Overview on the Infections Related to Rare Candida Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Uncommon Candida spp.: Infections, Treatment, and Resistance
2.1. Candida kefyr (New Nomenclature: Kluyveromyces marxianus or Candida pseudotropicalis)
2.2. Candida norvegensis (New Nomenclature: Pichia norvegensis)
2.3. Candida inconspicua (New Nomenclature: Pichia cactophila)
2.4. Candida lipolytica (New Nomenclature: Yarrowia lipolytica)
2.5. Candida lusitaniae (Updated Nomenclature: Clavispora lusitaniae)
2.6. Candida famata (New Nomenclature: Debaryomyces hansenii)
2.7. Candida guilliermondii (New Nomenclature: Meyerozyma guilliermondii)
Invasive/NonInvasive Candidiasis (n Human Cases/Strains/Isolates) | Identification Methods | Imaging Test | Antifungal Susceptibility | Antifungal Resistance | Antifungal Treatment | Other Treatments (e.g., Probiotics, Natural Compounds, Antivirals) | Outcome (n) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candida famata | ||||||||
(invasive) C. famata (n = 1) | Hodgkin’s disease, blood culture | Microscopy | Voriconazole | NR | voriconazole | NA | Alive | [94] |
(invasive) C. famata (n = 8) | Urine culture | Microscopy | Posaconazole, caspofungin | Fluconazole | Posaconazole | NA | No death | [95] |
(invasive) C. famata (n = 2) | Blood culture | Microscopy | Reduced to echinocandins, azoles | Azole resistance reported | Liposomal amphotericin B | NA | No death | [96] |
(invasive) C. famata (n = 1) | Blood cultures | Partial amplification and sequencing of the 26S ribosomal DNA gene | Anidulafungin and micafungin | Fluconazole | Amphotericin B | NA | Alive | [97] |
Candida guilliermondii | ||||||||
(non-invasive) C. guilliermondii (n = 17) | Blood sample | Amplification and sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region | NR | Fluconazole and echinocandins | Amphotericin B | NA | NR | [98] |
(invasive) C. guilliermondii (n = 1) | Blood cultures | Microscopy | NR | Fluconazole | Patient died despite of amphotericin B therapy | NA | Died despite of amphotericin B therapy | [99] |
(invasive) C. guilliermondii (n = 47) | Blood cultures | PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism | Caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin | NR | NR | NA | No | [100] |
2.8. Candida rugosa (New Nomenclature: Diutina rugosa)
2.9. Candida pararugosa (New Numenclature: Wickerhamiella pararugosa)
2.10. Candida pelliculosa (New Nomenclature: Wickerhamomyces anomalus)
2.11. Candida nivariensis (New Nomenclature: Nakaseomyces nivariensisa)
2.12. Candida bracarensis (New Nomenclature: Nakaseomyces bracarensisa)
2.13. Candida intermedia
2.14. Candida africana
Invasive/Noninvasive Candidiasis (n Human Cases/Strains/Isolates) | Identification Methods | Imaging Test | Antifungal Susceptibility | Antifungal Resistance | Antifungal Treatment | Other Treatments (e.g., Probiotics, Natural Compounds, Antivirals) | Outcome (n) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(invasive) C. africana (n = 2) | MALDI-TOF MS and PCR | Microscopy | Ketoconazole (one) Fluconazole (one) Itraconazole (both) Amphotericin B (one) | Ketoconazole (one) Fluconazole (one) Amphotericin B (one) | NR | NA | Alive | [185] |
Candida vaginitis (n = 10) | PCR-RFLP and sequencing CHROMagar Candida | Microscopy | Fluconazole | NR | NR | NA | NA | [181] |
(invasive) C. africana (n = 2) | CHROMagar and PCR | Microscopy | Amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole | Fluconazole and itraconazole | NR | NA | NA | [180] |
(invasive) C. africana (n = 3) | CHROMagar MALDI-TOF MS | Microscopy | Fluconazole; voriconazole; ketoconazole; amphotericin B; anidulafungin; micafungin | NR | NR | NA | NA | [178] |
(invasive) C. africana (n = 1) | CHROMagar and PCR | Microscopy | Amphotericin B, nystatin, fluconazole, itraconazole Voriconazole, clotrimazole, terbinafine | NR | NR | NA | NA | [186] |
