Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physicochemical Properties of Quercetin
3. Dietary Sources of Quercetin
4. Absorption, Bioavailability and Metabolism of Quercetin
4.1. Absorption
4.2. Transformation and Transportation
4.3. Excretion
5. Effect of Quercetin on Inflammation and Immune Function
5.1. In Vitro
5.1.1. Anti-Inflammation and Promotion of Immunity
5.1.2. Mechanism of Action
5.2. In Vivo
5.2.1. Animal Models
5.2.2. Mechanism of Action in Animal
5.2.3. Clinical Studies
6. Summary
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dosage | Cell Lines | Effect | Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cells from animals | ||||
100 μmol/L | Pulmonary Epithelial Cell (A549) | Anti-inflammation | PARP-1 inhibition and preservation of cellular NAD1 and energy production | [46] |
100 μmol/L | N9 microglial cells | Inhibition of TNFα and IL-1α; Reduce of apoptotic neuronal cell death induced by microglial activation | [47] | |
3 μmol/L | Gunea pig epithelial cells | Inhibition of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase | [48] | |
15–30 μmol/L | Rat liver epithelial (RLE) cells | Inhibition of arsenite-induced COX-2 expression mainly by blocking the activation of the PI3K signaling pathway | [49] | |
- | RAW 264.7 cells | Inhibition of Src- and Syk-mediated PI3K-(p85) tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent TLR4/MyD88/PI3K complex formation that limits activation of downstream signaling pathways | [50] | |
Cells from human | ||||
10 μmol/L | Human umbilical cord blood-derived cultured mast cells (hCBMCs) | Anti-allergic and anti-inflammation; Protective effects against cell injury; Gastrointestinal cytoprotective action | Inhibition of intracellular calcium influx and PKC theta signaling | [51] |
50 or 100 µg | T lymphocyte | Blockage of interleukin-12 signaling through JAK-STAT pathway | [52] | |
- | Mast cell | Stabilization of mast cell and gastrointestinal cytoprotection via lactone stimulating mucus production, and inhibiting histamine and serotonin release from intestinal mast cells | ||
12.5–25.0 mmol/L | Human inflamed/UV-irradiated skin | Inhibition of MMP-1 and down-regulation of MMP-1 expression via an inhibition of the AP-1 activation | [54] | |
0–210 μmol/L | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) | Downregulation of VCAM-1 and CD80 expression | [56] | |
0.5–50 mmol/L | Human normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells | Beneficial immuno-stimulatory effects | Induction of Th-1 derived cytokine, IFNgamma, and inhibition of Th-2 derived cytokine, IL-4 | [57] |
1–100 mmol/L | Human umbilical cord blood-derived cultured mast cells (hCBMCs) | Inhibition of IL-1-induced IL-6 secretion, p38 and PKC-theta phosphorylation | [58] | |
≥100 mmol/L or ≤50 mmol/L | Mouse endritic cells (mDCs) | Immunosuppression | Inhibition of DC activation; DC apoptosis; Downregulation of the cytokines and chemokines, disturbance of immunoregulation; Attenuation of LPS-induced DC maturation and limitation of immunostimulatory activity; downregulate of endocytosis and impairment of Ag loading; suppression of DC migration and disconnection of the induction of adaptive immune responses | [55] |
Dosage | Subjects | Effect | Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animals | ||||
10 mg/kg diet | Rat | Anti-inflammation | Modulation of prostanoid synthesis and cytokine production | [60] |
0.8% diet | C57BL/6J mouse | Increase of energy expenditure; Decrease of interferon-γ, interleukin-1α, and interleukin-4 | [61] | |
10 mg/kg of body weight | Zucker rat | Downregulation of visceral adipose tissue inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, increase of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression | [62] | |
160 mg/kg body weight (oral administration) 60 mg/kg (intra-cutaneous injections) | Lewis rat | Inhibition of macrophage-derived cytokines and nitric oxide | [63] | |
10 and 40 mg/kg body weight | Mouse | Increase of cytokine (interleukin-1β and interleukin-6) secretion | [66] | |
5–100 micromoles /kg body weight (administered intraperitoneally) 25 µmol/kg | Wistar rat | Functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury and motor function | Decrease of secondary damage through iron chelation, No effect | [64,65] |
0.05% diet | C57BL/6J mouse | Suppression of the accumulation and activation of immune cells, Suppression of oxidative stress and NFκB activity | [70] | |
50, 100, 150 mg/kg body weight | Wistar rat | Amelioration of immunity function impairment induced by isoproterenol; Amelioration of brain damage and neuroprotection, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, experimental autoimmune myocarditis | Increase of activity in aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-10, interleukin-1, interleukin-8 and lactate dehydrogenase | [59] |
50 mg/kg | Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat | Increase of activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of free radical generation | [67] | |
50 or 100 μg | SJL/J mice | Blockage of interleukin-12 signaling and Th1 differentiation | [68] | |
10 or 20 mg/kg (oral administration) | Dark Agouti rat | Interference of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-17) and/or anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines production | [69] | |
Human | ||||
50 and 100 mg/person | Elderly Human subject | Anti-inflammatory properties | Inhibition of proteasome (nitric oxide, C-reactive protein, γ-glutamyltransferase) activity | [71] |
500 and 1000 mg/day | Human subject | Reduction of upper respiratory tract infection and total sick days; Improvement in 12-min treadmill time trial performance | No effect | [72] |
1000 mg/day | Human in treadmill | No effect | [76] | |
500 and 1000 mg/day | Human subject | No effect on innate immune function or inflammation, illness rates | No effect | [73] |
1000 mg/day | Human cyclist | No effect | [74] | |
1000 mg/day | Human runner | No effect | [75] | |
1000 mg/day | Human cyclist | No effect | [77] |
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Li, Y.; Yao, J.; Han, C.; Yang, J.; Chaudhry, M.T.; Wang, S.; Liu, H.; Yin, Y. Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity. Nutrients 2016, 8, 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030167
Li Y, Yao J, Han C, Yang J, Chaudhry MT, Wang S, Liu H, Yin Y. Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity. Nutrients. 2016; 8(3):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030167
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yao, Jiaying Yao, Chunyan Han, Jiaxin Yang, Maria Tabassum Chaudhry, Shengnan Wang, Hongnan Liu, and Yulong Yin. 2016. "Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity" Nutrients 8, no. 3: 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030167