Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Regulating Growth, Enhancing Productivity, and Potentially Influencing Ecosystems under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Economic Importance of Soil Microbes
1.2. Molecular Mechanisms of Plant-Microbe Interactions
2. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Background
2.1. Sustainability of Agriculture and AM Fungi
2.2. AM Fungi in Crops Defense Mechanisms
2.3. AM Fungi Play an Essential Role in Increasing Crops’ Productivity Maintenance of Soil Health
2.4. Role of AMF in the Ecosystem and Mitigation of Environmental Stresses
2.4.1. Wasteland Salvage
2.4.2. Mitigation of Drought Stress
2.4.3. Bioremediation
2.4.4. AMF-Induced Changes in the Host to Deal with HMs
2.4.5. Temperature (High and Low)
2.4.6. Salt Strain
2.4.7. AMF and Combined Abiotic Stresses
3. Importance of AMF in Soil Fertility
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AMF Symbionts | Crop Tested | Agroecosystem Service | Conditions | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae | Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) | Enhanced plant mass and superior grain characteristics. | Agriculture land | [24] |
A mixture of Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita, and Acaulospora sp. | Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) | Protection against Cu and Zn toxicity. | Greenhouse | [25] |
Indigenous AMF consortium: G. etunicatum, G. fasciculatum, Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices, and Scutellospora sp. | Green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), parsley, and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) | Elevated crop yields and superior plant vitality. | Greenhouse and field | [26] |
G. mosseae Consortium: G. intraradices, G. aggregatum/intraradices, Entrophospora infrequens Acaulospora trappei, and Glomus sp. | Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Onion (Allium cepa L.) | Tolerance to saline environments. | Greenhouse | [27] |
G. fasciculatum, G. etunicatum, G. clarum and G. versiforme | Long pepper (Piper longum L.) | Superior growth attributes. | Garden centre and field | [28] |
G. aggregatum, Consortium: R. intraradices, G. viscosum, G. etunicatum, and G. claroideum | Maize (Zea Mays L.) | Optimal crop growth, output, and grain attributes. | Arena | [29] |
Native AMF | Maize (Z. mays L.) | Augmented absorption of K, Ca, and Mg. | Arena | [30] |
G. mosseae and G. intraradices | Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) | It boosted GRSP and better soil cohesiveness. | Greenhouse | [31] |
G. etunicatum, G. mosseae, G. fasciculatum, and Gigaspora margarita | Pepper (C. annuum) | Growth promotion and mitigation of Phytophthora infections. | Pot, greenhouse, and field | [32] |
Glomus clarum | Pepper (C. annuum) | Augmented fruit production in saline-rich conditions. | Glasshouse | [33] |
On-farm produced G. intraradices | Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) | Bigger harvests. | Field | [34] |
G. etunicatum | Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) | It helps to elevate growth performance under saline circumstances. | Greenhouse | [35] |
G. mosseae | Soybean (G. max) and Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) | Enhanced absorption of Zn. | Greenhouse | [36] |
G. intraradices, G. mosseae, and G. etunicatum | Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) | Top-tier quality. | Field | [37,38] |
G. intraradices | Strawberry (F. × ananassa) | Boosted fruit attributes. | Glasshouse | [39] |
G. mosseae and G. hoi | Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) | It helps to promote advanced agricultural yields. | Glasshouse | [32] |
G. mosseae, G. intraradices, and G. coronatum | Sunflower (H. annuus) | Tackling wildflowers and optimizing phosphorus absorption. | Greenhouse | [39] |
Native AMF inoculum (consortium) | Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) | Modifying plant responses to zinc inclusions. | Environment chamber | [40] |
G. intraradices | Tomato (S. lycopersicum) | Addressing the root disease caused by Alternaria solani. | Climate chamber | [41] |
G. intraradices | Tomato (S. lycopersicum) | It enhanced cultivation, processing, and fruit quality in waterlogged conditions. | Field | [42] |
G. mosseae | Tomato (S. lycopersicum) | Addressing issues from root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. | Greenhouse | [43] |
G. intraradices | Tomato (S. lycopersicum) | Superior resilience to saline conditions. | Glasshouse | [44] |
G. intraradices | Tomato (S. lycopersicum) and Onion (A. cepa) | Advanced harvest results. | Field | [29] |
G. intraradices | Tomato (S. lycopersicum) | Dealing with the deceptive root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans. | Greenhouse | [45] |