(invasive) C. africana (n = 5) | CHROMagar and PCR | Microscopy | Caspofungin, anidulafungin, micafungin, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole | NR | NR | NA | All alive | [179] |
(invasive) C. africana (n = 15) | CHROMagar and PCR | Microscopy | Fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, | NR | NR | NA | All alive | [187] |
(invasive) C. africana (n = 4) | CHROMagar and PCR sequencing | Microscopy | Nystatin, clotrimazole, isavuconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole and posaconazole | NR | NR | NA | All alive | [177] |
(invasive) C. africana (n = 15) | CHROMagar and PCR sequencing | Microscopy | Amphotericin B, nystatin, Itraconazole, miconazole, econazole, and ketoconazole | NR | NA | Alive (14) Dead (1) | [183] | |
(invasive) C. africana (n = 2) | CHROMagar and PCR | Microscopy | amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, Fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and caspofungin | NR | NR | NA | Alive | [188] |
(invasive) C. africana (n = 1) | CHROMagar and PCR | Microscopy | Amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine fluconazole itraconazole, ketoconazole voriconazole | NR | NR | NA | Alive | [173] |
2.15. Candida blankii
2.16. Candida pulcherrima (Updated Nomenclature: Metschnikowia pulcherrima)
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Invasive/Noninvasive Candidiasis (n Human Cases/Strains/Isolates) | Identification Methods | Imaging Test | Antifungal Susceptibility | Antifungal Resistance | Antifungal Treatment | Other Treatments (e.g., Probiotics, Natural Compounds, Antivirals) | Outcome (n) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(noninvasive) Cutaneous candidiasis (n = 1) | Carbohydrate fermentation test | Microscopy | Yes | NR | Miconazole cream and fusidic cream | Tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz | Alive (n = 1) | [22] |
(invasive) Bloodstream infection (n = 1) | Culture | Microscopy | No at low dose (100-200 mg fluconazole) | Yes | Fluconazole (high and prolonged dose) | NR | Successfully treated with 3 months use of fluconazole (n = 1) | [30] |
(noninvasive) Infection at the interface of graft and host cornea (n = 1) | MIC | Optical coherence tomography | Yes | No | Fluconazole, voriconazole | Dexamethasone | Alive (n = 1) | [33] |
(invasive) Infection at blood, respiratory, and urine samples (n = 69) | PCR, antifungal susceptibility testing | NR | Some strains were susceptible | Fluconazole and voriconazole, caspofungin and micafungin, amphotericin B | Fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, amphotericin B | NR | NA | [27] |
(invasive) Bloodstream infection (n = 1) | MIC, genome sequencing | MRI | Yes | NR | Fluconazole, posaconazole | Trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole | Alive (n = 1) | [25] |
(invasive) Tubo-ovarian abscess (n = 1) | Culture | CT scan | Yes | No | Fluconazole | Consumption of organic dairy products | Alive (n = 1) | [23] |
(invasive and noninvasive) Superficial and/or invasive infections (n = 2) | Anti-fungal susceptibility testing, Mass spectrometry | NR | Yes | No | Amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, fluconazole, caspofungin micafungin, anidulafungin | NR | NA | [34] |
(invasive) Derived from blood, urine, bronchus, abdominal, and throat samples (n = 10) | Antifungal susceptibility testing, | Scanning electron microscopy | Lower in vitro susceptibility | Development of resistance | Fluconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungin, micafungin | No | NA | [31] |
(noninvasive) Mucocutaneous candidiasis (n = 10) | Antifungal susceptibility testing, PCR, Sequencing | NR | Yes | No | Fluconazole, itraconazole amphotericin B | No | NA | [24] |
(invasive) Bloodstream infection (n = 3) | Biochemical and molecular methods | NR | Susceptible to most of the antifungals | Amphotericin B | Fluconazole, voriconazole, caspo/anidulafungin, amphotericin B | No | NA | [28] |
