Nutraceutical Properties of Syringic Acid in Civilization Diseases—Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Civilization Diseases
3. Polyphenolic Compounds
4. Syringic Acid (SA)
5. Cardioprotective Effects of SA
6. Anti-Cancer Properties of SA
7. Anti-Diabetic Effects of SA
8. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of SA
9. Hepatoprotective Effects of SA
10. Neuroprotective Effects of SA
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Product | Content | References |
---|---|---|
Alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverage [mg/100 mL] | ||
Dark beer | 0.02 ± 0.02 | [44] |
Walnut liquor | 3.12 ± 0.58 | [45] |
Red wine | 0.27 ± 0.47 | [46] |
Green grape juice | 0.05 ± 0.00 | [47] |
Traditional vinegar | 0.70 ± 0.36 | [48] |
Food products [mg/100 g] | ||
Thyme | 11.70 ± 0.42 | [49] |
Oregano | 3.75 ± 5.30 | [49] |
Sage | 3.35 ± 4.74 | [49] |
Rosemary | 1.03 ± 1.79 | [50] |
Cloves | 0.79 ± 0.00 | [51] |
Walnut | 33.83 ± 13.96 | [52] |
Black olive | 33.10 ± 32.13 | [53] |
Green olive | 6.00 ± 8.49 | [52] |
Cauliflower | 1.13 ± 0.02 | [52] |
Date (dried) | 6.06 ± 3.81 | [54] |
Date (fresh) | 2.45 ± 4.10 | [54] |
Currant | 0.34 ± 0.13 | [55] |
Grape seed (Cabernet Sauvignon) | 122.87 ± 0.25 | [56] |
Pumpkin pulp (C. maxima ‘Bambino’) | 2.67 ± 0.05 | [57] |
Disease | Model | Dosage and Duration Period of Study | Effect of SA | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
CVDs | rats | 100 mg/kg for 6 weeks | ↓LDH, ↓CK-MB | [72] |
50 and 100 mg/kg for 6 weeks | ↓cardiac TBARS, ↓carbonylated protein | [72] | ||
rats | 50 mg/kg for 7 days | ↓CK-MB, ↓LDH, ↓GGT, ↓hs-CRP, ↓SOD, ↓CAT, ↑NF-κB, ↑TNF-α | [77] | |
mice | 100 mg/kg/for 7 days | ↓Ereg | [78] | |
H9c2 cells | 10 µL for 24 h | ↓Nppa, ↓Nppb↓, ↓Col1a1 mRNA levels | [78] | |
cancers | rats | 50 mg/kg for 15 weeks | ↓tumor incidence, volume, and weight; ↓Gobblet cells | [79] |
SW-480 cells | 1000–1200 µL for 48 h | ↓CAT, ↓SOD, ↓GR, ↓PGx, ↓GST, ↓ERK1/2, ↓PI3K, ↓AKT, ↓NF-κB, ↓LC3, ↓BECLIN1, ↓ATG-3, ↑p53, ↑ROS, ↑apoptosis | [61] | |
hamsters | 50 and 100 mg/kg for 14 weeks | ↓PCNA, ↓Cyclin D1, ↓mutant p53, ↓tumor incidence, Volume, and weight, ↑LPO, ↑CAT, ↑SOD, ↑GPx | [80] | |
rats | 25 mg/kg for 14 weeks | ↓AFP, ↓AST, ↓ALT, ↓cellular expansion, nodules and hyperplasia, ↓BCL2, ↑Bax, ↑caspase 3, ↑cytochrome C | [80] | |
diabetes | rats | 50 mg/kg for 30 days | ↓plasma glucose, ↑plasma insulin, ↑C-peptide | [81] |
rats | 50 mg/kg for weeks | ↓blood glucose, ↓ALP, ↓TBARS, ↑GSH, ↑PGC-1α, ↑NRF1, ↑mtDNA/nDNA ratio | [82] | |
rats | 50 mg/kg for 30 days | ↑insulin, ↑Hb, ↑glycogen, ↓glucose, ↓HbA1c | [83] | |
rats | 25 and 59 mg/kg for 10 weeks | ↓hyperglycaemia, ↓polydipsia, ↓polyphagia, ↓polyuria, ↓relative organ weight, ↓cardiac hypertrophic indices, ↓inflammatory markers, ↓cell injury markers, ↓HbA1c, ↓ROS, ↓histopathological score, ↑Na/K ATPase activity | [84] | |
rats | 200 µg/mL for 60 days | ↓AR | [85] | |
BSA glucose model system | 50, 100 and 150 µg | ↓structural alterations of BSA | [86] | |
rats | 300 mg/kg (LSOPC) for 1 day | ↓AG | [87] | |
inflammation | mice | 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of TCC | ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β | [88] |
