The Mediating Role of Psychological Balance on the Effects of Dietary Behavior on Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Elderly
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Samples
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. The Seven Food Varieties and Dietary Diversity
3.3. Latent Class Analysis of Dietary Patterns
3.4. Chi-Square Test of Dietary and Cognitive Impairment
3.5. Binary Logistic Regression Analysis Testing the Association between the Dietary and Cognitive Impairment
3.6. Pearson Correlation Analysis and Chain Mediated Effects Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Participants | Constitutional Ratio (%) | Cognitive Impairment | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 6435 | 44.94 | 1304 (20.26) |
Female | 7883 | 55.06 | 2990 (37.93) | |
Age (years) | 65–74 | 3249 | 22.69 | 168 (5.17) |
75–84 | 4166 | 29.10 | 648 (15.55) | |
85–94 | 3646 | 25.46 | 1320 (36.20) | |
≥95 | 3257 | 22.75 | 2158 (66.26) | |
Educational level | Below primary school | 6864 | 47.94 | 3172 (46.21) |
Primary school | 4695 | 32.79 | 829 (17.66) | |
Junior high school or above | 2759 | 19.27 | 293 (10.62) | |
Marital status | Married | 6253 | 43.67 | 868 (13.88) |
Others | 8065 | 56.33 | 3426 (42.48) | |
Current residence | County | 7955 | 55.56 | 2255 (28.35) |
Village | 6363 | 44.44 | 2039 (32.04) | |
Living alone | Yes | 2339 | 16.34 | 664 (28.39) |
No | 11,979 | 83.66 | 3630 (30.30) | |
Occupation before age 60 | agriculture | 9124 | 63.72 | 3032 (33.23) |
non-agricultural | 5194 | 36.28 | 1262 (24.30) | |
Self-assessed economic situation | Wealthy | 2847 | 19.88 | 646 (22.69) |
Average | 10,001 | 69.85 | 3091 (30.91) | |
Poor | 1470 | 10.27 | 557 (37.89) | |
Self-assessed health | Good | 6737 | 47.05 | 1727 (25.63) |
Poor | 7581 | 52.95 | 2567 (33.86) | |
Social participation | Yes | 2533 | 17.69 | 274 (10.82) |
No | 11,785 | 82.31 | 4020 (34.11) |
Model | AIC | BIC | ssaBIC | LRT p Value | BLRT p Value | Entropy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-class | 120,673.950 | 120,726.935 | 120,704.689 | - | - | - |
2-class | 113,663.213 | 113,776.752 | 113,729.083 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.600 |
3-class | 113,080.619 | 113,254.712 | 113,181.620 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.745 |
4-class | 112,421.239 | 112,655.886 | 112,557.371 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.695 |
5-class | 112,113.300 | 112,408.502 | 112,284.563 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.654 |
6-class | 111,906.943 | 112,262.699 | 112,113.337 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.746 |
Variables | Cognitive Impairment | χ2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetables | Yes | 3516 (27.46) | 367.374 | <0.001 |
No | 778 (51.32) | |||
Fruits | Yes | 1632 (24.99) | 142.824 | <0.001 |
No | 2662 (34.18) | |||
Red Meat | Yes | 3045 (27.46) | 122.027 | <0.001 |
No | 1249 (37.70) | |||
Fish | Yes | 1671 (24.70) | 171.180 | <0.001 |
No | 2623 (34.73) | |||
Eggs | Yes | 3003 (29.10) | 12.987 | <0.001 |
No | 1291 (32.29) | |||
Beans–nuts | Yes | 2023 (27.47) | 45.962 | <0.001 |
No | 2271 (32.66) | |||
Milk | Yes | 1586 (28.37) | 11.436 | 0.001 |
No | 2708 (31.03) |
