165 | 79.81 | 1.53 × 10−6 | 3578 | 6026 | 79.74 | 1.53 × 10−6 | 3413 | 6191 | 82.04 |
3.81 × 10−7 | 3381 | 6223 | 79.56 | 7.63 × 10−7 | 3428 | 6176 | 79.70 | 7.63 × 10−7 | 3344 | 6260 | 82.15 |
1.91 × 10−7 | 3363 | 6241 | 79.46 | 3.81 × 10−7 | 3379 | 6225 | 79.54 | 3.81 × 10−7 | 3328 | 6276 | 82.13 |
9.54 × 10−8 | 3355 | 6249 | 79.46 | 1.91 × 10−7 | 3358 | 6246 | 79.40 | 2.38 × 10−8~1.91 × 10−7 | 3326 | 6278 | 82.13 |
4.77 × 10−8 | 3353 | 6251 | 79.48 | 9.54 × 10−8 | 3349 | 6255 | 79.39 | 1.82 × 10−13~1.19 × 10−8 | 3325 | 6279 | 82.12 |
1.82 × 10−13~2.38 × 10−8 | 3352 | 6252 | 79.49 | 4.77 × 10−8 | 3346 | 6258 | 79.40 | ||||
2.38 × 10−8 | 3345 | 6259 | 79.41 | ||||||||
1.82 × 10−13~1.19 × 10−8 | 3344 | 6260 | 79.40 |
Epsilon | V | O | Ac (%) | Epsilon | V | O | Ac (%) | Epsilon | V | O | Ac (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.0125~0.1 | 9604 | 0 | 50.00 | 1.95 × 10−4~0.1 | 4802 | 4802 | 100.00 | 1.95 × 10−4~0.1 | 4802 | 4802 | 100.00 |
1.95 × 10−4~0.006 | 4802 | 4802 | 100.00 | 9.77 × 10−5 | 4763 | 4841 | 99.59 | 9.77 × 10−5 | 4753 | 4851 | 99.49 |
9.77 × 10−5 | 4774 | 4830 | 99.70 | 4.88 × 10−5 | 4233 | 5371 | 94.08 | 4.88 × 10−5 | 4168 | 5436 | 93.40 |
4.88 × 10−5 | 4342 | 5262 | 95.21 | 2.44 × 10−5 | 3077 | 6527 | 82.04 | 2.44 × 10−5 | 3190 | 6414 | 83.22 |
2.44 × 10−5 | 3327 | 6277 | 84.64 | 1.22 × 10−5 | 2080 | 7524 | 71.66 | 1.22 × 10−5 | 2147 | 7457 | 72.36 |
1.22 × 10−5 | 2346 | 7258 | 74.43 | 6.10 × 10−6 | 1275 | 8329 | 63.28 | 6.10 × 10−6 | 1151 | 8453 | 61.98 |
6.10 × 10−6 | 1532 | 8072 | 65.95 | 3.05 × 10−6 | 821 | 8783 | 58.55 | 3.05 × 10−6 | 759 | 8845 | 57.90 |
3.05 × 10−6 | 1052 | 8552 | 60.95 | 1.53 × 10−6 | 655 | 8949 | 56.82 | 1.53 × 10−6 | 669 | 8935 | 56.97 |
1.53 × 10−6 | 873 | 8731 | 59.09 | 7.63 × 10−7 | 592 | 9012 | 56.16 | 7.63 × 10−7 | 653 | 8951 | 56.80 |
7.63 × 10−7 | 807 | 8797 | 58.40 | 3.81 × 10−7 | 562 | 9042 | 55.85 | 3.81 × 10−7 | 649 | 8955 | 56.76 |
3.81 × 10−7 | 772 | 8832 | 58.04 | 1.91 × 10−7 | 549 | 9055 | 55.72 | 1.82 × 10−13~1.91 × 10−7 | 648 | 8956 | 56.75 |
1.91 × 10−7 | 759 | 8845 | 57.90 | 1.82 × 10−13~9.54 × 10−8 | 547 | 9057 | 55.70 | ||||
9.54 × 10−8 | 753 | 8851 | 57.84 | ||||||||
1.82 × 10−13~4.77 × 10−8 | 752 | 8852 | 57.83 |
Projection Configuration | V | O | Ac (%) | Projection Configuration | V | O | Ac (%) | Projection Configuration | V | O | Ac (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPC | 4736 | 4868 | 99.31 | SPC | 4717 | 4887 | 99.11 | SPC | 4734 | 4870 | 99.29 |
APC | 4736 | 4868 | 99.31 | APC | 4717 | 4887 | 99.11 | APC | 4734 | 4870 | 99.29 |
Projection Configuration | V | O | Ac (%) | Projection Configuration | V | O | Ac (%) | Projection Configuration | V | O | Ac (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPC | 4802 | 4802 | 100.00 | SPC | 4802 | 4802 | 100.00 | SPC | 4802 | 4802 | 100.00 |
APC | 4802 | 4802 | 100.00 | APC | 4802 | 4802 | 100.00 | APC | 4802 | 4802 | 100.00 |
Projection Configuration | Epsilon | Processed Face Number | Sampling Count | Time Consumption (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
SPC | 0.00001 | 14514510 | 186659322 | 20.54 |
SPC | 0.0001 | 14514510 | 269039318 | 26.90 |
SPC | 0.001 | 14514510 | 295725638 | 29.28 |
SPC | 0.01 | 14514510 | 303479553 | 29.52 |
APC | 0.00001 | 14514510 | 425847450 | 39.29 |
APC | 0.0001 | 14514510 | 425847450 | 39.25 |
APC | 0.001 | 14514510 | 425847450 | 39.96 |
APC | 0.01 | 14514510 | 425847450 | 40.79 |
Sampling Type | Epsilon | Processed Face Number | Sampling Count | Time Consumption (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sparse Sampling | 0.00001 | 14514510 | 34716374 | 261.43 |
Sparse Sampling | 0.0001 | 14514510 | 34722053 | 255.46 |
Sparse Sampling | 0.001 | 14514510 | 34928523 | 202.51 |
Sparse Sampling | 0.01 | 14514510 | 37680002 | 110.45 |
Dense Sampling | 0.00001 | 14514510 | 263249353 | 1666.48 |
Dense Sampling | 0.0001 | 14514510 | 263421883 | 1622.45 |
Dense Sampling | 0.001 | 14514510 | 265066824 | 1248.05 |
Dense Sampling | 0.01 | 14514510 | 295846279 | 706.68 |
Sampling Type | Processed Face Number | Sampling Count | Time Consumption (s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CPU | GPU | |||
Dense Sampling | 10230279 | 272005618 | 30.14 | 0.16 |
HIVERS | 10230279 | 246995434 | 28.47 | 0.14 |
VES | 10230279 | 194294149 | 24.73 | 0.11 |
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Huang, X.; Zhu, Q.; Jiang, W. GPVC: Graphics Pipeline-Based Visibility Classification for Texture Reconstruction. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1725. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111725
Huang X, Zhu Q, Jiang W. GPVC: Graphics Pipeline-Based Visibility Classification for Texture Reconstruction. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(11):1725. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111725
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Xiangxiang, Quansheng Zhu, and Wanshou Jiang. 2018. "GPVC: Graphics Pipeline-Based Visibility Classification for Texture Reconstruction" Remote Sensing 10, no. 11: 1725. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111725