(invasive) Bloodstream infection (n = 1) | PCR, sequencing of the ITS region ofrDNA | NR | Yes | No | Amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, fluconazole, caspofungin micafungin, anidulafungin | No | NA | [21] |
(invasive) Bloodstream infection (n = 2) | Gram staining, and germ tube test | Microscopy | Yes | No | Azoles, echinocandins | No | NA | [20] |
(invasive) (n = 83) | Antifungal susceptibility testing, PCR | NR | No | Yes | Micafungin, liposomal amphotericin B, flucytosine | Yogurt | All alive (n = 83) | [29] |
(invasive) Fungal sinusitis (n = 1) | Germ tube and sugar assimilation test | NR | Yes | No | Amphotericin B | No | Recovered completely (n = 1) | [35] |
(invasive) Blood, bile and stool infection (n = 1) | Antifungal susceptibility testing, PCR | NR | No | Yes | Caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin | No | Recovered completely (n = 1) | [36] |
Saliva (n = 92) | Antifungal susceptibility testing, RAPD | NR | Yes | No | Fluconazole and itraconazole | No | Alive (n = 92) | [37] |
(invasive and noninvasive) Blood, saliva, urine, broncho alveolar lavage (n = 410) | Germ tube and chlamydospore production tests | NR | Yes | Resistant to Itraconazole | Ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin B | No | No death reported | [38] |
(invasive) Systemic candidiasis (n = 1) | Ellipsometer test, PCR | NR | Yes | No | Liposomal amphotericin B, fluconazole | Broad spectrum antibiotics | Recovered completely (n = 1) | [39] |
(invasive) Blood and urine samples (n = 3) | Culture, RAPD, ophthalmologic | Echocardiography, ultrasound check | Yes | No | Liposomal amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole | No | No death reported (n = 3) | [40] |
Invasive/Noninvasive Candidiasis (n Human Cases/Strains/Isolates) | Identification Methods | Imaging Test | Antifungal Susceptibility | Antifungal Resistance | Antifungal Treatment | Other Treatments (e.g., Probiotics, Natural Compounds, Antivirals) | Outcome (n) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(invasive) Clinical isolates (n = 14) | MIC, Fungicidal and fungistatic activity | NR | Amphotericin B | Fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole | NA | NA | NA | [50] |
(invasive) Oral and systemic candidiasis of HIV patients (n = 1) | Growth on Hicrome Candida, germ tube test, clamydospore formation on corn meal agar, and API20C for sugar assimilation | NR | Amphotericin B, fluconazole | NA | NA | NA | NA | [51] |
(invasive) Clinical isolate from HIV patient (n = 1) | Culture | microscopy | Fluconazole itraconazole voriconazole amphotericin B | NA | No treatment with antifungal or antimicrobial agents | NA | NA | [52] |
(invasive) Oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV patient (2.9% had C. norvegensis infection) (n = 4) | Culture, germ tube and chlamydosporulation tests | microscopy | ND | ND | Nystatin and clotrimazole | NA | NA | [53] |
(invasive) Clinical Isolates from oral cavity, stools/anal, respiratory, urine and, blood/catheter of Candidemia patients (n = 2) | Aux- anogram panel ID 32C Gene sequencing | NR | Itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungine, posaconazole | Fluconazole | Fluconazole | Antibiotic | All alive | [54] |
(invasive candidiasis) in HCV-related cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma (n = 1) | blood cultures polymerase chain reaction-sequencing | NR | Anidulafungin | Azoles | Anidulafungin | Vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam, and linezolid plus meropenem | Alive | [55] |
(invasive candidiasis) in hepatocarcinoma (n = 1) | Blood cultures MALDI-TOF MS | NR | Amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin | Flucytosine Fluconazole | Fluconazole, anidulafungin | Meropenem, vancomycin, amikacin, and prophylactic | Died | [56] |
(invasive candidiasis) in peritonitis (n = 1) | Blood culture | CT Scan-abdomen | Voriconazole | NA | Fluconazole, itraconazole | NA | Alive | [57] |