Variables | Cognitive Impairment | χ2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary Diversity Scores | ≤2 | 1086 (39.63) | 260.706 a 256.236 b | <0.001 |
3 | 748 (33.51) | |||
4 | 851 (31.17) | |||
5 | 757 (26.74) | |||
6 | 546 (24.39) | |||
7 | 306 (19.79) | |||
Dietary Patterns | DP1 | 1132 (33.47) | 219.698 a 157.422 b | <0.001 |
DP2 | 1100 (37.68) | |||
DP3 | 1003 (29.91) | |||
DP4 | 1059 (22.71) |
Variables | Crude Model | Adjusted Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Vegetables | 0.36 | (0.32, 0.40) *** | 0.79 | (0.72, 0.87) *** |
Fruits | 0.64 | (0.60, 0.69) *** | 0.51 | (0.45, 0.58) *** |
Red Meat | 0.63 | (0.58, 0.69) *** | 0.70 | (0.64, 0.78) *** |
Fish | 0.62 | (0.57, 0.66) *** | 0.74 | (0.68, 0.81) *** |
Eggs | 0.86 | (0.80, 0.93) *** | 0.99 | (0.90, 1.09) |
Beans–nuts | 0.78 | (0.73, 0.84) *** | 0.85 | (0.78, 0.93) |
Milk | 0.88 | (0.82, 0.95) *** | 0.91 | (0.83, 1.00) * |
Variables | Crude Model | Adjusted Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Dietary Diversity Scores (ref = ≤ 2) | ||||
3 | 0.77 | (0.68, 0.86) *** | 0.79 | (0.69, 0.91) ** |
4 | 0.69 | (0.62, 0.77) *** | 0.75 | (0.65, 0.86) *** |
5 | 0.56 | (0.50, 0.62) *** | 0.66 | (0.57, 0.75) *** |
6 | 0.49 | (0.43, 0.56) *** | 0.59 | (0.51, 0.69) *** |
7 | 0.38 | (0.33, 0.44) *** | 0.54 | (0.45, 0.65) *** |
Dietary Patterns (ref = DP1) | ||||
DP2 | 1.20 | (1.08, 1.33) *** | 1.24 | (1.09, 1.40) *** |
DP3 | 0.85 | (0.77, 0.94) *** | 0.91 | (0.81, 1.03) |
DP4 | 0.58 | (0.53, 0.65) *** | 0.79 | (0.69, 0.89) *** |
Variable | DDS | DP | Psychological Balance | Cognitive Impairment |
---|---|---|---|---|
DDS | 1 | |||
DP | 0.862 ** | 1 | ||
Psychological Balance | 0.177 ** | 0.150 ** | 1 | |
Cognitive Impairment | −0.142 ** | −0.105 ** | −0.233 ** | 1 |
Effect | BootSE | BootLLCI | BootULCI | Percentage of Total Effect | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total effect | 0.302 | 0.030 | 0.244 | 0.361 | 100% |
Direct effect | 0.220 | 0.029 | 0.163 | 0.277 | 73.79% |
Dietary diversity scores → psychological balance → cognitive impairment | 0.082 | 0.008 | 0.066 | 0.099 | 27.24% |
Effect | BootSE | BootLLCI | BootULCI | Percentage of Total Effect | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total effect | 0.227 | 0.044 | 0.141 | 0.314 | 100% |
Direct effect | 0.134 | 0.043 | 0.050 | 0.218 | 59.04% |
Dietary patterns → psychological balance → cognitive impairment | 0.093 | 0.012 | 0.070 | 0.116 | 41.00% |
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Chen, Y.; Zhang, L.; Wen, X.; Liu, X. The Mediating Role of Psychological Balance on the Effects of Dietary Behavior on Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Elderly. Nutrients 2024, 16, 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060908
Chen Y, Zhang L, Wen X, Liu X. The Mediating Role of Psychological Balance on the Effects of Dietary Behavior on Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Elderly. Nutrients. 2024; 16(6):908. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060908
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yating, Lingling Zhang, Xiaotong Wen, and Xiaojun Liu. 2024. "The Mediating Role of Psychological Balance on the Effects of Dietary Behavior on Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Elderly" Nutrients 16, no. 6: 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060908