Characteristic and Driving Factors of Aerosol Optical Depth over Mainland China during 1980–2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Data
2.1.1. Observation Data
2.1.2. MODIS and MERRA-2 Products
2.1.3. Socioeconomic Data
2.1.4. Climate Zones and Terrain Features
2.2. Trend Analysis Method
2.2.1. Mann-Kendall Index
2.2.2. Sen’s Slope Index
2.3. Statistical Indicators
3. Results
3.1. Validation of AODProducts
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Variations of AODin China
3.2.1. Annual Variations of AOD in China
3.2.2. Spatial and Temporal Variations of AOD in China
3.2.3. Temporal Trends of AOD in China
4. Discussions
4.1. The Composition of AOD over Mainland China
4.2. The Effect of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissionson AOD
4.3. The Socioeconomic Factors for AOD
4.4. The Effect of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change on AOD
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Land-Use Type | 1980 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paddy Land | 0.107 | 0.158 | 0.164 | 0.199 | 0.314 | 0.352 | 0.291 |
Dry Land | 0.106 | 0.159 | 0.156 | 0.206 | 0.276 | 0.328 | 0.286 |
Forestland | 0.071 | 0.103 | 0.102 | 0.140 | 0.206 | 0.236 | 0.211 |
Shrub Woodland | 0.061 | 0.106 | 0.106 | 0.138 | 0.213 | 0.260 | 0.211 |
Sparse Woodland | 0.087 | 0.136 | 0.140 | 0.174 | 0.276 | 0.316 | 0.260 |
Other Woodlands | 0.074 | 0.102 | 0.130 | 0.152 | 0.242 | 0.265 | 0.231 |
High Coverage Grassland | 0.152 | 0.174 | 0.182 | 0.212 | 0.224 | 0.254 | 0.243 |
Mid Coverage Grassland | 0.145 | 0.169 | 0.188 | 0.209 | 0.220 | 0.247 | 0.229 |
Low Coverage Grassland | 0.133 | 0.149 | 0.140 | 0.185 | 0.182 | 0.205 | 0.190 |
Canal Land | 0.219 | 0.263 | 0.266 | 0.307 | 0.390 | 0.430 | 0.387 |
Lake | 0.145 | 0.168 | 0.174 | 0.208 | 0.234 | 0.256 | 0.236 |
Reservoir Pit | 0.232 | 0.277 | 0.283 | 0.320 | 0.433 | 0.470 | 0.410 |
Permanent Glacier Snow | 0.124 | 0.140 | 0.139 | 0.179 | 0.178 | 0.198 | 0.192 |
Shoal | 0.221 | 0.254 | 0.148 | 0.278 | 0.367 | 0.394 | 0.349 |
Bottomland | 0.180 | 0.209 | 0.220 | 0.245 | 0.276 | 0.315 | 0.291 |
Urban Land | 0.234 | 0.279 | 0.283 | 0.333 | 0.424 | 0.469 | 0.423 |
Rural Settlements | 0.244 | 0.299 | 0.298 | 0.358 | 0.448 | 0.500 | 0.456 |
Other Constructive Land | 0.233 | 0.280 | 0.283 | 0.330 | 0.420 | 0.450 | 0.400 |
Sand | 0.200 | 0.219 | 0.249 | 0.262 | 0.253 | 0.302 | 0.275 |
Gobi | 0.168 | 0.180 | 0.190 | 0.210 | 0.198 | 0.229 | 0.202 |
Saline Alkali Land | 0.173 | 0.182 | 0.199 | 0.219 | 0.212 | 0.250 | 0.228 |
Marshland | 0.164 | 0.172 | 0.153 | 0.191 | 0.178 | 0.211 | 0.211 |
Bare Land | 0.174 | 0.190 | 0.184 | 0.216 | 0.206 | 0.238 | 0.214 |
Bare Rock Land | 0.137 | 0.147 | 0.158 | 0.188 | 0.183 | 0.208 | 0.194 |
Other | 0.099 | 0.109 | 0.094 | 0.142 | 0.135 | 0.147 | 0.132 |
Land-Use Type | 1980 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paddy Land | 0.037 | 0.036 | 0.041 | 0.023 | 0.077 ** | 0.101 ** | 0.142 ** |
Dry Land | 0.111 ** | 0.107 ** | 0.121 ** | 0.109 ** | 0.138 ** | 0.149 ** | 0.163 ** |
Forestland | −0.004 | −0.062 ** | −0.071 ** | −0.126 ** | −0.169 ** | −0.152 ** | −0.110 ** |
Shrub Woodland | −0.101 ** | −0.047 * | −0.025 | −0.059 ** | −0.041 * | −0.062 ** | −0.108 ** |
Sparse Woodland | −0.205 ** | −0.260 ** | −0.225 ** | −0.279 ** | −0.270 ** | −0.246 ** | −0.202 ** |
Other Woodlands | −0.155 ** | −0.155 ** | −0.124 ** | −0.146 ** | −0.213 ** | −0.241 ** | −0.216 ** |
High Coverage Grassland | −0.418 ** | −0.392 ** | −0.281 ** | −0.380 ** | −0.360 ** | −0.364 ** | −0.380 ** |
Mid Coverage Grassland | −0.365 ** | −0.388 ** | −0.386 ** | −0.388 ** | −0.393 ** | −0.404 ** | −0.435 ** |