Invasive/Noninvasive Candidiasis (n Human Cases/Strains/Isolates) | Identification Methods | Imaging Test | Antifungal Susceptibility | Antifungal Resistance | Antifungal Treatment | Other Treatments (e.g., Probiotics, Natural Compounds, Antivirals) | Outcome (n) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(noninvasive) Sample collected from alcoholic beverages (n = NR) | PCR, Sequencing, Enzyme profiling | NR | Amphotericin B and micafungin | Itraconazole, fluonazole, | Itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B and micafungin | No | NA | [40] |
(invasive and noninvasive) Samples from oral cavity, anal/stools, urine respiratory, blood/catheter (n = 12) | Ellipsometer test, MIC | NR | Caspofungin | Fluconazole-resistant | Itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole isavuconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin | Broad-spectrum antibiotic | Died (n = 1) | [42] |
(invasive) Blood sample (n = 2) | MIC, Fungicidal and fungistatic activity | NR | Echinocandins | Azoles | Fluconazole, caspofungin | No | NA | [43] |
(invasive) Systemic mycosis (n = 168) | Antifungal susceptibility and Ellipsometer test, MALDI-TOF MS | NR | Susceptible to echinocandins, polyenes | Azoles | Itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole, fluconazole, Caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin, Amphotericin B, | No | NA | [44] |
Invasive/Noninvasive Candidiasis (n Human Cases/Strains/Isolates) | Identification Methods | Imaging Test | Antifungal Susceptibility | Antifungal Resistance | Antifungal Treatment | Other Treatments (e.g., Probiotics, Natural Compounds, Antivirals) | Outcome (n) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(invasive) Clinical isolates (n = 27) | MIC, Fungicidal and fungistatic activity | NR | Amphotericin B, voriconazole | Anidulafungin, micafungin | NR | NA | NR | [50] |
(invasive) Catheter-related candidemia/Acute pancreatitis (n = 1) | Blood culture using VITEK 2 YST system | NR | Itraconazole, voriconazole, 5-flucytosine, amphotericin B | NA | Fluconazole, micafungin | Flomoxef | Alive | [67] |
(invasive) Catheter-related candidemia/severe oral mucositis (n = 1) | Blood cultures | Microscopy | Fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin | 5-flucytosine | Caspofungin, fluconazole | Cefoperazone-sulbactam and amikacin meropenem, teicoplanin | Alive | [70] |
(invasive) Bloodstream infections/ (invasive) Clinical isolates (n = 20) (endocarditis, fungemia) | Blood cultures and RNA Sequencing | Microscopy | Amphotericin B, posaconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin | Fluconazole, flucytosine | NR | NA | NR | [71] |
(invasive) Yarrowia lipolytica fungemia (n = 13) | Blood cultures | Microscopy | Voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin, amphotericin B | Fluconazole, itraconazole and posaconazole | Fluconazole | NA | Alive (n = 10) 3 patients died even after treatment with fluconazole | [69] |
Invasive candidiasis (n = 16) isolates of C. lipolytica | Vitek and API yeast identification systems | NR | Voriconazole echinocandins | Amphotericin B, fluconazole | Amphotericin B | NA | NR | [72] |
(invasive) Fungemia (n = 2) | Blood cultures | Microscopy | Voriconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin B, posaconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole | Fluconazole | Caspofungin, voriconazole | NA | All alive | [73] |
(invasive) Catheter-Related Candidemia caused by C. lipolytica/blood and the central venous catheter (n = 1) | Blood cultures Biochemical tests | NR | Amphotericin B | Azoles | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amphotericin B | Cyclosporine, acyclovir | Died | [74] |
(invasive) Catheter-Related Fungemia caused by C. lipolytica (n = 3) | Blood culturesBiochemical tests (2) Corneal biopsy culture (1) | NR | Fluconazole, Micafungin (n = 2); Itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B (n = 1) | Fluconazole and 5-flucytosine (n = 1) | Fluconazole | Natamycin, imipenem | All alive | [68] |
