Theobald Palm and His Remarkable Observation: How the Sunshine Vitamin Came to Be Recognized
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. History
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
- Glisson, F. De Rachitide Sive Morbo Puerili Qui Vulgo the Rickets Dicitur Tactatus/Adscitis in Operis Societatem Georgio Bate et Ahasuero Regemortero; Guil. Du-Gardi: London, UK, 1650. [Google Scholar]
- Park, E.A. The etiology of rickets. Physiol. Rev. 1923, 3, 106–163. [Google Scholar]
- Zappert, J. Rickets (Rachitis); D. Appleton and Co.: New York, NY, USA, 1910; pp. 236–284. [Google Scholar]
- Findlay, L. The etiology of rickets: A clinical and experimental study. Br. Med. J. 1908, 2, 13–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hess, A.F.; Weinstock, M. The antirachitic value of irradiated cholesterol and phytosterol. II. Further evidence of change in biological activity. J. Biol. Chem. 1925, 64, 181–191. [Google Scholar]
- Harrison, H.E.; Harrison, H.C. Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism in Childhood and Adolescence; WB Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1979. [Google Scholar]
- DeLuca, H.F. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80, 1689S–1696S. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Holick, M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357, 266–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Webster, A.; Hill, L. The causation and prevention of rickets. Br. Med. J. 1925, 1, 956–960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holick, M.F. The cutaneous photosynthesis of previtamin D3: A unique photoendocrine system. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1981, 77, 51–58. [Google Scholar]
- Carpenter, K.J.; Zhao, L. Forgotten mysteries in the early history of vitamin D. J. Nutr. 1999, 129, 923–927. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kramer, B.; Casparis, H.; Howland, J. Ultraviolet radiation in rickets. Effect on the calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentration of the serum. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1922, 24, 20–26. [Google Scholar]
- Powers, G.F.; Park, E.A.; Shipley, P.G.; McCollum, E.V.; Simmonds, N. The Prevention of the Development of Rickets in Rats by Sunlight. In Proceedings of the American Child Hygiene Association Transactions of the 12th Annual Meeting, New Haven, CT, USA, 1921; pp. 74–91.
- US Department of Labor, Children’s Bureau, Sunlight for Babies; Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University: Washington, DC, 1931; Folder No. 5.
- Ekpe, J. The chemistry of light: The life and work of Theobald Adrian Palm (1848–1928). J. Med. Biogr. 2009, 17, 155–160. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Palm, T.A. Letter to the editor. Br. Med. J. 1888, 2, 1247. [Google Scholar]
- Owens, I. Reports of the Collective Investigation Committee of the British Medical Association. Geographical distribution of rickets, acute and subactute rheumatism, chorea and urinary calculus in the British Islands. Br. Med. J. 1889, 1, 113–116. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Palm, T.A. The geographic distribution and etiology of rickets. Practitioner 1890, 45, 270-279, 321-342. [Google Scholar]
- Clark, G.; Jacks, D. Coal and the industrial revolution, 1700–1869. Eur. Rev. Econ. Hist. 2007, 11, 39–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glasgow City Council—Virtual Mitchell: C2366: 76 Crown St, 1912. Available online: http://www.mitchelllibrary.org/virtualmitchell/image.php?i=12036&r=2&t=4&x=1 (accessed on 28 December 2011).
- Chesney, R.W. Vitamin D and the Magic Mountain: The anti-infectious role of the vitamin. J. Pediatr. 2010, 156, 698–703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mozolowski, W. Jędrzej Sniadecki (1768–1838) on the cure of rickets. Nature 1939, 143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winchester, S. Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded; Harper Collins: New York, NY, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Photo Researchers: SJ9196: Krakatoa sunsets, 1883 artworks. Available online: http://db2.photoresearchers.com/search/SJ9196 (accessed on 28 December 2011).
- Buchholz, E. Ueber Lichthandlung der Rachitis und andere Kinderkrankheiten. In Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Kinderheilkunde in der Abteilung fur Kinderheilkunde der 76 Versammlung der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte in Breslau, Breslau, Germany, 1904; 21, p. 116.
