Spray-Dried Formulations Rich in Malvidin from Tintorera Grape Wastes: Characterization, Stability, and Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Material Collection
2.3. Sample Preparation and Spray-Drying of Tintorera Grape Extracts
2.4. Identification of Phenolic Compounds of Tintorera Grape Wastes and the New Formulations by HPLC–DAD–ESI-MSn and Quantification by HPLC–DAD
2.5. Biological Activity In Vitro of Tintorera Grapes: Acetylcholinesterase Activity Assay, Pancreatic Lipase Activity Assay, and α-Glucosidase Activity Assay
2.6. Total Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Tintorera Grapes and Formulations
2.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Formulations
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds in Tintorera Grapes
3.2. Biological Activity of Tintorera Grapes In Vitro
3.3. Anthocyanins and Antioxidant Capacity in Spray-Drying Formulations of Tintorera Grape
3.4. Effect of Storage Temperature on Anthocyanin-Rich Formulations of Tintorera Grape
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peak | RT (min) | λmax (nm) | M+ or M− | Ion | MSn | Compound | Total Concentration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 22.3 | 278, 520 | 465 | + | 303 | Delphinidin 3-O-hexoside | 0.82 ± 0.002 |
2 | 24.7 | 280, 516 | 449 | + | 287 | Cyanidin 3-O-hexoside | 0.57 ± 0.006 |
3 | 26.5 | 276, 524 | 479 | + | 317 | Petunidin 3-O-hexoside | 1.02 ± 0.001 |
4 | 28.1 | 358 | 481 | − | 316 | Myricetin 3-O-glucoside | 0.22 ± 0.004 |
5 | 28.3 | 278, 514 | 463 | + | 301 | Peonidin 3-O-hexoside | 3.40 ± 0.016 |
6 | 29.6 | 276, 522 | 493 | + | 331 | Malvidin 3-O-hexoside | 5.66 ± 0.122 |
7 | 33.2 | 282, 346, 524 | 507 | + | 303, | Delphinidin 3-O-(6-acetyl)-glycoside | 0.33 ± 0.002 |
8 | 36.0 | 354 | 477 | − | 301 | Quercetin 3-O-glycoside | 0.67 ± 0.003 |
9 | 36.9 | 278, 520 | 491 | + | 287 | Cyanidin 3-O-(6-acetyl)-glycoside | 0.23 ± 0.001 |
10 | 38.7 | 276, 528 | 521 | + | 317 | Petunidin 3-O-(6-acetyl)-glycoside | 0.41 ± 0.005 |
11 | 40.8 | 278, 526 | 505 | + | 301 | Peonidin 3-O-(6-acetyl)-glycoside | 0.78 ± 0.008 |
12 | 42.9 | 280, 528 | 535 | + | 331 | Malvidin 3-O-(6-acetyl)-glucoside | 1.25 ± 0.005 |
13 | 46.6 | 280, 532 | 611 | + | 303 | Delphinidin 3,5-O-di-hexoside | 0.21 ± 0.107 |
14 | 49.4 | 280, 522 | 625 | + | 301 | Peonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside | 0.15 ± 0.011 |
15 | 51.1 | 278, 528 | 655 | + | 331 | Malvidin 3,5-O-di-hexoside | 0.15 ± 0.002 |
16 | 53.0 | 280, 536 | 625 | + | 317 | Petunidin 3,5-O-di-hexoside | 0.13 ± 0.001 |
17 | 57.7 | 280, 518 | 609 | + | 301 | Peonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside | 0.28 ± 0.004 |
18 | 58.9 | 280, 532 | 639 | + | 331 | Malvidin derivative | 1.65 ± 0.052 |
Enzyme | IC50 |
---|---|
Acetylcholinesterase | 0.29 ± 0.02 |
Lipase | 0.16 ± 0.07 |
α-glucosidase | 0.26 ± 0.02 |
Treatments * | Anthocyanin Content (mg g−1 DW) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Malvidin 3-O-Hexoside | Peonidin 3-O-Hexoside | Petunidin 3-O-Hexoside | Delphinidin 3-O-Hexoside | |
LT10 | 0.90b | 0.47b | 0.19b | 0.21b |
LT30 | 0.51c | 0.25c | 0.09c | 0.09c |
HT10 | 0.79b | 0.34b | 0.16b | 0.18b |
HT30 | 0.48c | 0.20c | 0.08c | 0.12c |
Tintorera grapes | 5.66a | 3.40a | 1.02a | 0.82a |
Samples | a Total Polyphenols | b FRAP | b DPPH |
---|---|---|---|
Tintorera grapes | 19.77a | 203.40a | 108.27a |
LT10 | 3.35b | 98.62b | 39.97b |
LT30 | 2.07c | 58.12c | 32.90c |
HT10 | 2.76b | 120.37b | 34.64c |
HT30 | 1.93c | 66.45c | 31.18c |
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López-Belchí, M.D.; Caamaño, E.F.; Pascual, G.; Noriega, F.; Fierro-Morales, P.; Romero-Román, M.E.; Jara, P.; Schoebitz, M.; Serra, I.; Moreno, D.A. Spray-Dried Formulations Rich in Malvidin from Tintorera Grape Wastes: Characterization, Stability, and Storage. Processes 2021, 9, 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9030518
López-Belchí MD, Caamaño EF, Pascual G, Noriega F, Fierro-Morales P, Romero-Román ME, Jara P, Schoebitz M, Serra I, Moreno DA. Spray-Dried Formulations Rich in Malvidin from Tintorera Grape Wastes: Characterization, Stability, and Storage. Processes. 2021; 9(3):518. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9030518
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Belchí, María Dolores, Esteban F. Caamaño, Guillermo Pascual, Felipe Noriega, Paulo Fierro-Morales, María Eugenia Romero-Román, Pamela Jara, Mauricio Schoebitz, Ignacio Serra, and Diego A. Moreno. 2021. "Spray-Dried Formulations Rich in Malvidin from Tintorera Grape Wastes: Characterization, Stability, and Storage" Processes 9, no. 3: 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9030518