(invasive) Candida lipolytica fungemia (n = 5) (paediatric patients) | Blood cultures | Microscopy | Amphotericin B. Very low susceptibility to fluconazole and itraconazole | NR | Patient 1 and 5: fluconazole Patient 2: no treatment Patient 3 and 4: amphotericin B | NA | All alive | [75] |
(invasive) Fungemia/Clinical isolates (n = 58) from blood samples, urine, and vaginal site | Blood culture Biochemical tests DNA sequencing | Microscopy | Fluconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole | Low susceptibility to flucytosine, amphotericin B (n = 3), ketoconazole (n = 2), caspofungin (n = 2), both voriconazole and caspofungin (n = 1) both amphotericin B and ketoconazole (n = 21) | NR | NA | NA | [76] |
(invasive) C. lipolytica fungemia/septicemia (n = 32) | Blood cultures | Microscopy | Amphotericin B (97% of the isolates), fluconazole (69% of the isolates) | NR | NR | NA | Died (n = 12) Alive (n = 20) | [77] |
(invasive) C. lipolytica fungemia (n = 1) | Diabetic mellitus, renal failure/blood cultures | Microscopy | Itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, posaconazole, isavuconazole, anidulafungin | Fluconazole | Caspofungin | NA | Died | [78] |
(invasive) Y. lipolytica fungemia associated with central venous catheter (n = 14) | Blood cultures sequencing | Microscopy | Caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungi, amphotericin B | Azoles | Fluconazole | NA | Died (n = 3) Alive (n = 11) | [69] |
Invasive/Noninvasive Candidiasis (n Human Cases/Strains/Isolates) | Identification Methods | Imaging Test | Antifungal Susceptibility | Antifungal Resistance | Antifungal Treatment | Other Treatments (e.g., Probiotics, Natural Compounds, Antivirals) | Outcome (n) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(invasive) C. lusitaniae (n = 2) | Blood culture Urine culture | Microscopy Chest radiograph | Liposomal Amphotericin-B, Fluconazole, 5-flucytosine | NR | Liposomal Amphotericin B Vancomycin Amphotericin B deoxycholate | NA | Died (n = 1) Alive (n = 1) | [87] |
(invasive) C. lusitaniae (n = 1) | Blood culture | Microscopy | NR | NR | Fluconazole | Vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and levofloxacin | Alive | [88] |
(invasive) C. lusitaniae (n = 8) | Blood culture | Microscopy PCR | Amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin | Fluconazole (Only two isolates) | Amphotericin B Fluconazole, Caspofungin (in 2 only) | Ampicillin and amikacin | Died (n = 3) Alive (n = 5) | [89] |
(invasive) C. lusitaniae Candidemia (n = 1) | Blood culture | Microscopy | Fluconazole | Amphotericin B | Amphotericin B, fluconazole | NA | Alive | [90] |
(invasive) C. lusitaniae Candidemia (n = 1) | Blood culture | Microscopy | Amphotericin B, fluconazole 5-flucytosine Itraconazole, | NR | Fluconazole | NA | Alive | [91] |
(invasive) C. lusitaniae Candidemia (n = 2) | Blood culture Stool culture | Microscopy | AmphotericinB flucytosine | Ketoconazole and miconazole | Amphotericin B ketoconazole | NA | Died (n = 1) Alive (n = 1) | [92] |
(invasive) C. lusitaniae fingemia (n = 1) | Blood culture Stool culture | Microscopy | NR | AmphotericinB | Fluconazole | Doxycycline clarithromycin | Alive | [93] |
Invasive/Noninvasive Candidiasis (n Human Cases/Strains/Isolates) | Identification Methods | Imaging Test | Antifungal Susceptibility | Antifungal Resistance | Antifungal Treatment | Other Treatments (e.g., Probiotics, Natural Compounds, Antivirals) | Outcome (n) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(invasive) C. rugosa bloodstream infection (n = 19) | Blood culture PCR | Microscopy | 5-flucytosine, voriconazole and amphotericin B | Fluconazole (only 4) | Fluconazole amphotericin B | NA | Died (n = 13) Alive (n = 6) | [108] |
