Gold Nanoparticles: A New Golden Era in Oncology?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. General Considerations of Gold Nanoparticles
2.1. PEGylation
2.2. EPR Effect
2.3. AuNPs and Photothermal Therapy in Oncology
3. Gold Nanoparticles of Different Size, Shape, and Composition
3.1. Colloidal Gold Nanospheres
3.2. Gold Nanorods
3.3. Gold–Silica Nanoshells
3.4. Small NIR–Tunable Gold Nanoparticles
3.5. Hybrid Gold–Albumin Nanoparticles
3.6. Gold Nanorod–Encapsulated Biodegradable Polymeric Matrix
3.7. PEGylated AuNPs
3.8. Paramagnetic AuNPs
4. Gold Nanoparticles in Oncology
4.1. AuNPs in Cancer Imaging and Detection
4.2. AuNPs in Anticancer Therapy
- (i)
- the physical phase, in which free radicals are produced; DNA being the main target of the cascade of ionization events.
- (ii)
- the chemical phase, in which highly reactive radicals fix the damage.
- (iii)
- the biological phase, in which cellular repair processes are activated to repair the damage or, alternatively, to trigger the apoptotic cascade, ending with cell death [35].
4.3. AuNPs as Photothermal Therapeutic Agents
5. AuNPs in Specific Tumor Entities
5.1. Pancreatic Cancer
5.2. Colon Cancer
5.3. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Hypopharynx
5.4. Prostate Cancer
5.5. Breast Cancer
5.6. Lung Cancer
5.7. Hepatocellular Carcinoma
6. Toxicity of AuNPs
7. Concluding Remarks: The Future of the AuNPs in Oncology
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Section | Title |
---|---|
Section 2. | General considerations on gold nanoparticles |
Section 3. | Gold nanoparticles of different size, shape, and composition |
Section 4. | Gold nanoparticles in oncology |
Section 4.1. | AuNPs in cancer imaging and detection |
Section 4.2. | AuNPs in anticancer therapy |
Section 4.3. | AuNPs as photothermal therapeutic agents |
Section 5. | AuNPs in specific tumor entities: |
Section 5.1. | Pancreatic cancer |
Section 5.2. | Colon cancer |
Section 5.3. | Squamous cell carcinoma |
Section 5.4. | Prostate cancer |
Section 5.5. | Breast cancer |
Section 5.6. | Lung cancer |
Section 5.7. | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
Section 6. | Toxicity of AuNPs |
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Gerosa, C.; Crisponi, G.; Nurchi, V.M.; Saba, L.; Cappai, R.; Cau, F.; Faa, G.; Van Eyken, P.; Scartozzi, M.; Floris, G.; et al. Gold Nanoparticles: A New Golden Era in Oncology? Pharmaceuticals 2020, 13, 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13080192
Gerosa C, Crisponi G, Nurchi VM, Saba L, Cappai R, Cau F, Faa G, Van Eyken P, Scartozzi M, Floris G, et al. Gold Nanoparticles: A New Golden Era in Oncology? Pharmaceuticals. 2020; 13(8):192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13080192
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerosa, Clara, Guido Crisponi, Valeria Marina Nurchi, Luca Saba, Rosita Cappai, Flaviana Cau, Gavino Faa, Peter Van Eyken, Mario Scartozzi, Giuseppe Floris, and et al. 2020. "Gold Nanoparticles: A New Golden Era in Oncology?" Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 8: 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13080192