mouse peritoneal macrophages | 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL | ↓iNOS, ↓COX-2, ↓NO, ↓PGE2, ↓IκBα, ↓MAPKs, ↓STAT1, ↓1KK phosphorylation | [88] | |
Mice | HFD-SA diet 0.5g/kg for 16 weeks | ↓body weight, ↓visceral fat mass, ↓serum levels of leptin, ↓TNF-α, ↓IFN-γ, ↓IL-6, ↓MCP-1, ↓insulin resistance, ↓hepatic lipid content, ↓droplets, ↓early fibrosis, ↓Cidea, ↓Pparγ, ↓Srebp-1c, ↓Srebp-2, ↓Hmgcr, ↓Fasn, ↓Tlr4, ↓Myd88, ↓NF-κB, ↑Pparα, ↑Acsl, ↑Cpt1, ↑Cpt2 ↑circulation of adiponectin | [89] | |
rats | 200–400 mg/kg one dose of chloroform and alcoholic extracts of Hygrophilia Spinosa | ↑anti-inflammatory activity | [90] | |
hepatic disorders | mice | 10 mg/kg 2×/week for 4 weeks | ↓MDA, ↓hepatic hydroxyproline content, ↓collagen accumulation, ↓ALT, ↓AST | [59] |
HSC | 0.5 mg/mL | ↓cells activation, ↓collagen genes, ↓α-SMA | [59] | |
liver parenchymal hepatocytes | 24 h long incubation in presence of SA | ↑viability of hepatocytes | [59] | |
mice | 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal administration | ↓AST, ↓ALT | [75] | |
10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal administration | ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓IFN-γ | [75] | ||
rats | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg for 6 days | ↓AST, ↓ALT, ↓ALP, ↓GGT, ↓TBARS, ↓lipid peroxides, ↓SOD, ↓CAT, ↓GPx, ↑vitamin E, ↑vitamin C, ↑GSH | [91] | |
rats | 50 and 100 mg/kg for 14 days | ↓AST, ↓ALT, ↓ALP, ↓LDH, ↓MDA, ↓ROS, ↑SOD, ↑GSH, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↓NF-κB, ↓IL-10, ↓iNOS, ↓8-OHdG, ↓GFAP, ↓ammonia concentration, preserved astrocyte and hepatocye structure | [76] | |
rats | 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg for 30 days | ↓Hmox1, ↓NQO1, ↑SOD, ↑GST, ↑PGx, ↑NO, ↑CAT | [92] | |
50 and 75 mg/kg for 30 days | ↓MDA, ↓Nrf2, ↓Keap1 | [92] | ||
neurodegenerative diseases | rats | 100 mg/kg for 6 weeks | ↑learning, ↑memory, ↑motor coordination, ↑PGC-1α, ↑NRF1 | [93] |
50 and 100 mg/kg for 6 weeks | ↑mtDNA/nDNA, ↓lipid peroxidation, ↓inflammation, ↓demyelination in sciatic nerves, | [93] | ||
rats | 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal administration | ↓MDA, ↓caspase-3-immunipositive neurons, ↓BECN1, ↓apoptotic neurons ↑SOD, ↑NRF1 | [94] | |
rats | 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal administration | ↑SOD, ↑NRF1, ↓MDA, ↓caspase-3, ↓caspase-9 | [95] | |
Mongolian gerbils | 20 mg/kg of CA-SA for 3 days | ↓IL-1β, ↓5-LOX | [96] | |
mice | 20 mg/kg for 3.5 days | ↑motor coordination, ↑neurochemicals, ↑TH, ↑DAT, ↑VMAT2, ↓IL-1β, ↓TNF-α, ↓COX-2 | [97] |
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Bartel, I.; Mandryk, I.; Horbańczuk, J.O.; Wierzbicka, A.; Koszarska, M. Nutraceutical Properties of Syringic Acid in Civilization Diseases—Review. Nutrients 2024, 16, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010010
Bartel I, Mandryk I, Horbańczuk JO, Wierzbicka A, Koszarska M. Nutraceutical Properties of Syringic Acid in Civilization Diseases—Review. Nutrients. 2024; 16(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartel, Iga, Izabela Mandryk, Jarosław O. Horbańczuk, Agnieszka Wierzbicka, and Magdalena Koszarska. 2024. "Nutraceutical Properties of Syringic Acid in Civilization Diseases—Review" Nutrients 16, no. 1: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010010