G. intraradices | Tomato (S. lycopersicum) | Augmented growth, flowering, and yield. | Field | [46] |
G. mosseae | Tomato (S. lycopersicum) | Boosted growth cycle, flowering stage, and fruit formation. | Growth chamber | [47] |
G. mosseae and G. intraradices isolates and native AMF inoculum (consortium) | Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and maize (Z. mays L.) | Superior agricultural output. | Field | [26] |
G. etunicatum and G. mosseae | Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Brinjal (Solanum melongena) | It helps to enhance plant growth, yield, and nutrient absorption. | Field | [48] |
G. mosseae, G. hoi, G. etunicatum, A. scrobiculata, and A. spinosa | Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) | It helps to boost root expansion. | Greenhouse | [26] |
Consortium of G. mosseae, G. deserticola, and A. laevis | Yam (D. rotundata and D. alata) | Elevated nutritional content. | Glasshouse | [49] |
Host Plant | AMF Strains | Stress | Observed Responses | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Solanum lycopersicum | Rhizophagus irregularis | Salinity | Growth hormone promotes plant health, increasing root and shoot weight and improving leaf structure. | [106] |
Leymus chinensis | Glomus mosseae | Salinity | Positive outcomes include elevated phosphorus and nitrogen levels, enhanced seedling weight, and increased plant water content. | [107] |
Cucumis sativus L. | Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae | Salinity | Enhanced growth, higher antioxidant enzyme activity, elevated proline and phenolic content, and improved uptake of vital mineral elements have been observed. Furthermore, the absorption of sodium ions was reduced. | [108] |
Medicago sativa | Glomus mosseae | Salinity | Among the crucial nutrients for plants, phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) play pivotal roles. | [109] |
Glycine max L. Merrill | Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae | Salinity | Benefits encompass improved plant and root systems, heightened nutrient uptake, minimized lipid peroxidation, and reduced membrane damage. | [27] |
Prunus dulcis x Prunus persica hybrid | Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae | Salinity | Plant growth sees improvements through elevated antioxidant enzymes, increased photosynthetic compounds, soluble sugars, and proline content. | [110] |
Pisum sativum L. | Rhizoglomus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizoglomus fasciculatum, Gigaspora spp. | Salinity | Enhanced biomass, chlorophyll content, nutrient absorption, and accumulation of compatible osmolytes contribute to overall plant well-being. | [111] |
Euonymus maackii Rupr | Rhizophagus intraradices | Salinity | Notable advantages include enhanced photosynthesis, increased nutrient assimilation, and improved antioxidant enzyme activity. | [112] |
Citrullus lanatus L. | Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora gigantean | Salinity | Plants display heightened foliage coverage, larger fruit dimensions, improved root establishment, elevated nutrient concentrations, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity. | [113] |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis | Glomus spp., Gigaspora albida, Gigaspora decipiens | Salinity | An increase in photosynthetic pigments, reduced leaf proline, and favorable effects on physiological and biochemical parameters were noted. | [114] |
Zea mays L. | Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae, Funneliformis geosporum | High temperature | Positive plant attributes, augmented photosynthetic transpiration rate, and improved pigments enhance overall growth. | [115] |
Triticum aestivum | Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae, Funneliformis geosporum, Claroideoglomus claroideum | High temperature | Improved nutrient uptake and increased grain numbers are among the observed effects. | [116] |
Zea mays L. | Glomus tortuosum | Temperature stress | Elevated levels of shoot nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and copper (Cu), along with increased nitrate reductase activity, were recorded. | [117] |
Zea mays L. | Glomus tortuosum | Cold stress | A notable increase in amino acid concentrations was observed. | [118,119] |
Elymus nutans Griseb. | Funneliformis mosseae | Cold stress | Enhanced antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigments, and overall plant growth were evident. | [120] |
Hordeum vulgare L. | Glomus versiforme, Rhizophagus irregularis | Cold stress | The presence of elevated antioxidants, osmoprotectants, and increased potassium uptake positively impacted plant growth and metabolism of phenolics. | [121] |
Cucumis sativus L. | Rhizophagus irregularis | Cold stress | Photosynthetic efficiency and carbon sink both showed improvement. | [122] |