- Raczynski, J. Recherches Experimentales sur le Manque D’action au Soleil Comme Cause du Rachitisme; C. R. Assoc. Internat. Pediatrie: Paris, France, 1913; pp. 308–309. [Google Scholar]
- Gibbs, D. Rickets and the crippled child: An historical perspective. J. R. Soc. Med. 1994, 87, 729–732. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Carter, A.J. Hugh Owen Thomas: The cripple’s champion. Br. Med. J. 1991, 303, 1578–1581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pettifor, J.M.; Prentice, A. The role of vitamin D in paediatric bone health. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 25, 573–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mellanby, E. An experimental investigation on rickets. Lancet 1919, 1, 407–412. [Google Scholar]
- McCollum, E.V.; Simmonds, N.; Becker, J.E.; Shipley, P.G. Studies on experimental rickets XXI: An experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition. J. Biol. Chem. 1922, 53, 293–312. [Google Scholar]
- Steenbock, H.; Black, A. Fat soluble vitamins XVII: The induction of growth-promoting and calcifying properties in a ration by exposure to ultraviolet light. J. Biol. Chem. 1924, 61, 405–422. [Google Scholar]
- Hess, A.F.; Windaus, A. The development of marked activity in ergosterol following ultraviolet irradiations. Exp. Biol. Med. 1927, 24, 461–462. [Google Scholar]
- Carpenter, K.J. Harriette Chick and the problem of rickets. J. Nutr. 2008, 138, 827–832. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- McCollum, E.V. A History of Nutrition; Riverside Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1957. [Google Scholar]
- Feer, E. The Diagnosis of Children’s Diseases; J. B. Lippincott: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1925; p. 551. [Google Scholar]
- Huldschinsky, K. Heilung von rachitis durch kunstliche hohensonne. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1919, 45, 712–713. [Google Scholar]
- Huldschinsky, K. Die behandlung der rachitis durch ultraviolettbestrahlung. Ztschr. f. Orthop. Chir. 1920, 39, 426. [Google Scholar]
- Riedel, G. Die Erfolge der quartzlichtbestrahlung bei rachitis. Munchen. Med. Wochenschr. 1920, 67, 838. [Google Scholar]
- Park, E.A. The blackader lecture on some aspects of rickets. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1932, 26, 3–15. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Phemister, D.B. The effect of phosphorus on growing normal and diseased bones. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1918, 70, 1737–1743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hess, A.F.; Gutman, M.B. The cure of infantile rickets by sunlight: Accompanied by an increase in the inorganic phophate of the blood. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1922, 78, 29–31. [Google Scholar]
- Hess, A.F.; Weinstock, M. Anti-rachitic properties imparted to inert fluids and to green vegetables by ultra-violet irradiation. J. Biol. Chem. 1924, 62, 301–313. [Google Scholar]
- Hume, E.M.; Smith, H.H. The effect of air, which has been exposed to the radiations of the mercury-vapour quartz lamp, in promoting the growth of rats, fed on a diet deficient in fat-soluble vitamins. Biochem. J. 1923, 17, 364–372. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Rajakumar, K.; Greenspan, S.L.; Thomas, S.B.; Holick, M.F. SOLAR ultraviolet radiation and vitamin D: A historical perspective. Am. J. Public Health 2007, 97, 1746–1754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steenbock, H. The induction of growth promoting and calcifying properties in a ration by exposure to light. Science 1924, 60, 224–225. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Steenbock, H.; Nelson, M.T. Fat soluble vitamins XIX: The induction of calcifying properties in a rickets-producing ration by radiant energy. J. Biol. Chem. 1924, 62, 209–216. [Google Scholar]
- Windaus, A.; Hess, A. Sterine und Antirachitisches Vitamin; Weidmannsche Buchhandlung: Berlin, Germany, 1927; pp. 175–184. [Google Scholar]
- WARF, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. 2011. Available online: http://www.warf.org/about/index.jsp?cid=26&scid=33&printable (accessed on 2 June 2011).
- Schneider, H.A. Harry steenbock (1886–1967)—A biographical sketch. J. Nutr. 1973, 103, 1233–1247. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Balk, S.J. Section on dermatology. Ultraviolet radiation: A hazard to children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2011, 127, 588–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lim, H.W.; Gilchrest, B.A.; Cooper, K.D.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Rigel, D.S.; Cyr, W.H.; Miller, S.; DeLeo, V.A.; Lee, T.K.; Demko, C.A.; et al. Sunlight, tanning booths, and vitamin D. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2005, 52, 868–876. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Chesney, R.W. Theobald Palm and His Remarkable Observation: How the Sunshine Vitamin Came to Be Recognized. Nutrients 2012, 4, 42-51. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4010042
Chesney RW. Theobald Palm and His Remarkable Observation: How the Sunshine Vitamin Came to Be Recognized. Nutrients. 2012; 4(1):42-51. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4010042
Chicago/Turabian StyleChesney, Russell W. 2012. "Theobald Palm and His Remarkable Observation: How the Sunshine Vitamin Came to Be Recognized" Nutrients 4, no. 1: 42-51. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4010042