(invasive) C. rugosa bloodstream infection (n = 25) | Blood culture PCR | Microscopy | 5-flucytosine, voriconazole | Fluconazole and itraconazole (only 4) | Fluconazole amphotericin B | NA | Died (n = 18) Alive (n = 7) | [109] |
(invasive) C. rugosa Candidemia (n = 6) | Blood culture PCR | Microscopy | Amphotericin B, fluconazole, and 5-flucytosine | NR | Amphotericin B | NA | Died (n = 5) Alive (n = 1) | [106] |
(invasive) C. rugosa bloodstream infection (n = 25) | Blood culture | Microscopy | 5-flucytosine, voriconazole, fluconazole amphotericin B itraconazole | Voriconazole, flluconazole | Fluconazole amphotericin B | NA | NR | [110] |
(invasive) C. rugosa fungemia (n = 1) | Blood culture | Microscopy | NR | NR | Fluconazole | NA | Alive | [111] |
Invasive/Non- invasive Candidiasis (No. of Human Cases/Strains/Isolates) | Identification Methods | Antifungal Susceptibility | Antifungal Resistance | Antifungal Treatment | Other Treatments (e.g., Probiotics, Natural Compounds, Antivirals) | Outcome (n) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(invasive) Candidemia (n = 1) | Blood culture, Vitek-2 kit | Fluconazole, flucytosine caspofungin, voriconazole, and amphotericin B | No | Intravenous fluconazole for 2 weeks | NA | Alive (n = 1) | [122] |
(noninvasive) Endophthalmitis (n = 1) | Culture of anterior chamber | Intraocular amphotericin B | Topical fluconazole | Multiple intraocular amphotericin B | Netilmicin sulfate cyclopentolate HCl eye drops | Alive (n = 1) | [135] |
(noninvasive) Dacryocystitis with cacosmia (n = 1) | fungal hyphae observed on the excised lacrimal sac wall. DNA sequencing | NR | NR | Antifungal agent and washing of the nasolacrimal duct | NA | Alive (n = 1) | [136] |
(invasive) Candidemia (n = 6) | Blood culture, API-32C and Mini API system, RAPD | 2 isolates were resistant to Amphotericin B and low susceptibility to Itraconazole | Fluconazole, voriconazole, and micafungin | Amphotericin B and fluconazole | NA | Alive (n = 5) Died (n = 1) | [125] |
(invasive) Candidemia (n = 1) | Blood culture, VITEC2, (ITS) region amplification and sequencing | Amphotericin B, ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and fluconazole | No | Fluconazole and amphotericin B | Ceftriaxone, cefepime. and oxacillin | Alive (n = 1) | [137] |
(noninvasive) Fungal keratitis (n = 1) | Morphological characteristics and ITS region amplification and sequencing | NR | NR | Topical micafungin | No | Alive (n = 1) | [138] |
(invasive) Meningitis in HIV patient caused by C. pelliculosa (n = 1) | Phenotypic and molecular methods, Histopathological staining(PAS) from autopsy | NR | NR | NR | Combination antiretroviral therapy (tenofovir, abacavir and atazanavir/ritonavir) | Died (n = 1) | [139] |
Invasive/Noninvasive Candidiasis (n Human/Cases/Isolate) | Identification Methods | Imaging Test | Antifungal Susceptibility | Antifungal Resistance | Antifungal Treatment | Other Treatments(e.g., Probiotics, Natural Compounds, Antivirals, etc) | Outcome (n) | Reference (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Candida bracarensis | ||||||||
(noninvasive) Vulvovaginal candidiasis (n = 1) | API Candida system; ITS1 region and the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene; sequencing | Microscopy (Germ tube test, chlamydospore test) | Susceptible to nystatin and azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole) | NR | NR | NR | NR | [152] |
(invasive) Peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetes (patient’s stool positive for C. bracarensis) (n = 1) | CHROMagar Candida; multiplex PCR; sequencing; MALDI-TOF MS analysis | NR | Amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, voriconazole, anidulafungin and caspofungin | Itraconazole (MIC ≥ 32 mg/L), posaconazole (MIC ≥ 32 mg/L) | NR | NR | NR | [161] |
Candida intermedia | ||||||||