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) | Rhizoglomus irregulare, Funneliformis mosseae | High-temperature stress | The growth rate increased alongside enhanced substrate carbon conversion efficiency and stomatal conductance. | [123] |
Zea maize L. | Funneliformis | High temperature | Regulation of photosystem (PS) II heterogeneity was observed. | [115] |
Solanum lycopersicum, Capiscum annuum, Cucumis sativus | Rhizophagus irregularis | High-temperature stress | Increased vigour, productivity, and fruit quality were prominent outcomes. | [124] |
Saccharum arundinaceum | Glomus spp. | Drought | Enhanced levels of antioxidant enzymes, phenolics, chlorophyll, and plant biomass were found in leaves. | [125] |
Triticum aestivum | Glomus mosseae | Drought | Improved chlorophyll levels, higher content of antioxidant enzymes ascorbic acid, and increased nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content were noted. | [126] |
Ipomoea batatas | Glomus spp. | Drought | Osmoprotectants played a role in adjusting osmotic potential. | [127] |
Lycopersicon esculatum, Capsicum annuum | Rhizophagus irregularis, Rhizophagus fasciculatus | Drought | Increases in biomass, root and shoot length, and photosynthetic pigments were observed, while proline concentration decreased. | [128] |
Solanum lycopersicum | Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis | Drought | Enhanced plant height, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, biomass, and reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and abscisic acid (ABA) were recorded. | [129] |
Triticum aestivum L. | Glomus mosseae, Glomus fasciculatum, Gigaspora decipiens | Drought | Positive effects on plant growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments were evident. | [130] |
Digitaria eriantha | Rhizophagus irregularis | Drought | Increased shoot dry weight, stomatal conductance, lipid peroxidation, and ROS levels were observed in both shoot and root. | [131] |
Triticum durum | Rhizophagus intraradices | Drought | Enhanced grain biomass, micronutrient content, and gliadins in grains were notable outcomes. | [132] |
Poncirus trifoliate | Funneliformis mosseae, Paraglomus occultum | Drought | Growth attributes saw improvement through increased root weight and length, higher fructose and glucose levels, lower sucrose levels, and proline accumulation. | [133] |
Cupressus arizonica | Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae | Drought | Growth was enhanced, and levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde were reduced. | [134] |
Ephedra foliata Boiss | Glomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae | Drought | Antioxidant enzyme activity, proline, glucose, and total soluble protein levels increased, improving nitrogen metabolism. | [135] |
Zea mays L. | Rhizophagus irregularis | Drought | AM plant roots demonstrated diamine oxidase activity, converting putrescine into aminobutyric acid (GABA). | [136] |
Ceratonia silique | Glomus, Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Entrophospora | Drought | Positive impacts included increased plant growth, nutrient levels, stomatal conductance, photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, and water content. | [137] |
Catalpa bungee C.A.Mey | Rhizophagus intraradices | Drought | Root morphology, water content, biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and various plant hormones (except ABA) all showed improvement. | [138] |
Cinnamomum migao | Glomus lamellosum, Glomus etunicatum | Drought | Enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and osmoprotectants led to reduced malondialdehyde levels. | [139] |
Sesamum indicum L. | Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices | Drought | Improved oil and seed yield, total soluble protein, leaf phosphorus content, and heightened photosynthetic pigments were observed. | [140] |
Lonicera japonica Thunb. | Rhizophagus intraradices, Glomus versiforme | Cd | Lower cadmium (Cd) levels in shoots and roots were noted, with more significant accumulation in roots. This indicated enhanced Cd tolerance. | [141] |
Solanum lycopersicum L. | Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Claroideoglomus etunicatum | Cd | Reduced malondialdehyde and ROS levels provided improved protection against Cd stress. | [142] |
Cajanus cajan L. | Rhizophagus irregularis | Metals—cadmium and zinc | Increases in root biomass, macro- and micronutrients, and proline formation were observed. | [108] |
Zea mays L. | Glomus intraradices | Heavy metal: cadmium | Combined effects were seen regarding soil alkalinization, Cd immobilization, and reduced Cd phytoavailability. | [143] |
Trigonella foenumgraecum | Glomus monosporum, Glomus clarum, Gigaspora nigra | Metals—cadmium | Enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde content contributed to phytostabilization. | [144] |
