An Empirical Algorithm to Retrieve Significant Wave Height from Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery Collected under Cyclonic Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Description
3. Dependence of SWH on SAR-Derived Parameters
3.1. Validation of SWH Simulated Using WW3 Model
3.2. Data Processing
3.3. Relationship between SWH and SAR-Derived Parameters
4. Methodology
5. Validation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SAR | synthetic aperture radar |
S-1 | Sentinel-1 |
EW | extra wide-swath |
IW | interferometric mode |
VV | vertical-vertical |
VH | vertical-horizontal |
HH | horizontal-horizontal |
HV | horizontal-vertical |
WW3 | WAVEWATCH-III |
RMSE | root mean square error |
SWH | significant wave height |
NRCS | normalized radar cross section |
CVAR | variance of the NRCS |
COR | correlation coefficient |
ECMWF | European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts |
MPI | Max-Planck Institute |
SPRA | semi parametric retrieval algorithm |
PARSA | partition rescaling and shift algorithm |
PFSM | parameterized first-guess spectrum method |
MTF | modulation transfer function |
GMF | geophysical model function |
NCEP | National Centers for Environmental Prediction |
NOAA | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
GEBCO | General Bathymetric Char of the Oceans |
BODC | British Oceanographic Data Centre |
GMD | Generalized Multiple DIA |
SI | scatter index |
UTC | Universal Time Coordinated |
GF-3 | Gaofen-3 |
ROI | Region of Interest |
NDBC | National Data Buoy Center |
dB | Decibel |
Appendix A
Cyclone | Imaging Mode | Acquisition Time (YYYY-MM-DD) | Incidence Angle Range (°) | Pixel Size Azimuth × Range (m) | Cyclone Eye (°E, °N) | Maximum Wind Speed (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lionrock | EW | 2016-8-27 20:53 | 35.35~47.26 | 10 × 10 | 136.1, 25.6 | 59 |
Lester | EW | 2016-8-30 14:46 | 35.21~46.98 | 40 × 40 | 134.3, 17.9 | 54 |
IW | 2016-9-04 16:31 | 41.84~46.03 | 10 × 10 | 159.3, 24.8 | — | |
Gaston | EW | 2016-9-01 20:30 | 19.60~35.10 | 40 × 40 | 38.5, 38.0 | 38 |
Hermine | IW | 2016-9-01 23:44 | 30.65~35.95 | 10 × 10 | 84.8, 29.0 | 36 |
EW | 2016-9-04 22:32 | 19.42~35.19 | 40 × 40 | 68.2, 36.9 | 31 | |
EW | 2016-9-05 10:33 | 34.94~47.08 | 40 × 40 | 38.5, 38.1 | 28 | |
Karl | EW | 2016-9-23 22:23 | 19.56~35.21 | 40 × 40 | 65.2, 30.0 | 28 |
Coefficient | EW | Coefficient | EW | Coefficient | EW |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IW | IW | IW | |||
A0 | −10.9512 | A12 | 2.6973 | A25 | −4.1285 |
−41.4098 | −0.2364 | 22.5031 | |||
A1 | 1.7089 | A13 | −0.8280 | A33 | −20.4785 |
0.0069 | −0.6192 | −83.1034 | |||
A2 | −1.5203 | A14 | 0.0785 | A34 | 0.8388 |
−14.7807 | 0.0058 | 1.6855 | |||
A3 | 36.7410 | A15 | 0.0109 | A35 | −0.0334 |
113.9617 | 0.0566 | 22.0160 | |||
A4 | −1.1681 | A22 | −41.1151 | A44 | −0.0396 |
−0.5089 | 16.0019 | 0.0207 | |||
A5 | −0.2542 | A23 | 28.6781 | A45 | −0.0371 |
0.9944 | −106.0103 | 0.3284 | |||
A11 | −0.0293 | A24 | −2.4737 | A55 | −0.0379 |
−0.0202 | −1.0574 | −1.6378 |
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Shao, W.; Hu, Y.; Yang, J.; Nunziata, F.; Sun, J.; Li, H.; Zuo, J. An Empirical Algorithm to Retrieve Significant Wave Height from Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery Collected under Cyclonic Conditions. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091367
Shao W, Hu Y, Yang J, Nunziata F, Sun J, Li H, Zuo J. An Empirical Algorithm to Retrieve Significant Wave Height from Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery Collected under Cyclonic Conditions. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(9):1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091367
Chicago/Turabian StyleShao, Weizeng, Yuyi Hu, Jingsong Yang, Ferdinando Nunziata, Jian Sun, Huan Li, and Juncheng Zuo. 2018. "An Empirical Algorithm to Retrieve Significant Wave Height from Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery Collected under Cyclonic Conditions" Remote Sensing 10, no. 9: 1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091367