Low Coverage Grassland | −0.278 ** | −0.321 ** | −0.333 ** | −0.332 ** | −0.346 ** | −0.352 ** | −0.366 ** |
Canal Land | 0.178 ** | 0.200 ** | 0.178 ** | 0.216 ** | 0.210 ** | 0.213 ** | 0.227 ** |
Lake | 0.058 ** | 0.062 ** | 0.056 * | 0.080 ** | 0.080 ** | 0.079 ** | 0.100 ** |
Reservoir Pit | 0.227 ** | 0.250 ** | 0.223 ** | 0.262 ** | 0.291 ** | 0.296 ** | 0.299 ** |
Permanent Glacier Snow | −0.213 ** | −0.159 ** | −0.164 ** | −0.157 ** | −0.150 ** | −0.152 ** | −0.155 ** |
Shoal | 0.092 ** | 0.089 ** | 0.096 ** | 0.088 ** | 0.125 ** | 0.125 ** | 0.106 ** |
Bottomland | 0.017 | −0.02 | −0.024 | −0.014 | −0.054 ** | −0.015 | 0.012 |
Urban Land | 0.336 ** | 0.379 ** | 0.375 ** | 0.421 ** | 0.434 ** | 0.425 ** | 0.436 ** |
Rural Settlements | 0.218 ** | 0.192 ** | 0.162 ** | 0.149 ** | 0.153 ** | 0.184 ** | 0.232 ** |
Other Constructive Land | 0.254 ** | 0.283 ** | 0.289 ** | 0.331 ** | 0.352 ** | 0.347 ** | 0.329 ** |
Sand | −0.095 ** | −0.129 ** | −0.124 ** | −0.139 ** | −0.158 ** | −0.150 ** | −0.152 ** |
Gobi | −0.121 ** | −0.135 ** | −0.151 ** | −0.150 ** | −0.158 ** | −0.161 ** | −0.163 ** |
Saline Alkali Land | −0.080 ** | −0.123 ** | −0.110 ** | −0.146 ** | −0.158 ** | −0.155 ** | −0.144 ** |
Marshland | −0.065 ** | −0.101 ** | −0.125 ** | −0.118 ** | −0.155 ** | −0.142 ** | −0.114 ** |
Bare Land | −0.091 ** | −0.089 ** | −0.108 ** | −0.109 ** | −0.118 ** | −0.120 ** | −0.126 ** |
Bare Rock Land | −0.298 ** | −0.292 ** | −0.294 ** | −0.287 ** | −0.278 ** | −0.280 ** | −0.289 ** |
Other | −0.107 ** | −0.116 ** | −0.075 ** | −0.116 ** | −0.119 ** | −0.123 ** | −0.129 ** |
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Statistics | Lat (deg) | Lon (deg) | A (m) | P (hpa) | RH | SH (h) | T (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
max | 47.73° N | 126.77° E | 3648.9 | 1042.1 | 1.00 | 14.60 | 35.70 |
min | 22.63° N | 79.93° E | 2.5 | 638.9 | 0.05 | 0.00 | −33.10 |
mean | - | - | 856.9 | 922.7 | 0.56 | 6.59 | 11.49 |
std | - | - | 956.7 | 99.1 | 0.21 | 4.11 | 12.06 |
Dataset Name | Parameters | Spatial Resolution | Temporal Resolution | Temporal Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
MOD04_L2/MYD04_L2 | Aerosol optical depth (AOD, 550 nm) | 10 km | Instantaneously | 2002–2014 |
MOD08_D3/MYD08_D3 | Aerosol optical depth (AOD, 550 nm) | 1° (lat) × 1° (lon) | Instantaneously | 2002–2014 |
MERRA-2 | Aerosol optical depth (AOD, 550 nm) | 0.50° (lat) × 0.625° (lon) | Daily | 1980–2017 |
anthropogenic aerosol emissions (BCEMAN, OCEMAN, SO2MAN and SO4MAN) | ||||
AOD for dust aerosol (DUAOD, 550 nm) | ||||
AOD for black carbon aerosol (BCAOD, 550 nm) | ||||
AOD for organic carbon aerosol (OCAOD, 550 nm) | ||||
AOD for Sea salt aerosol (SSAOD, 550 nm) | ||||
AOD for SO4 aerosol (SO4AOD, 550 nm) |
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Qin, W.; Liu, Y.; Wang, L.; Lin, A.; Xia, X.; Che, H.; Bilal, M.; Zhang, M. Characteristic and Driving Factors of Aerosol Optical Depth over Mainland China during 1980–2017. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071064
Qin W, Liu Y, Wang L, Lin A, Xia X, Che H, Bilal M, Zhang M. Characteristic and Driving Factors of Aerosol Optical Depth over Mainland China during 1980–2017. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(7):1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071064
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin, Wenmin, Ying Liu, Lunche Wang, Aiwen Lin, Xiangao Xia, Huizheng Che, Muhammad Bilal, and Ming Zhang. 2018. "Characteristic and Driving Factors of Aerosol Optical Depth over Mainland China during 1980–2017" Remote Sensing 10, no. 7: 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071064