Trigonella foenumgraecum | Glomus monosporum, Glomus clarum, Gigaspora nigra | Cd | HX3 and HN89 plants showed no significant impacts on Cd accumulation or translocation. | [145] |
Glycine max | Rhizophagus irregularis | Cd | Increased glomalin production and metal uptake were evident in plants. | [145] |
Helianthus annuus | Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices | Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Pb, Co, Mo, Fe, and Si | Root colonization was enhanced, increasing root and shoot dry weight and higher phosphorus content. | [146] |
Zea mays L. | Rhizophagus fasciculatus, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Glomus aggregatum | Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb | Elevated levels of total chlorophyll content and net photosynthesis rate were observed. | [147] |
Phragmites australis | Funneliformis mosseae | TiO2NPs | The plant’s biomass, growth, and physiological properties all experienced increases. | [148] |
Cynodon dactylon | Funneliformis mosseae, Diversisporas purcum | Pb, Zn, Cd | The vulnerability of standing milkvetch to powdery mildew was enhanced, accompanied by improved shoot and root growth. | [149] |
Medicago sativa | Glomus aggregatum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus elunicatum, Glomus versiforme | Cd | Dry weight, growth, yield, and production of antimicrobial substances all increased in plants. | [150] |
Medicago truncatula | Rhizophagus irregularis | Pb | Reduced crop plant infections resulted in improved growth and yield. | [151] |
Phragmites australis | Rhizophagus irregularis | Cu | Plant growth was heightened, along with an increase in functional leaf quantity. | [152] |
Sorghum vulgare | Acaulospora fragilissima, Acaulospora saccata, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Pervetustus simplex, Rhizophagus neocaledonicus, Scutellospora ovalis, Rhizophagus neocaledonicus | Ultramafic soils (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Co) | Growth hormone promotes plant health, increasing root and shoot weight and improving leaf structure. | [153] |
Solanum lycopersicum L. | Funneliformis mosseae | Cladosporium fulvum | Positive outcomes include elevated phosphorus and nitrogen levels, enhanced seedling weight, and increased plant water content. | [154] |
Saccharum offcinarum L. | Gigaspora margarita, G. etunicatum, Scutellospora fulgida | - | Enhanced growth, higher antioxidant enzyme activity, elevated proline and phenolic content, and improved uptake of vital mineral elements have been observed. Furthermore, the absorption of sodium ions was reduced. | [155] |
Astragalus adsurgens var. Shanxi Yulin | Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Glomus versiforme, Funneliformis mosseae | Erysiphe pisi DC 1805 | Among the crucial nutrients for plants, phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) play pivotal roles. | [156] |
Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum annuum | Rhizophagus irregularis, Rhizophagus fasciculatus | Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici | Benefits encompass improved plant and root systems, heightened nutrient uptake, minimized lipid peroxidation, and reduced membrane damage. | [157] |
Capsicum annum | Glomus spp. | Pythium aphanidermatum | Plant growth sees improvements through elevated antioxidant enzymes, increased photosynthetic compounds, soluble sugars, and proline content. | [158] |
Glycine max (L.) Merr | Rhizophagus irregularis | Macrophomina phaseolina | Enhanced biomass, chlorophyll content, nutrient absorption, and accumulation of compatible osmolytes contribute to overall plant well-being. | [159] |
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Wahab, A.; Muhammad, M.; Munir, A.; Abdi, G.; Zaman, W.; Ayaz, A.; Khizar, C.; Reddy, S.P.P. Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Regulating Growth, Enhancing Productivity, and Potentially Influencing Ecosystems under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses. Plants 2023, 12, 3102. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173102
Wahab A, Muhammad M, Munir A, Abdi G, Zaman W, Ayaz A, Khizar C, Reddy SPP. Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Regulating Growth, Enhancing Productivity, and Potentially Influencing Ecosystems under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses. Plants. 2023; 12(17):3102. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173102
Chicago/Turabian StyleWahab, Abdul, Murad Muhammad, Asma Munir, Gholamreza Abdi, Wajid Zaman, Asma Ayaz, Chandni Khizar, and Sneha Priya Pappula Reddy. 2023. "Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Regulating Growth, Enhancing Productivity, and Potentially Influencing Ecosystems under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses" Plants 12, no. 17: 3102. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173102