Siraitia grosvenorii Extract Protects Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Mice via Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Component Analysis of SGE
2.2. Effect of SGE on Blood Indices of Mice
2.3. Effects of SGE on Ileum Histopathology in Mice with LPS-Induced Enteritis
2.4. Protective Effect of SGE on Ileal Mucus Barrier of Mice
2.5. Effect of SGE on the Ileitis Factors in Mice
2.6. Effects of SGE on INOS and CD206 Protein in Ileum
2.7. Cytotoxicity of SGE and Its Application in Inflammatory Model
2.8. Effects of SGE on the Inflammatory Factors in RAW264.7 Cells
2.9. Effects of SGE on RAW264.7 Macrophage Polarization
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Material
4.2. Preparation of SGE
4.3. Analysis of Chemical Constituents of SGE
4.4. Animal Experiment
4.5. Routine Analysis of Blood
4.6. ELISA
4.7. HE and PAS Staining
4.8. Cell Culture and Model Establishment
4.9. RTq-PCR
4.10. Western Blot
4.11. Immunofluorescence
4.12. Statistic Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mode | Chemical Compound | Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Retention (min) | Peak Area | Peak Area Percentage % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | Oleamide | C18H35NO | 281.27138 | 16.168 | 4.90 × 1010 | 19.20 |
P | Hexadecanamide | C16H33NO | 255.25575 | 16.002 | 2.11 × 1010 | 8.28 |
P | Stearamide | C18H37NO | 283.28706 | 17.444 | 1.69 × 1010 | 6.61 |
P | N-Methylanthranilic acid | C8H9NO2 | 151.06336 | 5.082 | 1.03 × 1010 | 4.05 |
P | Erucamide | C22H43NO | 337.33409 | 13.409 | 9.96 × 109 | 3.90 |
P | Palmitic acid | C16H32O2 | 273.26619 | 10.283 | 6.70 × 109 | 2.62 |
P | 3-Aminophenol | C6H7NO | 109.0528 | 1.149 | 4.36 × 109 | 1.71 |
P | Choline | C5H13NO | 103.09977 | 0.99 | 4.02 × 109 | 1.57 |
P | Trigonelline HCl | C7H7NO2 | 137.04791 | 1.033 | 3.63 × 109 | 1.42 |
P | 3-Hydroxy-2-methylpyridine | C6H7NO | 109.05282 | 4.957 | 2.97 × 109 | 1.16 |
N | DL-Malic acid | C4H6O5 | 134.02132 | 1.074 | 4.33 × 1010 | 16.93 |
N | Citric acid | C6H8O7 | 192.02679 | 1.166 | 1.46 × 1010 | 5.72 |
N | D-(+)-Glucose | C6H12O6 | 226.06866 | 1.245 | 9.63 × 109 | 3.77 |
N | L-Threonic acid | C4H8O5 | 136.03703 | 0.888 | 4.34 × 109 | 1.70 |
N | Gluconic acid | C6H12O7 | 196.05797 | 1.012 | 2.92 × 109 | 1.14 |
N | Mogroside | C60H102O29 | 1286.64704 | 6.4–8.2 | 4.66 × 108 | 1.27 |
Time (min) | A (0.1% FA/Water) | B (0.1% FA/ACN) |
---|---|---|
0 | 90 | 10 |
10 | 0 | 100 |
15 | 0 | 100 |
17.1 | 90 | 10 |
20 | 90 | 10 |
Gene | Primer Sequence (5′ to 3′) | Login Number | Prodsize |
---|---|---|---|
β-actin | F: ACTGCCGCATCCTCTTCCTC | NC_000071.7 | 80 |
R: AACCGCTCGTTGCCAATAGTG | |||
TNF-α | F: CGCTCTTCTGTCTACTGAACTTCGG R: GTGGTTTGTGAGTGTGAGGGTCTG | NC_000083.7 | 113 |
IL-1β | F: TCGCAGCAGCACATCAACAAG R:TCCACGGGAAAGACACAGGTAG | NC_000068.8 | 94 |
IFN-γ | F: CTGGAGGAACTGGCAAAAGGATGG R: GACGCTTATGTTGTTGCTGATGGC | NC_000076.7 | 121 |
IL-10 | F:GGACAACATACTGCTAACCGACTCC R: AGCCGCATCCTGAGGGTCTTC | NC_000067.7 | 186 |
MUC2 | F:GCTGACGAGTGGTTGGTGAATG R:GATGAGGTGGCAGACAGGAGAC | NC_000073.7 | 135 |
MUC5AC | F:TCACTCTACCACTCCCTGCTTCTG R:CACCTGACAATCCTGGCTACACATC | NC_000073.7 | 127 |
TFF3 | F:AATGCTGTTGGTGGTCCTGGTTG R:GGGCACATTTGGGATACTGGAGTC | NC_000083.7 | 181 |
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Wu, H.; Guo, M.; Zhao, L.; Zhang, J.; He, J.; Xu, A.; Yu, Z.; Ma, X.; Yong, Y.; Li, Y.; et al. Siraitia grosvenorii Extract Protects Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Mice via Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17081023
Wu H, Guo M, Zhao L, Zhang J, He J, Xu A, Yu Z, Ma X, Yong Y, Li Y, et al. Siraitia grosvenorii Extract Protects Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Mice via Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(8):1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17081023
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Huining, Mengru Guo, Linlu Zhao, Jin Zhang, Jieyi He, Anning Xu, Zhichao Yu, Xingbin Ma, Yanhong Yong, Youquan Li, and et al. 2024. "Siraitia grosvenorii Extract Protects Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Mice via Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 8: 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17081023