(invasive) Candidemia (with diabetes bloody sputum, fever, and dyspnea) (n = 1) | API ID32C; molecular identification - D1/D2 domain of the large-subunit 26S rRNA gene | NR | Amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, micafungin | NR | Several antifungals | Antibiotic treatment, mechanical ventilation, steroid therapy | Alive, discharged on the 34th hospital day (n = 1) | [165] |
Invasive/Noninvasive Candidiasis (n Human Cases/Strains/Isolates) | Identification Methods | Imaging Test | Antifungal Susceptibility | Antifungal Resistance | Antifungal Treatment | Other Treatments (e.g., Probiotics, Natural Compounds, Antivirals) | Outcome (n) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(invasive) C. blankii bloodstream infection (n = 1) | Blood sample, CHROMagar Candida, PCR sequencing of rDNA | Microscopy | Voriconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungin, Micafungin, anidulafungin, | Reduced susceptibility to fluconazole b (≥12 μg/mL) | Amphotericin B, fluconazole, caspofungin | Amikacin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, meropenem, teicoplanin, Piperacillin/tazobactam, vancomycin | Died (n = 1) | [192] |
(invasive) C. blankii fungaemia (n = 9) | ITS and D1/D2 region sequencing | NR | Isavuconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, micafungin, | Fluconazole had higher MIC (8 μg/mL), Anidulafungin MIC (2 μg/mL) had high MICs | Fluconazole | Broad-spectrum antibiotics | Alive (n = 5), Died (n = 4) | [191] |
(invasive) C. blankii fungemia and possible endocarditis (n = 1) | Blood culture | NR | Amphotericin B, anidulafungin, 5-flucytosine, itraconazole, micafungin, posaconazole, voriconazole | Fluconazole had higher MIC (16 μg/mL), caspofungin higher MIC (1 μg/mL), | Fluconazole, micafungin and liposomal amphotericin B, voriconazole | Vancomycin, aztreonam, linezolid, daptomycin, meropenem | Alive (n = 1) | [193] |
(invasive) C. blankii bloodstream infection (n = 1) | Blood cultures, CHROMagar, sequence analysis of the ITS1, and D1D2of the rRNA | NR | Voriconazole, amphotericin B, micafungin | Fluconazole had higher MIC (16 μg/mL), anidulafungin (1 μg/mL) | Liposomal amphotericin B, micafungin | Teicoplanin, meropenem, cotrimoxazole | Alive (n = 1) | [190] |
Invasive/Noninvasive Candidiasis (n Human Cases/Strains/Isolates) | Identification Methods | Imaging Test | Antifungal Susceptibility | Antifungal Resistance | Antifungal Treatment | Other treatments (e.g., Probiotics, Natural Compounds, Antivirals) | Outcome (n) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(invasive) C.pulcherrima (n = 1) | Blood culture | Microscopy and ITS sequencing | Amphotericin B lipid complex | NR | Amphotericin B lipid complex | NA | Alive | [195] |
(invasive) C.pulcherimma (n = 1) | Blood culture | MALDI-TOF MS | Fluconazole | NR | Fluconazole | NA | Alive | [197] |
(invasive) C. pulcherimma (n = 1) | Blood culture | Microscopy and ITS sequencing | Liposomal amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, posoconazole, micafungin, anidulafungin | NR | Liposomal amphotericin B and micafungin | NA | Alive | [196] |
(invasive) C. pulcherimma (n = 1) | Blood cultures | Microscopy and MALDI-TOF MS | Amphotericin B, azoles, echinocandins | NR | Amphotericin B, voriconazole, echinocandins | NA | Alive | [196] |
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Kumar, S.; Kumar, A.; Roudbary, M.; Mohammadi, R.; Černáková, L.; Rodrigues, C.F. Overview on the Infections Related to Rare Candida Species. Pathogens 2022, 11, 963. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11090963
Kumar S, Kumar A, Roudbary M, Mohammadi R, Černáková L, Rodrigues CF. Overview on the Infections Related to Rare Candida Species. Pathogens. 2022; 11(9):963. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11090963
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Sunil, Awanish Kumar, Maryam Roudbary, Rasoul Mohammadi, Lucia Černáková, and Célia Fortuna Rodrigues. 2022. "Overview on the Infections Related to Rare Candida Species" Pathogens 11, no. 9: 963. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11090963